CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,118Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressFood Nutrient Composition and Product Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide

Open access
Carlsen, Monica H, Halvorsen, Bente L, Holte, Kari, Bøhn, Siv K, Dragland, Steinar, Sampson, Laura, Willey, Carol, Senoo, Haruki, Umezono, Yuko, Sanada, Chiho, Barikmo, Ingrid, Berhe, Nega, Willett, Walter C, Phillips, Katherine M, Jacobs, David R, Blomhoff, Rune·2010·Nutrition Journal
DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-9-3PMC PMC2841576
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: A plant-based diet protects against chronic oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary plants contain variable chemical families and amounts of antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that plant antioxidants may contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary plants. Our objective was to develop a comprehensive food database consisting of the total antioxidant content of typical foods as well as other dietary items such as traditional medicine plants, herbs and spices and dietary supplements. This database is intended for use in a wide range of nutritional research, from in vitro and cell and animal studies, to clinical trials and nutritional epidemiological studies. Methods: We procured samples from countries worldwide and assayed the samples for their total antioxidant content using a modified version of the FRAP assay. Results and sample information (such as country of origin, product and/or brand name) were registered for each individual food sample and constitute the Antioxidant Food Table. Results: The results demonstrate that there are several thousand-fold differences in antioxidant content of foods. Spices, herbs and supplements include the most antioxidant rich products in our study, some exceptionally high. Berries, fruits, nuts, chocolate, vegetables and products thereof constitute common foods and beverages with high antioxidant values. Conclusions: This database is to our best knowledge the most comprehensive Antioxidant Food Database published and it shows that plant-based foods introduce significantly more antioxidants into human diet than non-plant foods. Because of the large variations observed between otherwise comparable food samples the study emphasizes the importance of using a comprehensive database combined with a detailed system for food registration in clinical and epidemiological studies. The present antioxidant database is therefore an essential research tool to further elucidate the potential health effects of phytochemical antioxidants in diet.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1475-2891-9-3

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Polyphenols from plants represent potential substances which are effective ROS scavengers and metal chelators.

    “Polyphenols from plants represent potential substances which are effective ROS scavengers and metal chelators. 28”

    From Caralluma umbellata Haw. protects liver against paracetamol toxicity and inhibits CYP2E1 (2017) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Background says that plant-derived phytochemicals are largely antioxidants and that antioxidants can eliminate free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The paper also discusses phenolic compounds as antioxidants, but the passages do not establish the claim that plant polyphenols chelate metals. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 67

  1. Johnson IT: New approaches to the role of diet in the prevention of cancers of the alimentary tract. Mutat Res. 2004, 551: 9-28. · DOI
  2. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Spiegelman D, Willett WC: Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1233-1239. 10.1001/jama.282.13.1233. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Riboli E, Norat T: Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 78: 559S-569S. · DOI
  4. Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J: A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'. Public Health Nutr. 2004, 7: 407-422. 10.1079/PHN2003543. · DOI
  5. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. 2007, American Institute of Cancer Research, Washington DC
  6. Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N, Biswal S: Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007, 47: 89-116. 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141046. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Jeong WS, Jun M, Kong AN: Nrf2: a potential molecular target for cancer chemoprevention by natural compounds. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006, 8: 99-106. 10.1089/ars.2006.8.99. · DOI
  8. Astley SB, Elliott RM, Archer DB, Southon S: Evidence that dietary supplementation with carotenoids and carotenoid-rich foods modulates the DNA damage: repair balance in human lymphocytes. Br J Nutr. 2004, 91: 63-72. 10.1079/BJN20031001. · DOI
  9. Miller NJ, RiceEvans CA: Spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant activity. Redox Report. 1996, 2: 161-171. · DOI
  10. Benzie IF, Strain JJ: The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 1996, 239: 70-76. 10.1006/abio.1996.0292. · DOI
  11. DeLange RJ, Glazer AN: Phycoerythrin fluorescence-based assay for peroxy radicals: a screen for biologically relevant protective agents. Anal Biochem. 1989, 177: 300-306. 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90056-0. · DOI
  12. Blomhoff R: Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005, 16: 47-54. 10.1097/00041433-200502000-00009. · DOI
  13. Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MCW, Barikmo I, Hvattum E, Remberg SF, Wold AB, Haffner K, Baugerod H, Andersen LF, Moskaug JO, Jacobs DR, Blomhoff R: A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. J Nutr. 2002, 132: 461-471. · DOI · Paper page
  14. Halvorsen BL, Carlsen MH, Phillips KM, Bohn SK, Holte K, Jacobs DR, Blomhoff R: Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 84: 95-135. · DOI
  15. Stahl W, van den Berg H, Arthur J, Bast A, Dainty J, Faulks RM, Gartner C, Haenen G, Hollman P, Holst B, Kelly FJ, Polidori MC, Rice-Evans C, Southon S, van Vliet T, Vina-Ribes J, Williamson G, Astley SB: Bioavailability and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med. 2002, 23: 39-100. 10.1016/S0098-2997(02)00016-X. · DOI
  16. Miller HE, Rigelhof F, Marquart L, Prakash A, Kanter M: Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfast cereals, fruits and vegetables. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19: 312S-319S. · DOI
  17. Pellegrini N, Serafini M, Colombi B, Del Rio D, Salvatore S, Bianchi M, Brighenti F: Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. J Nutr. 2003, 133: 2812-2819. · DOI
  18. Pellegrini N, Serafini M, Salvatore S, Del Rio D, Bianchi M, Brighenti F: Total antioxidant capacity of spices, dried fruits, nuts, pulses, cereals and sweets consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006, 50: 1030-1038. 10.1002/mnfr.200600067. · DOI
  19. Astley SB, Lindsay DG: European Research on the Functional Effects of Dietary Antioxidants - EUROFEDA. Mol Aspects Med. 2002, 23: 1-38. 10.1016/S0098-2997(02)00019-5. · DOI
  20. Gonthier MP, Verny MA, Besson C, Remesy C, Scalbert A: Chlorogenic acid bioavailability largely depends on its metabolism by the gut microflora in rats. J Nutr. 2003, 133: 1853-1859. · DOI
  21. Dragland S, Senoo H, Wake K, Holte K, Blomhoff R: Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of dietary antioxidants. J Nutr. 2003, 133: 1286-1290. · DOI
  22. Lee KW, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Lee CY: Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. J Agric Food Chem. 2003, 51: 7292-7295. 10.1021/jf0344385. · DOI
  23. Richelle M, Tavazzi I, Offord E: Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving. J Agric Food Chem. 2001, 49: 3438-3442. 10.1021/jf0101410. · DOI
  24. Cai Y, Evans FJ, Roberts MF, Phillipson JD, Zenk MH, Gleba YY: Polyphenolic compounds from Croton Lechleri. Phytochemistry. 1991, 30: 2033-2040. 10.1016/0031-9422(91)85063-6. · DOI
  25. Miller MJ, MacNaughton WK, Zhang XJ, Thompson JH, Charbonnet RM, Bobrowski P, Lao J, Trentacosti AM, Sandoval M: Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000, 279: G192-G200. · DOI
  26. Miller MJ, Vergnolle N, McKnight W, Musah RA, Davison CA, Trentacosti AM, Thompson JH, Sandoval M, Wallace JL: Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado. J Invest Dermatol. 2001, 117: 725-730. 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01446.x. · DOI
  27. Sandoval M, Okuhama NN, Clark M, Angeles FM, Lao J, Bustamante S, Miller MJ: Sangre de grado Croton palanostigma induces apoptosis in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 80: 121-129. 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00013-2. · DOI
  28. Rasool M, Sabina EP: Antiinflammatory effect of the Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation Triphala on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Phytother Res. 2007, 21: 889-894. 10.1002/ptr.2183. · DOI
  29. Kumar MS, Kirubanandan S, Sripriya R, Sehgal P: Triphala promotes healing of infected full-thickness dermal wound. J Surg Res. 2008, 144: 94-101. 10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.049. · DOI
  30. Srikumar R, Parthasarathy NJ, Shankar EM, Manikandan S, Vijayakumar R, Thangaraj R, Vijayananth K, Sheeladevi R, Rao UA: Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of Triphala against common bacterial isolates from HIV infected patients. Phytother Res. 2007, 21: 476-480. 10.1002/ptr.2105. · DOI
  31. Deep G, Dhiman M, Rao AR, Kale RK: Chemopreventive potential of Triphala (a composite Indian drug) on Benzo(a)pyrene induced forestomach tumorigenesis in murine tumor model system. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 24: 555-563.
  32. Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Phytomedicinal activity of Terminalia arjuna against carbon tetrachloride induced cardiac oxidative stress. Pathophysiology. 2007, 14: 71-78. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2007.05.002. · DOI
  33. Devi RS, Narayan S, Vani G, Shyamala Devi CS: Gastroprotective effect of Terminalia arjuna bark on diclofenac sodium induced gastric ulcer. Chem Biol Interact. 2007, 167: 71-83. 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.01.011. · DOI
  34. Okayasu H, Suzuki F, Satoh K, Shioda S, Dohi K, Ikeda Y, Nakashima H, Komatsu N, Fujimaki M, Hashimoto K, Maki J, Sakagami H: Comparison of cytotoxicity and radical scavenging activity between tea extracts and Chinese medicines. Vivo. 2003, 17: 577-581.
  35. Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Heinonen M: Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2001, 49: 4076-4082. 10.1021/jf010152t. · DOI
  36. Maatta-Riihinen KR, Kamal-Eldin A, Mattila PH, Gonzalez-Paramas AM, Torronen AR: Distribution and contents of phenolic compounds in eighteen Scandinavian berry species. J Agric Food Chem. 2004, 52: 4477-4486. 10.1021/jf049595y. · DOI
  37. Maatta-Riihinen KR, Kamal-Eldin A, Torronen AR: Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in berries of Fragaria and Rubus species (family Rosaceae). J Agric Food Chem. 2004, 52: 6178-6187. 10.1021/jf049450r. · DOI
  38. Scalzo J, Politi A, Pellegrini N, Mezzetti B, Battino M: Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition. 2005, 21: 207-213. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.03.025. · DOI
  39. Wang SY, Lin HS: Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. J Agric Food Chem. 2000, 48: 140-146. 10.1021/jf9908345. · DOI
  40. Amakura Y, Umino Y, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y: Influence of jam processing on the radical scavenging activity and phenolic content in berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2000, 48: 6292-6297. 10.1021/jf000849z. · DOI
  41. Chen CY, Milbury PE, Lapsley K, Blumberg JB: Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. J Nutr. 2005, 135: 1366-1373. · DOI
  42. Illy E: The complexity of coffee. Sci Am. 2002, 286: 86-91. 10.1038/scientificamerican0602-86. · DOI
  43. Yanagimoto K, Lee KG, Ochi H, Shibamoto T: Antioxidative activity of heterocyclic compounds found in coffee volatiles produced by Maillard reaction. J Agric Food Chem. 2002, 50: 5480-5484. 10.1021/jf025616h. · DOI
  44. McKay DL, Blumberg JB: The role of tea in human health: an update. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002, 21: 1-13. · DOI
  45. McKay DL, Blumberg JB: Roles of epigallocatechin gallate in cardiovascular disease and obesity: an introduction. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007, 26: 362s-365s. · DOI
  46. Cooper KA, Donovan JL, Waterhouse AL, Williamson G: Cocoa and health: a decade of research. Br J Nutr. 2008, 99: 1-11. 10.1017/S0007114507795296. · DOI
  47. Vinson JA, Proch J, Zubik L: Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: cocoa, dark chocolate, and milk chocolate. J Agric Food Chem. 1999, 47: 4821-4824. 10.1021/jf990312p. · DOI
  48. Imeh U, Khokhar S: Distribution of conjugated and free phenols in fruits: antioxidant activity and cultivar variations. J Agric Food Chem. 2002, 50: 6301-6306. 10.1021/jf020342j. · DOI
  49. Kalt W, Forney CF, Martin A, Prior RL: Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 1999, 47: 4638-4644. 10.1021/jf990266t. · DOI
  50. Mullen W, Stewart AJ, Lean ME, Gardner P, Duthie GG, Crozier A: Effect of freezing and storage on the phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of red raspberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002, 50: 5197-5201. 10.1021/jf020141f. · DOI
  51. Xianquan S, Shi J, Kakuda Y, Yueming J: Stability of lycopene during food processing and storage. J Med Food. 2005, 8: 413-422. 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.413. · DOI
  52. Gil-Izquierdo A, Gil MI, Ferreres F: Effect of processing techniques at industrial scale on orange juice antioxidant and beneficial health compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2002, 50: 5107-5114. 10.1021/jf020162+. · DOI
  53. Hartmann A, Patz CD, Andlauer W, Dietrich H, Ludwig M: Influence of processing on quality parameters of strawberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2008, 56: 9484-9489. 10.1021/jf801555q. · DOI · Paper page
  54. Ismail A, Lee WY: Influence of cooking practice on antioxidant properties and phenolic content of selected vegetables. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004, 13: S162-
  55. Lindsay DG, Astley SB: European research on the functional effects of dietary antioxidants - EUROFEDA. Mol Aspects Med. 2002, 23: 39-100. 10.1016/S0098-2997(02)00005-5. · DOI
  56. Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Francis DM, Nagaraja HN, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ: Lycopene from heat-induced cis-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-trans-rich tomato sauce in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2007, 98: 140-146. 10.1017/S0007114507685201. · DOI
  57. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hoffman A, Dornfeld L, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Liker H, Hayek T: Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004, 23: 423-433. 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.10.002. · DOI
  58. Mullen W, Marks SC, Crozier A: Evaluation of phenolic compounds in commercial fruit juices and fruit drinks. J Agric Food Chem. 2007, 55: 3148-3157. 10.1021/jf062970x. · DOI
  59. Ros E, Nunez I, Perez-Heras A, Serra M, Gilabert R, Casals E, Deulofeu R: A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Circulation. 2004, 109: 1609-1614. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124477.91474.FF. · DOI
  60. Adhami VM, Mukhtar H: Anti-oxidants from green tea and pomegranate for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Mol Biotechnol. 2007, 37: 52-57. 10.1007/s12033-007-0047-8. · DOI
  61. Malik A, Mukhtar H: Prostate cancer prevention through pomegranate fruit. Cell Cycle. 2006, 5: 371-373. · DOI
  62. Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gimenez R: Beneficial effects of green tea--a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006, 25: 79-99. · DOI · Paper page
  63. Lee W, Min WK, Chun S, Lee YW, Park H, Lee DH, Lee YK, Son JE: Long-term effects of green tea ingestion on atherosclerotic biological markers in smokers. Clin Biochem. 2005, 38: 84-87. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.09.024. · DOI
  64. Cordova AC, Jackson LS, Berke-Schlessel DW, Sumpio BE: The cardiovascular protective effect of red wine. J Am Coll Surg. 2005, 200: 428-439. 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.030. · DOI
  65. Klinge CM, Wickramasinghe NS, Ivanova MM, Dougherty SM: Resveratrol stimulates nitric oxide production by increasing estrogen receptor alpha-Src-caveolin-1 interaction and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J. 2008, 22: 2185-2197. 10.1096/fj.07-103366. · DOI
  66. Sacanella E, Vazquez-Agell M, Mena MP, Antunez E, Fernandez-Sola J, Nicolas JM, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Ros E, Estruch R: Down-regulation of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory biomarkers after moderate wine consumption in healthy women: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 86: 1463-1469. · DOI
  67. Williamson G, Manach C: Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005, 81: 243S-255S. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Carlsen, M. H., Halvorsen, B. L., Holte, K., Bøhn, S. K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., Willey, C., Senoo, H., Umezono, Y., Sanada, C., Barikmo, I., Berhe, N., Willett, W. C., Phillips, K. M., Jacobs, D. R., & Blomhoff, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Oslo (NO)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Akita University (JP)
  • Virginia Tech (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author
Blomhoff, Rune
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-01-22
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
3-3
ISSN
1475-2891 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1475-2891-9-3
PMC
PMC2841576
OpenAlex
W2097364189
Cited by
1,118
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 61 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 40
FWCI
27.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrition Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Kreftforeningen
  • Norges Forskningsråd
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development
Keywords
dietary antioxidants, food database, spices, herbs, dietary supplements, plant-based diet, oxidative stress, phytochemicals, FRAP, berries, nuts, chocolate, vegetables
MeSH terms
Antioxidants, Beverages, Cacao, Edible Grain, Dairy Products, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Eggs, Food, Food Analysis, Fruit, Infant Food, Fabaceae, Meat, Nuts, Plants, Medicinal, Seeds, Vegetables, Spices, Dietary Supplements, Infant Formula

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review