Cited by 339Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFamily and Disability Support ResearchBehavioral and Psychological Studies

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Mindful Parenting Decreases Aggression, Noncompliance, and Self-Injury in Children With Autism

Singh, Nirbhay N., Lancioni, Giulio E., Winton, Alan S.W., Fisher, Barbara C., Wahler, Robert G., Mcaleavey, Kristen, Singh, Judy, Sabaawi, Mohamed·2006·Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

DOI 10.1177/10634266060140030401

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Abstract

Parent—child transactions provide an important social context for the development of adaptive and problem behaviors in young children with autism.Teaching parents to develop alternative transactional pathways often leads to positive behavioral patterns in their children.We taught three parents the philosophy and practice of mindfulness in a 12-week course and assessed the outcome of the training on their children's behavior. In addition, the mothers rated satisfaction with their parenting skills and interactions with their children. Results showed that the mothers' mindful parenting decreased their children's aggression, noncompliance, and self-injury and increased the mothers' satisfaction with their parenting skills and interactions with their children.We speculated on the possible reasons for the efficacy of mindful parenting in decreasing the children's problem behaviors without the application of specific, programmed contingencies for the children's behavior.

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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundResultInfluential
The efficacy of mindful parenting interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shorey, S., & Ng, E. D. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103996 · Cited by 86
The Use of Mindfulness with People with Intellectual Disabilities: a Systematic Review and Narrative Analysis
Chapman, M., Hare, D., Caton, S., Donalds, D., McInnis, E. E., & Mitchell, D. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0197-7
“In the study of Singh et al. (2007b), four mothers of children with intellectual disabilities received 12 1:1 mindfulness sessions following the parent training programme outlined in Singh et al. (2006a).”
Background
Psychopharmacology of aggression in children and adolescents with primary neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of current and potentially promising treatment options.
Nevels, R. M., Dehon, E. E., Alexander, K., & Gontkovsky, S. T. (2010) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0018059 · Cited by 85
Work-Family Conflict and Mindful Parenting: The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Symptoms and Parenting Stress in a Sample of Portuguese Employed Parents
Moreira, H., Fonseca, A., Caiado, B., & Canavarro, M. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00635 · Cited by 112
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Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G., Berridge, D. M., & Vagenas, D. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1279 · Cited by 92
“Initial evidence from a mindfulness-based intervention is suggesting that gains in parental satisfaction were accompanied by reduction in the behavior problems of children with ASD [Singh et al., 2006].”
Background
Stress in mothers of children with autism: Trait mindfulness as a protective factor
Conner, C. M., & White, S. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.02.001 · Cited by 87
Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting: The mediating role of self-compassion.
Moreira, H., Carona, C., Silva, N., Nunes, J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12082 · Cited by 81
“Although this parenting approach was presented almost 20 years ago by Kabat-Zinn and Kabat-Zinn (1997), the scientific community has only recently become notably interested in its study (e.g., B€ogels, Lehtonen, & Restifo, 2010; Duncan, 2007; Singh et al., 2006).”
Background
Effectiveness, Acceptability, and Feasibility of the Soles of the Feet Mindfulness-Based Intervention with Elementary School Students
Felver, J. C., Frank, J. L., & McEachern, A. D. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0238-2 · Cited by 95
“Other studies have found parents and clinical staff who utilize these techniques engage in more sensitive and responsive interactions with children and adults with disabilities, resulting in decreases in aggressive behavior (Singh et al. 2006a, b).”
Background
Mindfulness and Parenting: A Correlational Study of Non-meditating Mothers of Preschool Children.
Corthorn, C., & Milicic, N. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0319-z · Cited by 81
Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder behaviors in boys with autism spectrum disorder with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder versus several comparison samples
Guttmann-Steinmetz, S., Gadow, K. D., & DeVincent, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0706-7 · Cited by 79
“…Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA C. J. DeVincent Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA is often associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (Gadow et al. 2006, 2008a) and other types of aggression (e.g., Hughes et al. 2002; Singh et al. 2006).”
Background
Parenting self-compassion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jefferson, F. A., Shires, A., & McAloon, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01401-x · Cited by 77
A Component Analysis of the Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) Program for Mindful Parenting by Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Medvedev, O., Hwang, Y.-S., & Myers, R. E. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01376-9 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
Are Mindful Parents More Authoritative and Less Authoritarian? An Analysis of Clinic-Referred Mothers
Williams, K., & Wahler, R. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9309-3 · Cited by 80
“Parental Authority Questionnaire—Revised (PAQ-R; Reitman et al. 2002 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Mindfulness Training Assists Individuals With Moderate Mental Retardation to Maintain Their Community Placements
Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Winton, A., Adkins, A. D., Singh, J., & Singh, A. N. A. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507300925 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
Compassion: Embodied and Embedded
Khoury, B. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01211-w · Cited by 86
Effectiveness of Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Parents: A Systematic Review of Family Outcomes
Miller-Kuhaneck, H., Madonna, S., Novak, A., & Pearson, E. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.017855 · Cited by 98
Mental Health Services for Individuals with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lake, J. K., Perry, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/502420 · Cited by 72
“Of the few studies that have been conducted to date, results highlight the need to involve family in the individual’s overall treatment plan and the need to support and address the mental health and parenting needs of those supporting and caring for individuals with ASD [112, 113].”
Background
Effects Of Mindfulness-Based Interventions On Disruptive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis Of Single-Case Research
Klingbeil, D. A., Fischer, A. J., Renshaw, T. L., Bloomfield, B. S., Polakoff, B., Willenbrink, J. B., Copek, R. A., & Chan, K. T. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21982 · Cited by 67
Relating Mindfully: A Qualitative Exploration of Changes in Relationships Through Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Bihari, J. L. N., & Mullan, E. G. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0146-x · Cited by 81
Parental Stress, Discipline Strategies, and Child Behavior Problems in Families With Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Shawler, P. M., & Sullivan, M. A. (2015) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357615610114 · Cited by 70
“Some treatments have identified that parental mindfulness may reduce child disruptive behavior problems (Singh et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2014).”
Background
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) Training Are Equally Beneficial for Mothers and Their Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder or With Intellectual Disabilities
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Karazsia, B. T., Myers, R. E., Hwang, Y., & Anālayo, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00385 · Cited by 85
Self-citation
A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools
Jones, L., Gold, E., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Jones, M., Griffiths, A., & Silverton, S. (2018) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2017.1297571 · Cited by 68
Acceptance and commitment therapy for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders: development of an inpatient group intervention.
Bonacquisti, A., Cohen, M. J., & Schiller, C. E. (2017) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0735-8 · Cited by 63
“Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to improve the experiences of women in the perinatal period, from decreases in pregnancy anxiety and depression (Duncan and Bardacke 2010) to increases in parenting satisfaction (Singh et al. 2006).”
Background
Autism and Mind–Body Therapies: A Systematic Review
Hourston, S., & Atchley, R. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0336 · Cited by 67
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Katz, L. F., Stettler, N. M., & Gurtovenko, K. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12151 · Cited by 64
An examination of challenging behaviors in autistic disorder versus pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: Significant differences and gender effects
Kozlowski, A. M., & Matson, J. L. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.005 · Cited by 63
“Examples of some common topographies of physical aggression include hitting with an open or closed hand, scratching, pinching, kicking, biting, pushing, and pulling hair (Alink et al., 2006; Crocker et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2006).”
Background
The role of mindfulness and compassion in enhancing nurturing family environments.
Kirby, J. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12149 · Cited by 69
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Oriented Parent-Training for Parents of Children with Autism
Corti, C., Pergolizzi, F., Vanzin, L., Cargasacchi, G., Villa, L., Pozzi, M., & Molteni, M. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1123-3 · Cited by 58
“In particular, Singh et al. (2006) reported that mindfulness skills may require a long time to develop, and their improvement is preceded by a period in which the awareness of the mindfulness construct may increase in individuals.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: the role of parent–child relational factors
Lewallen, A. C., & Neece, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0116-8 · Cited by 56
“…parenting on various childhood gains such as improved compliance in children with ADHD (Singh et al. 2010), reduced aggression, non-compliance, and self-injury in children with autism (Singh et al. 2006, 2007), and increased positive social interactions in children with DD (Singh et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The role of parental psychopathology and personality in adolescent non-suicidal self-injury
Gromatsky, M. A., Waszczuk, M. A., Perlman, G., Salis, K. L., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.013 · Cited by 66
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Pan, J., Liang, Y., Zhou, H., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01122-w · Cited by 61
Parental Secondary Stress: The Often Hidden Consequences of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Youth
Whitlock, J. L., Lloyd‐Richardson, E. E., Fisseha, F., & Bates, T. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22488 · Cited by 52
Diagnostic practice and its impacts on parental health and child behaviour problems in autism spectrum disorders
Reed, P., & Osborne, L. A. (2012) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-301761 · Cited by 56
Doing and Being: Mindfulness, Health, and Quiet Ego Characteristics Among Buddhist Practitioners
Wayment, H. A., Wiist, B., Sullivan, B. M., & Warren, M. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9218-6 · Cited by 61
Role of Mindful Parenting, Affiliate Stigma, and Parents’ Well-being in the Behavioral Adjustment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Testing Parenting Stress as a Mediator
Cheung, R. Y. M., Leung, S. S. W., & Mak, W. W. S. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01208-5 · Cited by 60
Mindfulness: Embodied and Embedded
Khoury, B. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0858-z · Cited by 59
Using a Mindfulness-Based Procedure in the Community: Translating Research to Practice
Adkins, A. D., Singh, A. N. A., Winton, A. S. W., McKeegan, G. F., & Singh, J. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9348-9 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Mindfulness‐Based Relationship Education for Couples Expecting their First Child—Part 2: Phenomenological Findings
Gambrel, L. E., & Piercy, F. P. (2014) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12065 · Cited by 53
Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation
Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., & Spinelli, C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01855-1 · Cited by 53
Evidence-Based Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Politte, L. C., Howe, Y. J., Nowinski, L. A., Palumbo, M., & McDougle, C. J. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-015-0031-z · Cited by 54
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Parents of Children with Developmental Delays: Understanding the Experiences of Latino Families
Neece, C. L., Chan, N., Klein, K. P., Roberts, L. R., & Fenning, R. M. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1011-3 · Cited by 54
“…interventions that have been developed, MBSR is the most empirically supported approach with the greatest level of support within the DD literature (Bazzano et al. 2015; Chan and Neece 2018; Dykens et al. 2014; Minor et al. 2006; Neece 2014; Roberts and Neece 2015; Singh et al. 2006, 2007, 2014).”
Background
The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Marino, F., Failla, C., Chilà, P., Minutoli, R., Puglisi, A., Arnao, A. A., Pignolo, L., Presti, G., Pergolizzi, F., Moderato, P., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070880 · Cited by 45
“Indeed, working indirectly to increase and capitalize parental resources is considered an important mediating factor in ASD intervention and may reduce maladaptive behaviors in children and increase the well-being of the whole family [15,16].”
Background
Mindfulness and the Experience of Psychological Distress: the Mediating Effects of Emotion Regulation and Attachment Anxiety
McDonald, H. M., Sherman, K. A., Petocz, P., Kangas, M., Grant, K.-A., & Kasparian, N. A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0517-9 · Cited by 45

Authors: Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Fisher, B. C., Wahler, R. G., Mcaleavey, K., Singh, J., & Sabaawi, M.
Affiliations: ONE Research Institute in Midlothian, Virginia
University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
Massey University (NZ)
Cedar Lane Elementary School, Ashburn, Virginia
University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
Longwood University (US)
George Washington University (US)
ORCID: Singh, Nirbhay N.
Lancioni, Giulio E.
Wahler, Robert G.
Venue: Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-07
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 169-177
ISSN: 1063-4266 (ISSN-L)
1538-4799
DOI: 10.1177/10634266060140030401
OpenAlex: W2102014501
Cited by: 337
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 5.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: mindful parenting, autism spectrum disorder, aggression, non-compliance, self-harm, parenting skills, parenting satisfaction, behavioral problems, mothers

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Mindful Parenting Decreases Aggression, Noncompliance, and Self-Injury in Children With Autism

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