Is low positive emotionality a specific risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Khazanov, Gabriela Kattan; Ruscio, Ayelet Meron

doi:10.1037/bul0000059

Cited by 241Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Traits and PsychologyMental Health Research Topics

Is low positive emotionality a specific risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

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Khazanov, Gabriela Kattan, Ruscio, Ayelet Meron·2016·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000059PMC PMC5110375

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Abstract

Depression is well known to share a negative cross-sectional relationship with personality constructs defined by positive emotion (positive affect, extraversion, behavioral activation). These Positive Emotionality (PE) constructs have been proposed to represent stable temperamental risk factors for depression, not merely current mood state. These constructs have also been proposed to increase risk specifically for depression, relative to anxiety. We performed a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to examine the relationship of PE to depression (59 effect sizes) and anxiety (26 effect sizes). In cross-sectional analyses, PE constructs were negatively associated with depression (r = -.34) and anxiety (r = -.24). PE constructs also prospectively predicted depression (r = -.26) and anxiety (r = -.19). These relationships remained statistically significant, but were markedly attenuated, when baseline levels of depression (β = -.08) and anxiety (β = -.06) were controlled. Moreover, depression and anxiety were equally strong predictors of subsequent changes in PE (β = -.07 and -.09, respectively). These findings are consistent with theoretical accounts of low PE as a temperamental vulnerability for depression, but suggest that the prospective relationship of PE to depression may be weaker and less specific than previously assumed. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Low positive affect predicts and characterizes some anxiety disorders.
“Deficits in positive affect are predictive and characteristic of certain anxiety disorders (Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016; Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson, 2010), as well as depression (e.g., Mineka, Watson, & Clark, 1998).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016
The Discussion (Specificity of PE as a Risk Factor for Depression Relative to Anxiety; page unavailable) reports associations between positive emotionality and several anxiety disorders, supporting the ‘characteristic’ part. The Results (Effect Size Analyses; page unavailable) find that positive emotionality predicts anxiety measured generally, but the Discussion (Limitations; page unavailable) says the study could not test whether it predicts particular anxiety disorders. The disorder-specific predictive claim is therefore not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
These findings are paralleled by results from longitudinal datasets, experimental designs, and structural equation modelling.
“These findings are paralleled with results harnessing longitudinal datasets, experimental designs, and structural equation modelling methods (Brown, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1998; Kashdan, Weeks, & Savostyanova, 2011; Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016; Sewart et al., 2019).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016
Positive emotionality decreases risk for depression.
“In contrast, meta-analytic data indicate that positive emotionality (e.g., positive affect, extraversion, and behavioral activation) decreases risk for depression16.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [16]

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Predicting anxiety and depression from personality: Is there a synergistic effect of neuroticism and extraversion?
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The Personality Domains and Styles of the Five-Factor Model are Related to Incident Depression in Medicare Recipients Aged 65 to 100
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Anhedonia in Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder: A Review~!2009-10-26~!2010-02-18~!2010-04-08~!
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Positivity and Well-being Among Community-Residing Elders and Nursing Home Residents: What Is the Optimal Affect Balance?
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Does change in positive affect mediate and/or moderate the impact of symptom distress on psychological adjustment after cancer diagnosis? A prospective analysis
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The Tripartite Model in Childhood and Adolescence: Future Directions for Developmental Research
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The Relationship of Patient and Spouse Personality to Cardiac Patients’ Health: Two Observational Studies of Mediation and Moderation
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Patterns of hemispheric perceptual asymmetries: Left hemispatial biases predict changes in anxiety and positive affect in undergraduate women.
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Beran TM 2009 Personality and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment to choroidal melanoma Doctoral dissertation University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
Bornstein JE 2003 Personality, coping, and adaptation in maternal caregivers of children with chronic illness Doctoral dissertation Pacific Graduate School of Psychology Palo Alto, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
Christie KM 2011 Partners of breast cancer survivors: Research participation and understanding of survivors’ concerns Doctoral dissertation University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
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Prenoveau JM 2009 Stability of and structural relations among anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and extraversion during adolescence: Results from a 3-year longitudinal latent variable study Doctoral dissertation University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
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Workshop Proceedings 2011 6 NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project Positive Valence Systems Domain workshop Rockville, Maryland

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Affect Recall Bias: Being Resilient by Distorting Reality
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Self-citation
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A meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.Preprint
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“Deficits in PA are predictive and characteristic of certain anxiety disorders (Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016; Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson, 2010), as well as depression (e.g., Mineka, Watson, & Clark, 1998).”
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“Of importance, this is not just a cross-sectional phenomenon, because these traits prospectively predict changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms over months or years (for meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, see Jeronimus, Kotov, Riese, & Ormel, 2016; Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016).”
Background
The role of maladaptive personality domains across multiple levels of the HiTOP structure
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Emotion Regulation Diversity in Current and Remitted Depression
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Authors: Khazanov, G. K., & Ruscio, A. M.
ORCID: Khazanov, Gabriela Kattan
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016-09
Volume: 142
Issue: 9
Pages: 991-1015
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000059
PMC: PMC5110375
OpenAlex: W2473686504
Cited by: 240
References: 179
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 1.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 316 d)
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH094425)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: positive affectivity, depression, anxiety, positive affect, extraversion, behavioral activation, prospective prediction
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Personality, Risk Factors, Temperament

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Is low positive emotionality a specific risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

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