On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy
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We review recent research to establish that the associations between positive emotional experience and major forms of psychopathology show considerable specificity. Although indicators of low positive affect are consistently related to both social anxiety/social phobia and schizophrenia/schizotypy, they are more strongly linked to depression, thereby displaying relative specificity. Moreover, low positive affect actually shows greater specificity than the diagnostic criteria for depression and is most strongly related to those symptoms (anhedonia, dysphoria, lassitude, suicidality) that are specific to the disorder. With regard to social phobia, findings suggest that low positive affect is more strongly related to the generalized subtype than to the non-generalized performance subtype. Analyses of schizophrenia/schizotypy indicate that although low positive affect is consistently associated with the negative symptoms (e.g., constricted affect, social aloofness), it is only weakly related to positive symptoms (e.g., magical thinking, perceptual aberrations, suspiciousness). Other data suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an anticipatory pleasure deficit, such that individuals with the disorder engage in rewarding activities less frequently because they do not expect to derive pleasure from them. Finally, we summarize evidence indicating that elevated positive affect is both a risk factor for bipolar disorder and a concomitant of manic symptoms.
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Low positive affect appears particularly characteristic of social anxiety disorder.
“Low positive affect appears to be particularly characteristic of social anxiety disorder (SAD; Watson & Naragon-Gainey, 2010).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Watson & Naragon-Gainey, 2010
Low levels of positive affect are more strongly linked to depression than to other emotional disorders.
“It has been established in the literature that depressive symptoms are related to lack of meaning in life and low levels of positive emotions, and that depression is more associated with low levels of positive affect than other emotional disorders [38].”
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“Deficits in PA are predictive and characteristic of certain anxiety disorders (Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016; Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson, 2010), as well as depression (e.g., Mineka, Watson, & Clark, 1998).”
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“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. and it is not substantially related to most other types of anxiety (Mineka et al., 1998; Watson & Naragon-Gainey, 2010, 2014).”
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- Authors
- Watson, D., & Naragon-Gainey, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Watson, David
- ORCID
- Watson, David
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 839-848
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2891217
- OpenAlex
- W1991351725
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068472)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- positive affect, depression, social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, schizotypy, anhedonia, dysphoria, bipolar disorder, manic symptoms, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, diagnostic specificity
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological
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