The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 249 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 156 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines
Open accessAbstract
Physical activity decreases the risk of a network of diseases, and exercise may be prescribed as medicine for lifestyle-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. During the past couple of decades, it has been apparent that skeletal muscle works as an endocrine organ, which can produce and secrete hundreds of myokines that exert their effects in either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. Recent advances show that skeletal muscle produces myokines in response to exercise, which allow for crosstalk between the muscle and other organs, including brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, and skin, as well as communication within the muscle itself. Although only few myokines have been allocated to a specific function in humans, it has been identified that the biological roles of myokines include effects on, for example, cognition, lipid and glucose metabolism, browning of white fat, bone formation, endothelial cell function, hypertrophy, skin structure, and tumor growth. This suggests that myokines may be useful biomarkers for monitoring exercise prescription for people with, for example, cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Skeletal muscle acts as an endocrine organ, releasing myokines in response to exercise that mediate crosstalk with brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, skin, immune system, and tumors. This review updates myokine biology, emphasizing IL-6 and the potential for myokines as exercise biomarkers and therapeutic targets, while noting that specific human functions remain defined for only a small fraction of myokines.
Key findings
- Myokines are defined as cytokines and other peptides produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers that exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects; more than 650 myokines have been identified, but biological function has been described for only 5% of known myokines.
- IL-6 is a central exercise-induced myokine: it mediates anti-inflammatory effects by increasing IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibiting endotoxin-induced TNF, delays gastric emptying, stimulates GLP-1 and insulin secretion, contributes to hepatic glucose output during exercise, and in a 12-week randomized controlled trial in abdominally obese humans, IL-6 receptor blockade abolished exercise-induced reduction in visceral adipose tissue mass.
- Muscle–organ crosstalk includes brain effects via cathepsin B and irisin, which may cross the blood–brain barrier and stimulate BDNF; aerobic exercise training for 3 months increased hippocampal volume by 12% in healthy individuals and by 16% in patients with schizophrenia.
- Other reported roles include browning of white adipose tissue (irisin, meteorin-like, IL-6), bone regulation (decorin, IL-6, IGF-1, FGF-2 positively; myostatin negatively), skin aging via IL-15, endothelial/revascularization effects via FSTL1, and anticancer effects in mice, where running reduced tumor volume and incidence across 6 tumor models via natural killer cell mobilization and IL-6-dependent redistribution.
Methods
- Narrative review/update of recent advances in the myokine field; no systematic review protocol, meta-analysis, or primary data collection is described.
- Synthesizes preclinical and human literature across multiple organs, including cited human infusion studies, exercise trials, and a randomized controlled trial of abdominally obese humans receiving tocilizumab or placebo with aerobic exercise or no exercise for 12 weeks.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis of published findings; no statistical analysis or formal evidence grading is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that biological function has been described for only 5% of known myokines; many browning findings are largely restricted to rodents and have not been consistently demonstrated in humans; the exercise-induced rise in plasma irisin in humans is controversial, partly due to unspecific commercial ELISA kits; whether cathepsin B mediates enhanced cognitive function in humans is unknown; the role of meteorin-like in humans remains to be identified; and it remains to be shown that physiological exercise-released IL-6 concentrations have browning effects.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a systematic search strategy, explicit inclusion criteria, risk-of-bias assessment, and quantitative synthesis, and many mechanistic conclusions rely on animal or preclinical models.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
92 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given
In the paper
“Exercise prior to endotoxin totally blunted the increase in circulating levels of TNF‐α that was observed during a resting situation.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Starkie, 2003, Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans, FASEB J. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It was therefore expected that an infusion of rhIL-6 prior to endotoxin administration would also blunt the TNF‐α response in humans and this was in fact what was found (113).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Starkie, 2003, Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans, FASEB J. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Our finding in 2000 that skeletal muscle produced and released interleukin-6 (IL-6) into the circulation (5)”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Steensberg, 2000, Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6, J Physiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“research during the subsequent years, demonstrating that IL-6 has multiple metabolic effects in other parts of the body (6)”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Pedersen, 2008, Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6, Physiol Rev. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, it was obvious that 1 or several humoral factors had to be released from contracting muscles to the blood (3).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Goldstein, 1961, Humoral nature of hypoglycemia in muscular activity, Am J Physiol. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It was clear that signaling pathways from exercising skeletal muscle to other organs were not solely mediated via the nervous system, since electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles in patients with no efferent or afferent nerve impulses induced the same types of physiological changes as were found in healthy human beings (1, 2).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Kjaer, 1996, Hormonal and metabolic responses to electrically induced cycling during epidural anesthesia in humans, J Appl Physiol (1985). source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Mohr, 1997, Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals, Spinal Cord. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During the past couple of decades, it has been apparent that skeletal muscle works as an endocrine organ, which can produce and secrete hundreds of myokines that exert their effects in either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Steensberg, 2000, Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6, J Physiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Pedersen, 2008, Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6, Physiol Rev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the myokine IL-6 is mostly recognized for its regulatory effects in lipid and glucose metabolism, IL-6 also plays important roles in myogenesis.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Serrano, 2008, Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy, Cell Metab. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Myokines are also involved in muscle proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration independent of exercise (39, 40).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Physical inactivity is associated with high circulating basal levels of IL-6 in humans (55).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Metabolic actions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Fischer, 2006, Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?, Exerc Immunol Rev.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
In the paper
“The myokine IL-6 mediates the exercise-associated anti-inflammatory effects both acutely with each bout of exercise and as a consequence of training adaptation, including reduction in abdominal adiposity.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Wedell-Neergaard, 2019, Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: a randomized controlled trial, Cell Metab. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Myokines can be useful biomarkers for monitoring the type and amount of exercise that are required for the prescription of exercise for people with, for example, cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“identified IL-6 as an exercise factor and skeletal muscle as a secretory organ with endocrine functions.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Steensberg, 2000, Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6, J Physiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Pedersen, 2008, Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6, Physiol Rev. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Myokines mediate communication between muscle and other organs, including brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, and skin, as well as within the muscle itself”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“During exercise, myokines signal within the muscle and mediate muscle–organ crosstalk to the brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, and skin (7, 29, 30).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Pedersen, 2012, Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, Nat Rev Endocrinol. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Benatti, 2015, Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatic diseases-myokine regulation, Nat Rev Rheumatol. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Pedersen, 2019, Physical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk, Nat Rev Endocrinol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Myokines exert their effects on, for example, cognition, lipid and glucose metabolism, browning of white fat, bone formation, endothelial cell function, hypertrophy, skin structure, and tumor growth”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“identifying more than 650 myokines (38).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Khan, 2019, Myokines: discovery challenges and therapeutic impediments, J Pak Med Assoc.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During exercise, myokines signal within the muscle and mediate muscle–organ crosstalk to the brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, and skin (7, 29, 30).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Pedersen, 2012, Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, Nat Rev Endocrinol. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Benatti, 2015, Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatic diseases-myokine regulation, Nat Rev Rheumatol. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Pedersen, 2019, Physical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk, Nat Rev Endocrinol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily and negatively regulates myogenesis in an autocrine manner (43).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] McPherron, 1997, Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member, Nature. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“LIF protein has been shown to be secreted from human cultured myotubes; when electrically stimulated (50) LIF stimulates satellite cell proliferation (51).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Broholm, 2008, Exercise induces expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in human skeletal muscle, J Physiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Broholm, 2010, Leukaemia inhibitory factor–an exercise-induced myokine, Exerc Immunol Rev.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some myokines exert their effect within skeletal muscle itself and are involved in the regulation of muscle mass (14) (Fig. 1).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Lee, 2019, Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function, Front Physiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is well documented that IL-6 increases both basal glucose uptake and glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation (58).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Metabolic actions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Carey, 2006, Interleukin-6 increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase, Diabetes. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Massive muscle hypertrophy is seen in myostatin knockout mice, cattle, sheep, and dogs (43-45) that demonstrate an increase in fiber cross-sectional area and in fiber number.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] McPherron, 1997, Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member, Nature. source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mosher, 2007, A mutation in the myostatin gene increases muscle mass and enhances racing performance in heterozygote dogs, PLoS Genet. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Grobet, 1997, A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle, Nat Genet. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, the muscular expression of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) is elevated in trained human muscle (57), suggesting that muscular sensitivity to IL-6 is increased by training adaptation.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Metabolic actions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Keller, 2005, Effect of exercise, training, and glycogen availability on IL-6 receptor expression in human skeletal muscle, J Appl Physiol (1985). source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Musclin, LIF, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-15 promote muscle hypertrophy. Myostatin inhibits muscle hypertrophy.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Decorin has been identified as a myokine that is regulated by exercise and acts as an antagonist to myostatin (46).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Kanzleiter, 2014, The myokine decorin is regulated by contraction and involved in muscle hypertrophy, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Genetic loss of IL-6 impaired muscle hypertrophy in vivo, whereas myotube-produced IL-6 stimulated muscle cell proliferation in a paracrine fashion (49).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Serrano, 2008, Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy, Cell Metab. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Circulating levels of decorin are increased in response to exercise in humans (46), whereas exercise training reduces the levels of myostatin within muscles and blood (47, 48).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Myogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Kanzleiter, 2014, The myokine decorin is regulated by contraction and involved in muscle hypertrophy, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Saremi, 2010, Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1, Mol Cell Endocrinol. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Hittel, 2010, Myostatin decreases with aerobic exercise and associates with insulin resistance, Med Sci Sports Exerc. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is also expressed in human skeletal muscles, but BDNF is not released into the circulation and does not work in an endocrine way.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Muscle Crosstalk > Metabolic actions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Matthews, 2009, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, Diabetologia. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Physical activity and exercise training decrease the risk of dementia (69-71) and appear to play a role in the treatment of this disease (72).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Brain Crosstalk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Aarsland, 2010, Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review, Aging Ment Health. source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Williams, 2010, Preventing Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline, Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep).
- Not checked yetcites [71] Santos-Lozano, 2016, Physical activity and Alzheimer disease: a protective association, Mayo Clin Proc. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Pedersen, 2015, Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases, Scand J Med Sci Sports. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies in rodents (81) and humans (82) have shown that exercise increases hippocampus volume and the blood flow to this part of the brain (81).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Brain Crosstalk
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The finding that muscle contraction is sensed by the brain suggests that peripheral factors induced by exercise may be involved in direct crosstalk between working muscle and brain function (7, 29, 30, 83) (Fig. 2).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Brain Crosstalk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Pedersen, 2012, Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, Nat Rev Endocrinol. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Benatti, 2015, Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatic diseases-myokine regulation, Nat Rev Rheumatol. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Pedersen, 2019, Physical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk, Nat Rev Endocrinol. source
- Not checked yetcites [83] Leardini-Tristao, 2019, Beneficial effect of exercise on cognitive function during peripheral arterial disease: potential involvement of myokines and microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype enhancement, J Clin Med. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, exercise has been shown to influence neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (67, 68) and to increase synapse plasticity (67, 68).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Brain Crosstalk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Cotman, 2007, Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation, Trends Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Mattson, 2012, Energy intake and exercise as determinants of brain health and vulnerability to injury and disease, Cell Metab. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise blunted the exercise-induced IL-6 response, the increase in lymphocyte number as well as the cortisol (204, 205).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > Lymphocyte and neutrophil trafficking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Nieman, 1997, Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2.5 h or running, Am J Clin Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [205] Nehlsen-Cannarella, 1997, Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running, J Appl Physiol (1985). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Following long-duration exercise of high intensity, the concentration of lymphocytes falls below pre-exercise values whereas the neutrophil number continues to increase (202, 203).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > Lymphocyte and neutrophil trafficking
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IL-6 stimulates cortisol production and thereby induces neutrocytosis and lymphopenia.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, antioxidant supplementation totally inhibited the release of IL-6 from exercising human muscle as well as the exercise-induced increase in systemic levels of cortisol (206).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > Lymphocyte and neutrophil trafficking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] Fischer, 2004, Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from contracting human skeletal muscle, J Physiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IL-6 has anti-inflammatory effects as it inhibits TNF production and stimulates the production of IL-1ra and IL-10.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The infusion of IL-6 to mimic the effects of exercise led to an increase in cortisol and, consequently, a decrease in the lymphocyte number accompanied by an increase in neutrophil number (112).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > Lymphocyte and neutrophil trafficking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Steensberg, 2003, IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: IL-6 infusion mimics the effects of exercise.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FSTL1 has been shown to possess cardioprotective effects, promoting endothelial cell function and thereby revascularization in animal models of cardiac injury through a mechanism that includes nitric oxide synthase (194, 195).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Vascular Bed Crosstalk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [194] Ouchi, 2008, Follistatin-like 1, a secreted muscle protein, promotes endothelial cell function and revascularization in ischemic tissue through a nitric-oxide synthase-dependent mechanism, J Biol Chem. source
- Not checked yetcites [195] Oshima, 2008, Follistatin-like 1 is an Akt-regulated cardioprotective factor that is secreted by the heart, Circulation. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acute exercise effect on lymphocytes and neutrophils is mediated by adrenaline, but the post-exercise reduction in lymphocyte number and the continuous increase in neutrophil number are mediated by both adrenaline and cortisol.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > Lymphocyte and neutrophil trafficking
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lack of exercise provokes accumulation of more visceral fat and thereby further enhances inflammation and hence a network of chronic diseases.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is obvious, that many cancers are accompanied by systemic low-grade chronic inflammation and that such inflammation may drive tumor progression.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Cancer Crosstalk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using a mouse model with conditional expression of the Il6 gene, it was found that IL6 derived from adipocytes increased, while IL6 derived from myeloid cells and muscle suppressed, macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] Han, 2020, Regulation of adipose tissue inflammation by interleukin 6, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In humans, exercise training can induce anti-inflammatory effects both acutely with each bout of exercise and via long-term training adaptation including reduction in abdominal adiposity.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accumulation of visceral fat, which is more inflamed than subcutaneous fat, leads to chronic systemic inflammation that predisposes to atherosclerosis, elevated blood lipids, insulin resistance, neurodegeneration, muscle waste, and anemia, factors that are likely to lead to decreased physical activity.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise training will lead to a decrease in visceral and cardiac fat mass (136, 138, 221) and hence a decrease in circulating inflammatory molecules via a mechanism that involves exercise-induced increase in IL-6 (136), as described above.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Immune Inflammation Crosstalk > The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Wedell-Neergaard, 2019, Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: a randomized controlled trial, Cell Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites [138] Christensen, 2019, Aerobic exercise induces cardiac fat loss and alters cardiac muscle mass through an interleukin-6 receptor-dependent mechanism: cardiac analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial in abdominally obese humans, Circulation. source
- Not checked yetcites [221] Christensen, 2019, Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on cardiac adipose tissues: secondary analyses from a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Cardiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lack of physical activity is associated with a large network of diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dementia, and osteoporosis (72, 121)”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Myokines and Other “Kines”: Adipokines, Hepatokines, and Batokines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Pedersen, 2015, Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases, Scand J Med Sci Sports. source
- Not checked yetcites [121] Pedersen, 2019, The physiology of optimizing health with a focus on exercise as medicine, Annu Rev Physiol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These hepatokines increase in the circulation after muscle work and appear to be involved in mediating some of the metabolic effects of exercise.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Myokines and Other “Kines”: Adipokines, Hepatokines, and Batokines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Weigert, 2019, Hepatokines-a novel group of exercise factors, Pflugers Arch. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hepatokines include FGF-21, follistatin, angiopoietin-like protein 4, heat shock protein 72, and IGF binding protein, which are all released from the liver during or immediately after an exercise bout (232).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Myokines and Other “Kines”: Adipokines, Hepatokines, and Batokines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Weigert, 2019, Hepatokines-a novel group of exercise factors, Pflugers Arch. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Recombinant human IL-6 infused to mimic exercise-induced plasma IL-6 levels has the same physiological effects as endogenous muscle-derived IL-6 during exercise.
“Healthy young males underwent 2 hours of bicycle exercise on 3 separate occasions at (1) a relatively high intensity; (2) a low intensity, and (3) a low intensity + infusion of IL-6 to mimic the plasma levels of IL-6 observed during high-intensity exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 receptor blockade with tocilizumab specifically isolates IL-6's role in exercise-induced visceral fat loss.
“Abdominally obese humans were randomized to tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor antibody) or placebo during an intervention of 12 weeks with either aerobic exercise or no exercise (136, 137).”
“However, this effect was abolished by IL-6 receptor blockade (136).”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 infusion mimics the effects of exercise.
“The infusion of IL-6 to mimic the effects of exercise led to an increase in cortisol and, consequently, a decrease in the lymphocyte number accompanied by an increase in neutrophil number (112).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle also functions as an endocrine organ.”
From Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [109]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Though human research on this topic is limited, preclinical studies suggest that loss of muscle mass or function can detrimentally affect numerous physiological systems.”
From Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [109]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Muscle contraction during exercise triggers the release of numerous autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mediators collectively known as myokines.”
From Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [109]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“skeletal muscle also functions as an autocrine, endocrine, and paracrine tissue, especially during physical exercise, via the secretion of myokines [35].”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Dysregulation in myokine secretion can arise in the pathogenesis of age-related conditions, such as sarcopenia [104,105].”
From Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis (2025) · cites this paper as [105]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Gut Crosstalk
“A classic study by Ellingsgaard et al. (108) elegantly showed that acute elevations in IL-6 stimulates GLP-1 secretion from both intestinal L‐cells and pancreatic β‐cells, leading to improved secretion of insulin.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > References
“108. Ellingsgaard H, Hauselmann I, Schuler B, et al. Interleukin-6 enhances insulin secretion by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from L cells and alpha cells. Nat Med. 2011; 17(11): 1481- 1489. 22037645 PMC4286294”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Brain Crosstalk
“Figure: Figure 2. Cathepsin B and irisin cross the blood–brain barrier and stimulate BDNF production, which leads to hippocampal neurogenesis. IL-6 stimulates appetite.”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Brain Crosstalk > Appetite
“Thus, it is likely that muscle-derived IL-6, elicited by exercise of long duration and high intensity, may inhibit appetite.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Bone Crosstalk
“myostatin reduces osteoclast formation and bone destruction in a TNF-α transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (162).”
§ Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines > Muscle–Bone Crosstalk
“Thus, whereas myostatin is a negative regulator of bone, it is a positive regulator of bone resorption.”
Citations
Cites
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419
Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855 · cited 1×
“Studies in rodents (81) and humans (82) have shown that exercise increases hippocampus volume and the blood flow to this part of the brain (81).”
BackgroundA PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis
Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, J. C., Rasbach, K. A., Boström, E. A., Choi, J. H., Long, J. Z., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10777 · Cited by 4,810
Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-p superfamily member
McPherron, A. C., Lawler, A. M., & Lee, S.-J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387083a0 · Cited by 4,013
Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease
Donath, M. Y., & Shoelson, S. E. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2925 · Cited by 3,737 · cited 1×
“Whereas TNF-α may inhibit β‐cell function indirectly, IL‐1β has been identified as a direct key player in β‐cell damage (183-189), although IL-1β inhibition with canakinumab did not reduce the incidence of diabetes (190).”
BackgroundExercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514 · cited 2×
“Physical activity and exercise training decrease the risk of dementia (69-71) and appear to play a role in the treatment of this disease (72).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 · Cited by 3,100 · cited 1×
“The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise Physical inactivity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, not least when a physical inactive lifestyle is associated with obesity (29, 142, 144, 145, 207-210).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.49 · Cited by 2,909 · cited 6×
“The role of myokines has previously been reviewed (7, 11-37), identifying more than 650 myokines (38).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKahn, B. B., Alquier, T., Carling, D., & Hardie, D. G. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.003 · Cited by 2,799 · cited 1×
“Several other studies have described that IL-6 can increase intramyocellular (58-60) or whole body (61) fatty acid oxidation via AMPK activation (58, 62).”
BackgroundExercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity
Cotman, C. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02143-4 · Cited by 2,739 · cited 1×
“Other studies have shown that an active lifestyle is associated with learning and memory (74), executive functions (75), language and reaction time (76), academic achievement in children, and intelligence in adolescents (77).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Sheptulina, A. F., Bryk, D. D., Mamutova, E. M., Yafarova, A. A., & Drapkina, O. M. (2024) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed202427081114 · Cited by 2
Alfaro-Magallanes, V. M., Medrano, M., Echarte, J., Osés, M., Izquierdo, C., Alavarez, M. C., Galbete, A., Idoate, F., Zugasti, A., Petrina, M. E., et al. (2024) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2024.103844 · Cited by 3
McDonough, D. J. (2025) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia5010010 · Cited by 2
Ghanemi, A., Yoshioka, M., & St‐Amand, J. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14040398 · Cited by 2
Wang, Z., Wu, M., & Yang, Q. (2025) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104106 · Cited by 2
Obesity and its associations with autonomic and cognitive functions in the general population
Lkhagvasuren, B., Pang, Z. P., Jadamba, T., Hiramoto, T., Cheslack‐Postava, K., Musa, G. J., Hoven, C. W., & Sudo, N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322802 · Cited by 3
Cádiz-Gallardo, M. P., de la Fuente, F. P., Patanè, P., et al. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15060368 · Cited by 2
“Finally, several other myokines—including IL-15 and IL-7—have been directly shown to drive muscle hypertrophy in rodent loading models, emphasizing their potential as modulators of exercise adaptation [1].”
InfluentialRole of Electrically Evoked Muscle Hypertrophy on Spasticity in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury
Wasim, M. A., Alazzam, A. M., & Gorgey, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14113972 · Cited by 3
“A key hypothesis is that restoring muscle size could enhance the paracrine capability of the muscle to mitigate several cardiometabolic comorbidities after SCI [15,16].”
Duan, M., Hernandez, B., Kronstedt, S., Donato, J., Saffati, G., Parikh, N. N., Khera, M., & Lyon, G. (2025) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf033 · Cited by 3
Meuffels, F. M., Lichtmess, C., Kreutz, T., Held, S., & Brinkmann, C. K. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6080077 · Cited by 2
“Among others, the underlying mechanisms include a long-term reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress [21–28].”
Sex-specific associations between muscle-fat ratio and bone density in middle-aged adults
Fang, J., Gao, S., Yao, X., & Zhu, Z. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15069-7 · Cited by 3
Metabolic and immune links between sarcopenia and liver disease
Kotlyarov, S. N. (2025) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v17.i8.109444 · Cited by 2
Skeletal Muscle and the Immune System
Pence, B. D. (2025) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88361-3_23 · Cited by 2
Park, J., Oh, Y., Kwon, S., Lee, J., Kim, M., Choi, D., & Kwon, J. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182321 · Cited by 2
“Hospital LOS was shorter in the sarcopenia group (12 [6–22] vs. 16 [8–25] days; p = 0.026).”
InfluentialPace, T., Levenstein, J. M., Quigley, B. L., Houston, R., Bouças, A. P., & Andrews, S. C. (2026) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70497 · Cited by 2
“During exercise, contracting skeletal muscle releases an array of signalling molecules called myokines into the bloodstream, which can cross the blood–brain barrier and potentially influence neural tissue (Severinsen and Pedersen 2020).”
Break free from cognitive impairment: The magic of exercise-induced molecules
Liu, W., Zhang, H., Zeng, Q., Cai, W., Rui, Y., & Sun, J. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101117 · Cited by 4
“Within the anti-inflammatory axis, interleukin-6 (IL-6) released from contracting muscle acutely increases IL-10 and restrains TNF α , offering a plausible route from training to systemic immune tone, although cognition-anchored trials remain sparse (Severinsen and Pedersen, 2020).”
Exercise-induced exerkines in multiple sclerosis: Emphasizing the pivotal role of myokines
Alifarsangi, A., Khaksari, M., Rajizadeh, M. A., Zadeh, N. A., & Rafie, F. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111565 · Cited by 3
Xue, Q., Guo, K., Yang, X., Peng, J., Xiong, M., Li, Y., & Gao, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24223-9 · Cited by 2
Gao, L., Sun, W., Shi, H., Zhu, W., Wang, H., & Wang, J. (2025) · Biologics · doi:10.2147/btt.s536800 · Cited by 2
Skrypnik, D., Skrypnik, K., Casaña, J., Woszczyk, D., & Suliburska, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22897-0 · Cited by 2
“The elucidation of how myokines operate may lead to a better understanding of the role of muscular system in the treatment strategies of cardiovascular diseases, including IHD, and to the development of new therapeutic approaches and improvement of those already used 13 .”
Zhou, Y., Guo, X., Dong, S., Wang, C., Wu, L. M., & Liu, W.-T. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045718 · Cited by 2
“[23] Loss of muscle mass leads to reduced physical activity, which may result in lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor 1.”
Endocrine and skeletal muscle physiology optimizing avian migratory capabilities
Schlinger, B. A., Fuxjager, M. J., & Ramenofsky, M. (2025) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1002/jav.03415 · Cited by 2
Yamamoto, S., Higa, K., Kurokawa, K., Bamba, H., Kanaoka, S., & Nakamura, K. (2025) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2025.113028 · Cited by 2
Özkan, E., Köksal, M., Ece, B., et al. (2025) · Radiology and Oncology · doi:10.2478/raon-2025-0065 · Cited by 2
The myokine musclin in metabolic syndrome: Pathological links and exercise interventions
Wen, R., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Teng, Y., Zhao, B., Zhu, H., & Wang, S. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114367 · Cited by 2
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: A modulator of skeletal muscle health and aging
Wimberly, K., & RYAN, T. E. (2025) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2025.12.012 · Cited by 2
Is exercise duration more important than intensity in endometriosis?
Hartmann, T. E., Baker, K. A., & Girard, D. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-04160-w · Cited by 3
“Additionally, there is a large body of evidence to suggest exercise exerts anti-inflammatory effects [15, 16] and can be effective in reducing estrogen levels [17].”
Pyo, M. K., Ko, J. H., El‐Aty, A. M. A., Jeong, J. H., Lee, K.-T., & Jung, T. W. (2026) · Mycobiology · doi:10.1080/12298093.2025.2612421 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, myokines – muscle-derived signaling molecules – are gaining attention for their potential to reduce ER stress [3], suppress inflammation [4], and mitigate oxidative stress [5].”
Song, X., Niu, L., Fan, X., et al. (2026) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-026-02534-6 · Cited by 2
“We observed that overexpression of Rtl1 caused up-regulation of the expression of a large number of genes in myotubes, including myokines that promote muscle hypertrophy, such as Lif , Il6 , and Cxcl1 [45, 46].”
Effects of resistance training on obstructive sleep apnea severity: a randomized controlled trial
de Almeida, J. R. V., Farah, B. Q., Aguiar, J. L. P., dos Santos, E. C. F., Lima, V. D. D. A., dos Santos, E. N. N., Silva, N. S. D. S. D. O., Germano-Soares, A. H., Saavedra, J. M., Pedrosa, R. P., et al. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108879 · Cited by 4
Inoue, K., Fujie, S. J., Uchida, M., Ito, R., Nakao, K., Kanemoto, M., & Iemitsu, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-39903-8 · Cited by 2
“Hundreds of myokines are secreted from skeletal muscle and act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners on the bone, fat, brain, liver, blood vessels, and other organs 19 .”
Therapeutic potential of exerkines in neurodegenerative and mental disorders: a narrative review
Yang, S., Sang, H.-W., Kim, S., Cho, E., Choi, Y., Kang, D., Jang, Y. C., Park, D.-H., Kwak, H., & Yook, J. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1793043 · Cited by 2
“PE may recalibrate this circuit-immune coupling through exerkines that connect peripheral physiology to central plasticity (Severinsen and Pedersen, 2020).”
Wang, Y.-X., Xia, L., Xiao, Y., Wu, M., Zhang, R., Rexiti, P., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s00774-026-01710-6 · Cited by 2
Ozcan, E. B., Yağlı, N. V., Bakkaloglu, S. A., Büyükkaragöz, B., Tufan, A. K., Atikel, Y. Ö., Leventoğlu, E., Leblebicier, Ş. P., Huseynli, B., Göksülük, M. B., et al. (2026) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-026-07263-0 · Cited by 2
Fanò, G., Coscia, F., Gigliotti, P. V., Checcaglini, F., Carraro, U., Fulle, S., & Mancinelli, R. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16071019 · Cited by 3
“Skeletal muscle should no longer be viewed merely as a mechanical effector of movement, but rather as a complex endocrine and autocrine/paracrine organ capable of releasing a wide array of signaling molecules that influence distant tissues and organs [50,51].”
Yang, Y., Hu, Y., Li, X., & Sun, Q. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05773-1 · Cited by 2
“Muscle contraction releases myokines, such as irisin and interleukin-15, which have been shown to promote browning of white adipose tissue and improve lipid profiles [43].”
BDNF/TrkB Signaling in the Brain–Kidney Axis Under Functional Stress
Beknazarova, A., Kuvaeva, V., Baltin, M. E., Mutig, K., & Bobylev, A. G. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15090696 · Cited by 2
“By contrast, the contribution of skeletal muscle to circulating BDNF remains debated and appears limited [98–101].”
Jiang, C., Hu, M., Pang, Y., Huang, H., Chen, T., & Xu, L. (2026) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70591 · Cited by 2
“This concept is relevant to cerebrovascular disease because skeletal muscle helps maintain glucose metabolism, inflammatory balance, and habitual physical activity [21, 22].”
Exercise-induced myokines in metabolic regulation: mechanisms, mimetics, and translational potential
Aslam, M. A., Lee, J., Bowen, T. S., & Huh, J. Y. (2026) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-026-01624-x · Cited by 7
“Skeletal muscles are well known to secrete hundreds of cytokines and peptides, collectively termed myokines, in response to exercise (Severinsen and Pedersen 2020; Chen et al. 2021).”
Brain health across the lifespan and the impact of nutrition, exercise, microbiota, and sleep
Shin, A. C., Haque, Z. F., Galyean, S., Hefner, M., Esmaeili, M., Lawrence, J. J., & Watkins, B. A. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103245 · Cited by 3
Dharmansyah, D., Rahayuwati, L., Defi, I. R., Pramukti, I., & Mutyara, K. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113247 · Cited by 4
The hallmarks of skeletal muscle health
Vainshtein, A., Blaauw, B., Bock, K. D., Muñoz‐Cánoves, P., Olson, E. N., Ottenheijm, C. A. C., Richter, E. A., Ruas, J. L., Schaeffer, L., Spiegelman, B. M., et al. (2026) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-026-01595-9 · Cited by 4
“Muscle-derived signals including FGF21, released under mitochondrial stress or metabolic challenge, and β-aminoisobutyric acid, a metabokine produced during exercise, act on liver to modulate lipid oxidation, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis 290,291 .”
Contractile myografts confer systemic anti-aging benefits
Liu, X., Yao, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, P., Guo, S., Xiang, H., Yin, P., & Shyh‐Chang, N. (2026) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-026-01190-3 · Cited by 2
“…skeletal muscle has been recognized as possessing strong metabolic regulatory capabilities, and serve as a vital metabolic and endocrine organ 6–9, 44, 45 , whereas physical exercise was known to While direct aging clock comparisons were not performed, the myograft consists of de novo…”
Campos-Campos, K., Pávez-Adasme, G., Alvear, M., et al. (2022) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v47.95895 · Cited by 2
Lara, C., López-Bermudo, L., Gómez, M. F., Cornejo, A., Berná, G., & Romero‐Gómez, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98368-6.00019-7 · Cited by 3
New insights into septic encephalopathy
Previgliano, I., & Villa, R. A. (2023) · Minerva Anestesiologica · doi:10.23736/s0375-9393.22.17002-1 · Cited by 2
Overvad, M., Díaz, L. J., Bjerregaard, P., Pedersen, M. L., Larsen, C. V. L., Grarup, N., Hansen, T. F., Rossing, P. R., & Jørgensen, M. E. (2023) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2023.2191406 · Cited by 2
“creas, gut, adipose tissue and brain, which may play a role in this case [30].”
BackgroundMuscle-kidney crosstalk; the role of myokines
Moonesan, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Renal Endocrinology · doi:10.34172/jre.2023.25129 · Cited by 2
“They are released into the bloodstream during muscle contraction and can have both local and systemic effects (12,15).”
BackgroundBondi, D., Bevere, M., Piccirillo, R., Sorci, G., Felice, V. D., Cecconi, A. D. R., Damico, D. C. S., Pietrangelo, T., & Fulle, S. (2023) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107705 · Cited by 2
Lunde, N. N., Osoble, N. M. M., Dalmao‐Fernández, A., Antobreh, A. S., Jafari, A., Singh, S. K., Nyman, T. A., Rustan, A. C., Solberg, R., & Thoresen, G. H. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11112908 · Cited by 3
“Bone and skeletal muscle are connected in the musculoskeletal system, not only by mechanical interaction, but also through biochemical crosstalk [5,28,29].”
BackgroundInfluentialLin, J., Cai, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2023) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08952-x · Cited by 2
Tavares, F. S., Corrêa, H. D. L., Wilund, K. R., Deus, L. A., de Araújo, T. B., Tzanno‐Martins, C., Mestrinho, V. M. D. M. V., dos Santos, R. L., Reis, A. L., Souza, F. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13428 · Cited by 2
Advancing cancer cachexia diagnosis with -omics technology and exercise as molecular medicine
Hesketh, S. J. (2024) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.006 · Cited by 3
Oghumu, S. N., Okafor, U. A. C., Salu, O. B., & Tella, B. A. (2023) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.21.4.1733.3 · Cited by 2
Castro, S., Araya, S. I. O., & arévalo, E. P. D. A. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v53.102803 · Cited by 2
Lerena, V. S., Coronello, E. C., Barrón, I. C. T., et al. (2024) · Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba · doi:10.31053/1853.0605.v81.n1.42334 · Cited by 2
The gerontological saga of antidiabetic biguanides: From ignorance to prudence via high hopes
Golubev, A. G., & Anisimov, V. N. (2024) · Translational Medicine of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.tma.2024.05.001 · Cited by 2
Tajimi, T., Hirabayashi, N., Furuta, Y., Nakazawa, T., Honda, T., Hata, J., Ohara, T., Shibata, M., Kitazono, T., Nakashima, Y., et al. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01289-8 · Cited by 2
Bhandari, R., Lukas, K., Lee, K., Shamunee, J., Almeida, B., Guzman, T., Echevarria, M., Lindenfeld, L., Nenninger, C. H., Iukuridze, A., et al. (2024) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.31369 · Cited by 2
Liang, L., Zhang, X., Wang, F., Wang, F., Chen, X., Liao, Q., Yao, X., Ma, J., Wang, J., & Zeng, C. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.157091 · Cited by 2
Pahomov, N. V., Kostunina, D. S., & Artemenkov, A. A. (2024) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119723600595 · Cited by 2
Myokines as a Factor of Physiological Inflammation
Zakharova, A. N., Милованова, К. Г., Krivoshchekov, S. G., & Капилевич, Л. В. (2024) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119724701019 · Cited by 2
“Another endocrine mechanism of IL-6 influence on the body during physical activity is to ensure cross-talk between muscles and other organs [48].”
Thomson, A. M., Paudel, Y., Rioux, B. V., et al. (2025) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2024-0533 · Cited by 2
Zhou, B., Hu, J., Yu, Y., Sun, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Jiang, Y., Wang, O., Xing, X., Xia, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13831 · Cited by 3
Rennich, B. J., Powers, R. M., Moores, S. P., Hodul, M., & Juo, P. (2025) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011786 · Cited by 2
Gatti, M., Beretti, F., Malenchini, M., Bertucci, E., Ceneri, E., Follo, M. Y., & Maraldi, T. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167875 · Cited by 2
“Several of them, such as myostatin, FGF-2, IL6, IL7, and IL15, have been implicated in bone–muscle crosstalk, either positively or negatively [9].”
Electrical Stimulation‐Induced Muscle Damage Alters Hippocampal BDNF Signaling
Wirtz, J., Chaney, R., Cefis, M., Méloux, A., Wang, Y., Lemaire‐Ewing, S., Quirié, A., Delezie, J., Gouspillou, G., Prigent‐Tessier, A., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70235 · Cited by 1
“Over the past two decades, research has uncovered their significant endocrine function through the secretion of myokines (Severinsen and Pedersen 2020), which play essential roles in supporting brain homeostasis and function (Delezie and Handschin 2018; Pedersen 2019).”
Underlying mechanisms of sarcopenic obesity
Rauen, M., Bollheimer, L. C., & Nourbakhsh, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822146-4.00005-3 · Cited by 2
Charoenphandhu, N., Sooksawanwit, S., Aeimlapa, R., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09997-x · Cited by 2
Wood, A., Glynn, T. K., & Cahalin, L. P. (2022) · Journal of Womenʼs Health Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/jwh.0000000000000249 · Cited by 2
Acute Moderate-Intensity Strength Exercise Increases Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Females
Adila, F., Rejeki, P. S., & Herawati, L. (2023) · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · doi:10.17309/tmfv.2023.1.05 · Cited by 5
Obesity, Myokines, and Metabolic Health
Malandrino, N., & Ahima, R. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40116-9_56 · Cited by 2
Setiawan, H. K., Rejeki, P. S., Pranoto, A., Wigati, K. W., Muhammad, M., & Rahmanto, I. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v55.103483 · Cited by 2
Health benefits of aerobic exercise: known mechanisms and research potential
Begrambekova, Y. L., & Orlova, Y. A. (2021) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2878 · Cited by 3
Obi, P. O., Turner-Brannen, E., West, A. R., Labouta, H. I., Gordon, J. W., & Saleem, A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481852 · Cited by 2
Peripheral Skeletal Muscle Alterations in Adults Born Preterm: An Observational Comparative StudyPreprint
Deprez, A., El-Jalbout, R., Cloutier, A., Gagnon, D. H., Hamelin, A. G., Mathieu, M.-E., Kugathasan, T. A., Dumont, N. A., Nuyt, A. M., & Luu, T. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602584 · Cited by 2
Obi, P. O., Souza, T. F. G., Lao, Y., McManus, K. J., Gordon, J. W., LeDuc, R. D., Zahedi, R. P., & Saleem, A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612156 · Cited by 2
“…acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), follistatin, follistatin related protein (FSTL1), and some associated proteins including oncostatin-M-specific receptor subunit beta (OSMR), leukemia inhibitory factor receptor protein (LIFR) and interleukin-6-receptor subunit beta (IL6ST) [9], [11], [43].”
BackgroundExercise Mimetics: Fact Or Fantasy?
Lakshmi, G., & Sridhar, G. R. (2021) · Adipobiology · doi:10.14748/adipo.v11.8559 · Cited by 1
“Myokines regulate lipid metabolism related to exercise (15).”
InfluentialMyokine Expression in Cancer Cachexia
Manole, E., Ceafalan, L. C., Gaina, G. F., Mosoia, O., & Hinescu, M. E. (2023) · Interdisciplinary cancer research · doi:10.1007/16833_2023_138 · Cited by 1
Correa‐de‐Araujo, R. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad076 · Cited by 1
A Pilot Study Investigating the Impact of High Altitude on Myostatin and Irisin Levels
Rathor, R., Suryakumar, G., & Singh, S. N. (2024) · Defence Life Science Journal · doi:10.14429/dlsj.9.19449 · Cited by 1
Huang, T., Chen, X., He, J., Zheng, P., Luo, Y., Wu, A., Yan, H., Yu, B., Chen, D., & Huang, Z. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.90724.3 · Cited by 1
Chung, J. O., Park, S., Kim, B.-N., Cho, D. H., Chung, D. J., & Chung, M. Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68220-1 · Cited by 1
Cui, W., Cui, J., Gong, D., Lai, Z., & Li, B. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1007/s10735-024-10230-4 · Cited by 1
“The dual nature of physical activity's impact on tumor growth, acting both as a promoter and inhibitor, has been widely described in studies employing mouse models(Ligibel et al. 2019; Romero-Gómez et al. 2017; Severinsen and Pedersen 2020).”
Machado-Pereira, N. A. M. M., do Nascimento, P. S., de Freitas, G. R., Bobinski, F., Santo, C. C. D. E., & Ilha, J. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787767 · Cited by 2
Calle-Ciborro, B., Santos, F. J., Espin-Jaime, T., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177055 · Cited by 1
Body Composition at Diagnosis and Early Response in Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma
Wadhwa, A., Dai, C., Kessel, S., Richman, J., Shen, W., Kahn, J. M., Castellino, S. M., Kelly, K. M., Friedman, D. L., & Bhatia, S. (2025) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-24-1231 · Cited by 1
Xuan, Q., Huang, L., Gu, W., et al. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041895 · Cited by 1
Fontana, H. D. B., Rios, J. L., Michaiel, J., Seerattan, R. A., Joumaa, V., Hart, D. A., Reimer, R. A., & Herzog, W. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10020113 · Cited by 2
“Aerobic exercise directly affects skeletal muscles, and many of the systemic beneficial effects of exercise are thought to be mediated by skeletal muscles through the production and secretion of myokines through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine pathways [2,10].”
Apelin and Myostatin Levels in Adolescents With Type‐1‐Diabetes
Cohen, M., Weiss, L., Weiss, R., Shehadeh, N., & Khamaisi, M. (2025) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1155/pedi/1578938 · Cited by 1
“Over 600 myokines have been described in humans, including many that are involved in energy metabolism and metabolic processes [2 – 4].”
Impact of Static Myoblast Loading on Protein Secretion Linked to Tenocyte Migration
Li, J., Zhou, X. J., Chen, J., Zhu, S., Mateus, A., Eliasson, P., Kingham, P. J., & Backman, L. J. (2025) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c00068 · Cited by 1
The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology: A Therapeutic Perspective
Scalabrin, S., Kavoosi, S., & Cagnin, S. (2025) · Genetics. · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1009960 · Cited by 1
Martel‐Duguech, L., Bascuñana, H., Corredor, V. P., González-Viñuela, O., Ribé, J. V., Caparrós, T., Webb, S. M., & Valassi, E. (2025) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04331-7 · Cited by 1
Damay, V. A., Setiawan, S., Lesmana, R., Akbar, M. R., Lukito, A. A., Tarawan, V. M., Martha, J. W., Nugroho, J., & Sugiharto, S. (2025) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.490 · Cited by 1
The Structural Adaptations That Mediate Mechanical Load-Induced Changes in Muscle Mass
Hornberger, T. A. (2025) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88361-3_4 · Cited by 1
RPS27L Enhances Myogenesis and Muscle Mass by Targeting IGF1 Through Liquid‐Liquid Phase Separation
Liu, X., Yao, Y., Yan, J., Zeng, M., Fan, X., Tang, Y., Li, J., Liu, Y., Yan, S., Wang, W. J., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202512354 · Cited by 3
Wang, C., Liu, K., Ji, J., Ma, W., Zhang, H., Wang, K., Lin, Y., Ma, C., Wang, X., & Cheng, F. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157218 · Cited by 1
Exercise Modulates Exocytosis: Chemical Insights from the Intracellular Vesicle Perspective
Liu, R., He, X., Liu, J., Sun, Z., Yu, P., Hou, L., & Mao, L. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202511277 · Cited by 1
Exercise mimetics: A new strategy for treating metabolic diseases?
Li, M., Wei, A., & Wang, T. (2025) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2025.08.003 · Cited by 1
An aptamer specifically targeting mCRP ameliorates experimental arthritis
Wang, Z., Xie, D., Zhu, P., Guo, J., Cao, C., Du, Y., Lü, A., & Liang, C. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2025.08.010 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Severinsen, M. C. K., & Pedersen, B. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Pedersen, Bente Klarlund
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2020-05-11
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 594-609
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- PMC
- PMC7288608
- OpenAlex
- W3024249113
- Semantic Scholar
- e9cdafc34025c5fb05281385f410991c40c566f0
- Cited by
- 1,226
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 280 · 2025: 274 · 2024: 235 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 13.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- TrygFonden
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- myokines, skeletal muscle endocrine function, physical activity, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, hormone signaling, type 2 diabetes, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, white adipose tissue browning, bone formation, endothelial function, muscle hypertrophy, skin anatomy, tumor growth, exercise medicine, exercise biomarkers, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Neoplasms, Exercise, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Muscle Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
