Cited by 398Social and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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From Stereotype Threat to Stereotype Threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for Causes, Moderators, Mediators, Consequences, and Interventions

Shapiro, Jenessa R., Neuberg, Steven L.·2007·Personality and Social Psychology Review

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Abstract

More than 100 articles have examined the construct of stereotype threat and its implications. However, stereotype threat seems to mean different things to different researchers and has been employed to describe and explain processes and phenomena that appear to be fundamentally distinct. Complementing existing models, the authors posit a Multi-Threat Framework in which six qualitatively distinct stereotype threats arise from the intersection of two dimensions—the target of the threat (the self/one's group) and the source of the threat (the self/outgroup others/ingroup others). The authors propose that these threats constitute the core of the broader stereotype threat construct and provide the foundation for understanding additional, as of yet uncharacterized, stereotype threats. The proposed threats likely differentially peril those with different stigmatizable characteristics, have different eliciting conditions and moderators, are mediated by somewhat different processes, are coped with and compensated for in different ways, and require different interventions to overcome.

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Authors: Shapiro, J. R., & Neuberg, S. L.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Corresponding author: Neuberg, Steven L.
ORCID: Neuberg, Steven L.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-05
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 107-130
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1177/1088868306294790
OpenAlex: W2003398631
Semantic Scholar: 35b42b80cc22f736bc3e3c45bf01fe67a1e9cd27
Cited by: 398
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 48.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5f31mh075497-02)
National Institute of Mental Health (F31-MH075497)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: stereotype threat, threat sources, in-group and out-group, stigmatization, moderators, mediators, coping, intervention
MeSH terms: Affect, Attitude, Humans, Social Behavior, Stereotyping, Negotiating

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From Stereotype Threat to Stereotype Threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for Causes, Moderators, Mediators, Consequences, and Interventions

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