Cited by 345Olfactory and Sensory Function StudiesLong-Term Effects of COVID-19SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

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Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection

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Butowt, Rafal, von Bartheld, Christopher S.·2021·The Neuroscientist

DOI 10.1177/1073858420956905PMC PMC7488171

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Abstract

In recent months it has emerged that the novel coronavirus—responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic—causes reduction of smell and taste in a large fraction of patients. The chemosensory deficits are often the earliest, and sometimes the only signs in otherwise asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The reasons for the surprisingly early and specific chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 are now beginning to be elucidated. In this hypothesis review, we discuss implications of the recent finding that the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients differs between populations, possibly because of differences in the spike protein of different virus strains or because of differences in the host proteins that enable virus entry, thus modifying infectivity. We review recent progress in defining underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the virus-induced anosmia, with a focus on the emerging crucial role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium. We critically examine the current evidence whether and how the SARS-CoV-2 virus can follow a route from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the brain to achieve brain infection, and we discuss the prospects for using the smell and taste dysfunctions seen in COVID-19 as an early and rapid diagnostic screening tool.

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See all 345

Authors: Butowt, R., & von Bartheld, C. S.
Affiliations: Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
ORCID: Butowt, Rafal
von Bartheld, Christopher S.
Venue: The Neuroscientist
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2020-09-11
Volume: 27
Issue: 6
Pages: 582-603
ISSN: 1073-8584 (ISSN-L)
1089-4098
DOI: 10.1177/1073858420956905
PMC: PMC7488171
OpenAlex: W3084613638
Cited by: 345
References: 143
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 8
FWCI: 23.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Neuroscientist (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: national institutes of health (GM103554)
Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika w Toruniu (Excellence Initiative -Research University ID-UB)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords: anosmia, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, olfactory dysfunction, taste disorders, olfactory epithelium, sustentacular cells, asymptomatic carriers
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Anosmia, Animals, Brain, Humans, Nasal Mucosa, Smell, Olfactory Perception

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Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection

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