Aβ42 Is Essential for Parenchymal and Vascular Amyloid Deposition in Mice
Open accessAbstract
Considerable circumstantial evidence suggests that Abeta42 is the initiating molecule in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the absolute requirement for Abeta42 for amyloid deposition has never been demonstrated in vivo. We have addressed this by developing transgenic models that express Abeta1-40 or Abeta1-42 in the absence of human amyloid beta protein precursor (APP) overexpression. Mice expressing high levels of Abeta1-40 do not develop overt amyloid pathology. In contrast, mice expressing lower levels of Abeta1-42 accumulate insoluble Abeta1-42 and develop compact amyloid plaques, congophilic amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and diffuse Abeta deposits. When mice expressing Abeta1-42 are crossed with mutant APP (Tg2576) mice, there is also a massive increase in amyloid deposition. These data establish that Abeta1-42 is essential for amyloid deposition in the parenchyma and also in vessels.
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BRI-Aβ42 transgenic mice have established that Aβ42 is essential for parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposition.
“Recently, transgenic mice expressing a BRI protein-A 𝛃 42 fusion construct that generates only A 𝛃 42 in the brain have firmly established that A 𝛃 42 is essential for parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposition (McGowan et al., 2005).”
From Intraneuronal β-Amyloid Aggregates, Neurodegeneration, and Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mice with Five Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations: Potential Factors in Amyloid Plaque Formation (2006) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
Little evidence of intraneuronal Aβ was found in BRI-Aβ42 transgenic brain.
“In contrast to 5XFAD mice, little evidence of intraneuronal A 𝛃 was found in BRI-A 𝛃 42 transgenic brain.”
From Intraneuronal β-Amyloid Aggregates, Neurodegeneration, and Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mice with Five Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations: Potential Factors in Amyloid Plaque Formation (2006) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
When Tg-BRI-Aβ42 Prp mice were crossed with Tg-swAPP Prp, the double transgenic mice had significantly increased RIPA-insoluble formic acid extracted Aβ40 and Aβ42 as well as enhanced amyloid deposition in several brain areas including BN compared with single transgenic Tg-swAPP Prp, Tg-BRI-Aβ40 Prp and BRI-Tg-Aβ42 Prp or Tg-swAPP Prp; Tg-BRI-Aβ40 Prp double transgenic littermates.
“In particular, when Tg-BRI-Ab42 Prp mice were crossed with Tg-swAPP Prp (53), the double transgenic Tg-swAPP Prp ; Tg-BRI-Ab42 Prp mice had significantly increased RIPA-insoluble formic acid extracted Ab40 and Ab42 as well as enhanced amyloid deposition in several brain areas including BN compared with single transgenic Tg-swAPP Prp”
From Amyloid precursor protein-induced axonopathies are independent of amyloid-β peptides (2008) · cites this paper as [45]
Fusions of BRI-Aβ42 chimeras lead to synthesis and secretion of Aβ42 and amyloid deposition.
“Previous work revealed that fusions of BRI-Ab42 chimeras lead to synthesis and secretion of Ab42 and amyloid deposition (45).”
From Amyloid precursor protein-induced axonopathies are independent of amyloid-β peptides (2008) · cites this paper as [45]
Aβ1-40 and Aβ42 have opposing effects on amyloid deposition in BRI2-Aβ transgenic mice crossed with Tg2576 mice.
“By crossing BRI2-A1-40 or BRI-A1-42 transgenic mice with Tg2576 mice, we previously demonstrated that A1-40 and A42 have opposing effects on amyloid deposition (McGowan et al., 2005;Kim et al., 2007).”
From BRI2 (ITM2b) Inhibits A Deposition In Vivo (2008) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
The somatic brain transgenic BRI2-A1-40 studies confirmed previous studies using conventional transgenic mice expressing BRI2-A1-40.
“The studies with BRI2-A1-40 confirmed previous studies obtained using conventional transgenic mice expressing BRI2-A1-40 (McGowan et al., 2005;Kim et al., 2007).”
From BRI2 (ITM2b) Inhibits A Deposition In Vivo (2008) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
Aβ42 is more neurotoxic and has a higher tendency to aggregate than Aβ40.
“Although Aβ40 is present in larger amounts in the brain, Aβ42 was found to be more neurotoxic and have a higher tendency to aggregate.4,5”
From The effect of Cu2+ and Zn2+ on the Aβ42 peptide aggregation and cellular toxicity (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
The discrepancy in cognitive profiles between BRI2-Aβ and APP transgenic mice cannot be easily attributed to mouse genetic background, since genetic background is comparable between BRI2-Aβ and CRND8 models.
“This discrepancy in cognitive profiles between BRI2-Aβ and APP transgenic mice, for example APP CRND8 model tested intensively in our laboratory, cannot be easily attributed to the mouse genetic background, which is known to modulate behavior [35-37], since genetic background is comparable between BRI2-Aβ and CRND8 models [7,9].”
From Normal cognition in transgenic BRI2-Aβ mice (2013) · cites this paper as [7]
Both BRI2-Aβ1-40 and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice show the presence of the respective soluble Aβ peptides at age 3 months at levels about 2- to 3-fold higher than levels of Aβ in 3- to 6-month-old APP Tg2576 mice.
“Both BRI2-Aβ1-40 and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice show the presence of the respective soluble Aβ peptides at the age of 3 months at levels ~2- to 3-fold higher than the levels of Aβ in 3- to 6-month-old APP Tg2576 mice.”
From Normal cognition in transgenic BRI2-Aβ mice (2013) · cites this paper as [7]
Only BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice develop Aβ amyloid pathology in the brain at age 12 months with robust compact Aβ plaques in the hippocampus at 14 months.
“However, only BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice develop Aβ amyloid pathology in the brain at the age of 12 months with robust compact Aβ plaques in the hippocampus at 14 months [7].”
From Normal cognition in transgenic BRI2-Aβ mice (2013) · cites this paper as [7]
Aβ40 is present in larger amounts in the brain, yet Aβ42 is more neurotoxic and has a higher tendency to aggregate.
“Aβ40 is present in larger amounts in the brain, yet Aβ42 is more neurotoxic and has a higher tendency to aggregate.8–11”
From Bifunctional Compounds for Controlling Metal-Mediated Aggregation of the Aβ<sub>42</sub>Peptide (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
The longer and more hydrophobic Aβ42 isoform has a higher tendency to generate neurotoxic oligomeric species than Aβ40.
“the longer and more hydrophobic Aβ42 isoform has a higher tendency to generate neurotoxic oligomeric species.9,10”
From Small Bifunctional Chelators That Do Not Disaggregate Amyloid β Fibrils Exhibit Reduced Cellular Toxicity (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
Aβ42 peptide is more prone to form neurotoxic soluble Aβ oligomers than the Aβ40 peptide.
“Although it was shown in previous studies9,10,21 that the Aβ42 peptide is more prone to form neurotoxic soluble Aβ oligomers than the Aβ40 peptide”
From Small Bifunctional Chelators That Do Not Disaggregate Amyloid β Fibrils Exhibit Reduced Cellular Toxicity (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
BRI-Aβ42A mice initially develop amyloid deposition in the cerebellum at ~3 months of age, whereas forebrain pathology is consistently observed only after ~12 months of age.
“BRI-A42A mice initially develop amyloid deposition in the cerebellum at ϳ3 months of age, whereas forebrain pathology was consistently observed only after ϳ12 months of age(McGowan et al., 2005).”
From Aβ40 Inhibits Amyloid Deposition<i>In Vivo</i> (2007) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
Aβ species, including the most abundant Aβ40 and more toxic Aβ42, are produced by two sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases.
“Aβ species, including the most abundant Aβ40 and more toxic Aβ42, are produced by two sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases (Kim et al., 2007; McGowan et al., 2005).”
From Apolipoprotein E in Synaptic Plasticity and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
Several recent studies suggest that Aβ40 and Aβ42 may have opposing effects on Aβ aggregation in vivo.
“Several recent studies suggest that Aβ40 and Aβ42 may have opposing effects on Aβ aggregation in vivo (Kim et al., 2007; McGowan et al., 2005).”
From The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease (2009) · cites this paper as McGowan et al., 2005
Emerging data from AD transgenic mice support that Aβ40 might even be protective against cerebral amyloid.
“Emerging data from AD transgenic mice support that Aβ40 might even be protective against cerebral amyloid [117].”
From Intraneuronal β-amyloid accumulation and synapse pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (2010) · cites this paper as [117]
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miR-106b impairs cholesterol efflux and increases Aβ levels by repressing ABCA1 expression
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“A species, including the most abundant A40 and more toxic A42, are produced by two sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by and γ-secretases (Kim et al., 2007; McGowan et al., 2005).”
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BRI2 (ITM2b) Inhibits A Deposition In Vivo
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“After transferring, membranes were boiled for 10 min in phosphate-buffered saline, as previously reported (McGowan et al. 2005).”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- McGowan, E., Pickford, F., Kim, J., Onstead, L., Eriksen, J., Yu, C., Skipper, L., Murphy, M. P., Beard, J., Das, P., Jansen, K., DeLucia, M., Lin, W.-L., Dolios, G., Wang, R., Eckman, C. B., Dickson, D. W., Hutton, M., Hardy, J., & Golde, T.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGowan, Eileen
- Golde, Todd
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-199
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1373682
- OpenAlex
- W2020824841
- Cited by
- 565
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 20.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2938 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Clinic
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG022595)
- National Cancer Institute (CA88325, R24 CA088325)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amyloid-beta 42, Aβ40, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid deposition, amyloid plaques, vascular amyloid, APP, Tg2576 mice, transgenic mice, amyloid precursor protein
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Blood Vessels, Brain, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Mutation, Peptide Fragments, Pia Mater, Mass Spectrometry, Thiazoles, Blotting, Northern, Blotting, Western, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, In Situ Hybridization, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Immunoprecipitation, Mice, Benzothiazoles, Plaque, Amyloid
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