The Power of the Like in Adolescence: Effects of Peer Influence on Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Media
Open accessAbstract
We investigated a unique way in which adolescent peer influence occurs on social media. We developed a novel functional MRI (fMRI) paradigm to simulate Instagram, a popular social photo-sharing tool, and measured adolescents' behavioral and neural responses to likes, a quantifiable form of social endorsement and potential source of peer influence. Adolescents underwent fMRI while viewing photos ostensibly submitted to Instagram. They were more likely to like photos depicted with many likes than photos with few likes; this finding showed the influence of virtual peer endorsement and held for both neutral photos and photos of risky behaviors (e.g., drinking, smoking). Viewing photos with many (compared with few) likes was associated with greater activity in neural regions implicated in reward processing, social cognition, imitation, and attention. Furthermore, when adolescents viewed risky photos (as opposed to neutral photos), activation in the cognitive-control network decreased. These findings highlight possible mechanisms underlying peer influence during adolescence.
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Use of social media and other activities on phones has been found to release feel-good neurochemicals such as dopamine.
“Moreover, the use of social media and other activities on phones have also been found to release feel-good neurochemicals such as dopamine [52, 53].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The Results (page not available) report greater activity in reward-related regions when adolescents viewed photos with many Likes, and the Discussion describes this as a response to positive social feedback. The study used fMRI to measure brain activity; it did not measure dopamine release or establish the same effect for other activities on phones. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPeer feedback is highly rewarding to adolescents.
“Peer feedback is highly rewarding to adolescents.”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Sherman et al., 2016
In an fMRI study, adolescents showed heightened activity in the NAcc when viewing photos with high numbers of 'likes'.
“In an fMRI study, adolescents showed heightened activity in the NAcc (a hub for reward circuitry) when viewing photos with high numbers of 'likes' (Sherman et al., 2016).”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Sherman et al., 2016
Social media may activate the biological systems responsible for adolescents' heightened sensitivity to social feedback and rewards.
“Social media also may activate the biological systems that are responsible for adolescents’ heightened sensitivity to social feedback and rewards (Sherman et al. 2016)”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Sherman et al. 2016
Adolescents are highly aware of and influenced by quantifiable social media metrics.
“Preliminary studies suggest that adolescents are highly aware of and influenced by these quantifiable metrics (Chua and Chang 2016; Sherman et al. 2016).”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Sherman et al. 2016
Scholars have suggested that the quantifiable nature of social media interactions may significantly impact adolescents' peer experiences online.
“Scholars have begun to suggest that the “quantifiable” nature of social media interactions may have a significant impact on adolescents’ peer experiences online (Sherman et al. 2016).”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Sherman et al. 2016
Instagram users' own pictures presented with many Likes elicit stronger activity in the ventral striatum than pictures with few Likes.
“The power of such feedback has also been proven neuroscientifically, when Instagram users are confronted with their own posted pictures from their account which were manipulated by being presented either with many or few ‘Likes’ (in this case hearts [74]). Pictures being presented with many Likes elicit stronger activity in the ventral striatum, an area involved of the processing of a rewards [74,”
From Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sherman, Lauren E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-05-31
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1027-1035
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC5387999
- OpenAlex
- W2415638773
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 102.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1s10od011939-01a1)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA038578)
- National Center for Research Resources (C06RR015431, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Keywords
- peer influence, adolescents, social media, Instagram, likes, social endorsement, risk-taking, reward processing, imitation, cognitive control, social cognition, neural responses
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Female, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Peer Group, Reward, Risk-Taking, Social Perception
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