Acute Sex Steroid Withdrawal Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Abstract
CONTEXT: Evidence suggests that testosterone (T) influences insulin sensitivity in men. The mechanism of this effect is unclear but is thought to involve changes in body composition. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether acute sex steroid withdrawal decreases insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). DESIGN: This was a 2-wk prospective study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a General Clinical Research Center. PATIENTS: Twelve men with IHH (age 40.8 +/- 2.8 yr) were studied: 1) on hormone replacement with normal T levels and 2) 2 wk after discontinuing therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Each evaluation comprised a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test with assessment of insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index) and insulin secretion (corrected insulin response). Serum cortisol, leptin, adiponectin, free fatty acids, IL-6, C-reactive protein, and TNF-alpha levels were also measured. RESULTS: Body mass index was unchanged (27.1 +/- 1.1 to 27.2 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)). Serum T levels decreased from 529 +/- 65 to 28 +/- 8 ng/dl (P < 0.00005). Fasting insulin levels increased from 4.9 +/- 0.7 to 6.2 +/- 0.6 microU/ml (P = 0.005), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance increased from 1.07 +/- 0.2 to 1.4 +/- 1.01 (P < 0.005), and insulin sensitivity index decreased from 11.0 +/- 2.3 to 7.5 +/- 0.7 (P < 0.05). There was a trend for fasting glucose levels to increase, 86.7 +/- 1.3 to 90.8 +/- 1.7 mg/dl (P = 0.09). IL-6 levels increased from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.5 pg/ml (P < 0.01), whereas TNF-alpha levels decreased from 1.0 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (P < 0.05). No other significant changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Acute sex steroid withdrawal reduces insulin sensitivity in young healthy IHH men. 2) The acuity of the hypogonadism and absence of changes in body mass index or leptin levels suggest that sex steroids modulate insulin sensitivity in the absence of apparent or detectable changes in body composition.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Acute testosterone fall during deprivation therapy is directly related to a worsening in insulin sensitivity.
“but there is evidence that acute testosterone fall during deprivation therapy is directly related to a worsening in insulin sensitivity (53).”
From Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved (2011) · cites this paper as [53]
Cites
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154 · see citing works
Mootha, V. K., Lindgren, C. M., Eriksson, K.-F., Subramanian, A., Sihag, S., Lehar, J., Puigserver, P., Carlsson, E., Ridderstråle, M., Laurila, E., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1180 · Cited by 10,197 · see citing works
Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Shaw, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414782a · Cited by 5,883 · see citing works
Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A., & Ferrannini, E. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.3.173 · Cited by 4,555 · see citing works
Estrogen Resistance Caused by a Mutation in the Estrogen-Receptor Gene in a Man
Smith, E. P., Boyd, J., Frank, G. R., Takahashi, H., Cohen, R. M., Specker, B., Williams, T. C., Lubahn, D. B., & Korach, K. S. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199410203311604 · Cited by 2,471 · see citing works
Impaired Mitochondrial Activity in the Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Petersen, K. F., Dufour, S., Befroy, D., Garcia, R., & Shulman, G. I. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031314 · Cited by 2,193 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance
Petersen, K. F., Befroy, D., Dufour, S., Dziura, J., Ariyan, C., Rothman, D. L., DiPietro, L., Cline, G. W., & Shulman, G. I. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1082889 · Cited by 2,107 · see citing works
Patti, M. E., Butte, A. J., Crunkhorn, S., Cusi, K., Berria, R., Kashyap, S., Miyazaki, Y., Kohane, I., Costello, M., Saccone, R., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1032913100 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Lillioja, S., Mott, D. M., Spraul, M., Ferraro, R., Foley, J. E., Ravussin, E., Knowler, W. C., Bennett, P. H., & Bogardus, C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199312303292703 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer
Keating, N. L., O'Malley, A. J., & Smith, M. R. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.06.2497 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
Morishima, A., Grumbach, M. M., Simpson, E. R., Fisher, C., & Qin, K. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530621 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Ding, E. L., Song, Y., Malik, V. S., & Liu, S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.11.1288 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
Increased adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-α knockout mice
Heine, P. A., Taylor, J. A., Iwamoto, G. A., Lubahn, D. B., & Cooke, P. S. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.23.12729 · Cited by 1,282 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Pfeffer, M., Sacks, F., Lepage, S., & Braunwald, E. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.18.2149 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Laaksonen, D. E., Niskanen, L., Punnonen, K., Nyyssönen, K., Tuomainen, T.-P., Valkonen, V.-P., Salonen, R., & Salonen, J. T. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1036 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Malkin, C. J., Pugh, P. J., Jones, R. D., Kapoor, D., Channer, K. S., & Jones, T. H. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031069 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Aromatase-deficient (ArKO) mice have a phenotype of increased adiposity
Jones, M. E. E., Thorburn, A. W., Britt, K. L., Hewitt, K. N., Wreford, N. G., Proietto, J., Oz, O. K., Leury, B. J., Robertson, K. M., Yao, S., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.23.12735 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity.
Wisløff, U., Najjar, S. M., Ellingsen, Ø., Haram, P. M., Swoap, S., Al-Share, Q., Fernström, M., Rezaei, K., Lee, S. J., Koch, L. G., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1108177 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Mayerson, A. B., Hundal, R. S., Dufour, S., Lebon, V., Befroy, D., Cline, G. W., Enocksson, S., Inzucchi, S. E., Shulman, G. I., & Petersen, K. F. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.797 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Increased Bone Mass as a Result of Estrogen Therapy in a Man with Aromatase Deficiency
Bilezikian, J. P., Morishima, A., Bell, J., & Grumbach, M. M. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199808273390905 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Stellato, R. K., Feldman, H. A., Hamdy, O., Horton, E. S., & McKinlay, J. B. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.4.490 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Oh, J.-Y., Barrett-Connor, E., Wedick, N. M., & Wingard, D. L. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.1.55 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Fernandez-Real, J.-M., Vayreda, M., Richart, C., Gutierrez, C., Broch, M., Vendrell, J., & Ricart, W. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.3.7305 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Kupelian, V., Page, S. T., Araujo, A. B., Travison, T. G., Bremner, W. J., & McKinlay, J. B. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1326 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men.
Mårin, P., Holmäng, S., Jönsson, L., Sjöström, L., Kvist, H., Holm, G., Lindstedt, G., & Björntorp, P. A. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Kennedy, A., Gettys, T. W., Watson, P. M., Wallace, P., Ganaway, E., Qin, P., & Garvey, W. T. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.4.3859 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
D'Amico, A. V., Denham, J. W., Crook, J., Chen, M.-H., Goldhaber, S. Z., Lamb, D. S., Joseph, D., Tai, K.-H., Malone, S., Ludgate, C., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.09.3369 · Cited by 501 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, an accumulating body of evidence is now linking iatrogenic hypogonadism in men with prostate cancer with an increase in both T2DM (42, 43) and cardiovascular disease (43, 44).”
BackgroundInsulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer
Smith, M. R., Lee, H., & Nathan, D. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2507 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship Between Testosterone Levels, Insulin Sensitivity, and Mitochondrial Function in Men
Pitteloud, N., Mootha, V. K., Dwyer, A. A., Hardin, M., Lee, H., Eriksson, K.-F., Tripathy, D., Yialamas, M., Groop, L., Elahi, D., et al. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.7.1636 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationHanson, R. L., Pratley, R. E., Bogardus, C., Narayan, K. M. V., Roumain, J. M. L., Imperatore, G., Fagot-Campagna, A., Pettitt, D. J., Bennett, P. H., & Knowler, W. C. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010187 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Smith, J. C., Bennett, S., Evans, L. M., Kynaston, H. G., Parmar, M., Mason, M. D., Cockcroft, J. R., Scanlon, M. F., & Davies, J. S. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7851 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Modulates Risk Prediction Based on the Framingham Score
Köenig, W., Löwel, H., Baumert, J. J., & Meisinger, C. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000120707.98922.e3 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study
Laaksonen, D., Niskanen, L., Punnonen, K., Nyyssonen, K., Tuomainen, T., Salonen, R., Rauramaa, R., & Salonen, J. (2003) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490601 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Basaria, S. S., Muller, D. C., Carducci, M. A., Egan, J. M., & Dobs, A. S. (2005) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21642 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Androgen Treatment of Abdominally Obese Men
Mårin, P., Holmtäng, S., Gustafsson, C., Jönsson, ‡., Kvist, ‡., Elander, A., Eldh, J., Sjöström, L., Holm, G., & Björntorp, P. (1993) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1993.tb00618.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
MAFFEI, L. E., Murata, Y., Rochira, V., Gloria, T., Aranda, C., Vázquez, M., Clyne, C. D., Davis, S. R., Simpson, E. R., & Carani, C. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030313 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Selvin, E., Feinleib, M., Zhang, L., Rohrmann, S., Rifai, N., Nelson, W. G., Dobs, A., Basaria, S., Golden, S. H., & Platz, E. A. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1579 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Hong, C. Y., Park, J. H., Ahn, R. S., Im, S., Choi, H., Soh, J., Mellon, S. H., & Lee, K. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.7.2593-2604.2004 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Haffner, S. M., Shaten, J., Stem, M. P., Smith, G. D., Kuller, L., & MRFIT Research Group (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008832 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Dockery, F., Bulpitt, C. J., AGARWAL, S., Donaldson, M., & Rajkumar, C. (2003) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20020209 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Jenny, N. S., Tracy, R. P., Ogg, M. S., Luong, L. A., Kuller, L. H., Arnold, A. M., Sharrett, A. R., & Humphries, S. E. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000040224.49362.60 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Herrmann, B. L., Saller, B., Janssen, O. E., Gocke, P., Bockisch, A., Sperling, H. V., Mann, K., & Broecker, M. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020498 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Singh, A. B., Hsia, S. H., Alaupovic, P., Sinha‐Hikim, I., Woodhouse, L. J., Buchanan, T. A., Shen, R., Bross, R., Berman, N., & Bhasin, S. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.1.8172 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance and Diminished Glucose Tolerance in Powerlifters Ingesting Anabolic Steroids*
Cohen, J. C., & HICKMAN, R. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-64-5-960 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Maggio, M., Basaria, S., Ble, A., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Ceda, G. P., Valenti, G., Ling, S. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1097 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--a treatable form of male infertility
Nachtigall, L. B., Boepple, P. A., Pralong, F. P., & Crowley, W. F. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199702063360604 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Sarafidis, P. A., Lasaridis, A. N., Nilsson, P. M., Pikilidou, M. I., STAFILAS, P., Kanaki, A., Kazakos, K., Yovos, J. G., & Bakris, G. L. (2007) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002201 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Khosla, S., Atkinson, E. J., Dunstan, C. R., & O’Fallon, W. M. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.4.8397 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The effects of testosterone on insulin sensitivity in male rats
Holmäng, A. B., & Björntorp, P. A. (1992) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09452.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Takeda, K., Toda, K., Saibara, T., Nakagawa, M., Saika, K., Onishi, T., Sugiura, T., & Shizuta, Y. (2003) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1760237 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Insulin and Leptin Resistance With Hyperleptinemia in Mice Lacking Androgen Receptor
Lin, H., Xu, Q., Yeh, S., Wang, R.-S., Sparks, J. D., & Chang, C. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1717 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Sluiter, W. J., Erkelens, D. W., Reitsma, W. D., & Doorenbos, H. (1976) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.25.4.241 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Bhatia, V., Chaudhuri, A., Tomar, R., Dhindsa, S., Ghanim, H., & Dandona, P. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0637 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Health in Elderly Men: A Study of Men Born in 1913
Tibblin, G., Adlerberth, A., Lindstedt, G., & Björntorp, P. A. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.11.1605 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Dose-Dependent Effects of Recombinant Human Interleukin-6 on the Pituitary-Testicular Axis
Tsigos, C., Papanicolaou, D. A., Kyrou, I., Raptis, S. A., & Chrousos, G. P. (1999) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/107999099312948 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Morimoto, S., Mendoza-Rodríguez, C. A., Hiriart, M., Larrieta, M. E., Vital, P., & Cerbón, M. A. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.06357 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance in Aplastic Anemia Treated with Oxymetholone*
WOODARD, T. L., Burghen, G. A., Kitabchi, A. E., & Wilimas, J. A. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-53-5-905 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Liu, P. Y., Wishart, S. M., Celermajer, D., Jimenez, M., di Pierro, I., Conway, A., & Handelsman, D. (2003) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1480055 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Grillo, M. L., Jacobus, A. P., Scalco, R., Amaral, F., Rodrigues, D. O., Loss, E. D. S., & Wassermann, G. F. (2005) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2005-870575 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Boehm, U., Bouloux, P.-M., Dattani, M. T., de Roux, N., Dodé, C., Dunkel, L., Dwyer, A. A., Giacobini, P., Hardelin, J.-P., Juul, A., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.112 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, T. H., Arver, S., Behre, H. M., Buvat, J., Meuleman, E., Moncada, I., Morales, A. M., Volterrani, M., Yellowlees, A., Howell, J. D., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1233 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Klinefelter Syndrome—A Clinical Update
Groth, K. A., Skakkebaek, A. H., Høst, C., Gravholt, C. H., & Bojesen, A. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2382 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Clinical Management of Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Young, J., Xu, C., Papadakis, G. E., Acierno, J. S., Maione, L., Hietamäki, J., Raivio, T., & Pitteloud, N. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00116 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationType 2 diabetes mellitus and testosterone: a meta-analysis study: Type 2 diabetes and testosterone
Corona, G., Monami, M., Rastrelli, G., Aversa, A., Sforza, A., Lenzi, A., Forti, G., Mannucci, E., & Maggi, M. (2011) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01117.x · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Wang, C., Jackson, G., Jones, T. H., Matsumoto, A. M., Nehra, A., Perelman, M. A., Swerdloff, R. S., Traish, A., Zitzmann, M., & Cunningham, G. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2339 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome
Zitzmann, M. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.212 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Heufelder, A. E., Saad, F., Bunck, M. C., & Gooren, L. (2009) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.007005 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Kalinchenko, S. Y., Tishova, Y. A., Mskhalaya, G. J., Gooren, L. J., Giltay, E. J., & Saad, F. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03845.x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology
Gravholt, C. H., Chang, S., Wallentin, M., Fedder, J., Moore, P. J., & Skakkebaek, A. H. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00212 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Testosterone and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis Study
Corona, G., Monami, M., Rastrelli, G., Aversa, A., Tishova, Y., Saad, F., Lenzi, A., Forti, G., Mannucci, E., & Maggi, M. (2011) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01991.x · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Wierckx, K., Van Caenegem, E., Schreiner, T., Haraldsen, I., Fisher, A., Toye, K., Kaufman, J. M., & T'Sjoen, G. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12571 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men
Rao, P. M., Kelly, D. M., & Jones, T. H. (2013) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.122 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: I. Metabolic Syndrome and Erectile Dysfunction
Traish, A. M., Guay, A. T., Feeley, R. J., & Saad, F. (2008) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.005215 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: II. Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
Traish, A. M., Saad, F., & Guay, A. (2009) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.005751 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: III. Cardiovascular Disease
Traish, A. M., Saad, F., Feeley, R. J., & Guay, A. T. (2009) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.007245 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved
Saad, F., Aversa, A., Isidori, A. M., Zafalon, L., Zitzmann, M., & Gooren, L. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0221 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Corona, G., Mannucci, E., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2009) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00951.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
A practical guide to male hypogonadism in the primary care setting
Dandona, P., & Rosenberg, M. T. (2010) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02355.x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Traish, A. M., Miner, M. M., Morgentaler, A., & Zitzmann, M. (2011) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.12.027 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk
Gagliano‐Jucá, T., & Basaria, S. S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0211-4 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Hamilton, E. J., Gianatti, E., Strauss, B. J., Wentworth, J. M., Joon, D. L., Bolton, D. M., Zajac, J. D., & Grossmann, M. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03942.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Testosterone deficiency: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Jones, T. H. (2010) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2010.03.002 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
GPRC6A Mediates the Non-genomic Effects of Steroids
Pi, M., Parrill, A. L., & Quarles, L. D. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.158063 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Traish, A. M., Haider, A., Doros, G. D., & Saad, F. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12319 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Bobjer, J., Katrinaki, M., Tsatsanis, C., Giwercman, Y. L., & Giwercman, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061466 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Hackett, G., Cole, N., Bhartia, M., Kennedy, D., Raju, J., Wilkinson, P., & the BLAST Study Group (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12404 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Filippi, S., Vignozzi, L., Morelli, A., Chavalmane, A. K., Sarchielli, E., Fibbi, B., Saad, F., Sandner, P., Ruggiano, P., Vannelli, G. B., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01467.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Risks and benefits of testosterone therapy in older men
Spitzer, M., Huang, G., Basaria, S., Travison, T. G., & Bhasin, S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.73 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The effects of testosterone on risk factors for, and the mediators of, the atherosclerotic process
Jones, T. H., & Saad, F. (2009) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.016 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Surampudi, P. N., Wang, C., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2012) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2012/625434 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Metabolic Disorders and Male Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Pivonello, R., Menafra, D., Riccio, E., Garifalos, F., Mazzella, M., de Angelis, C., & Colao, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00345 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Obesity, low testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction
Diaz‐Arjonilla, M., Schwarcz, M. G., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2008) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/ijir.2008.42 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Physical Function in Healthy Older Men. Time to Talk Hormones?
Giannoulis, M. G., Martin, F. C., Nair, K. S., Umpleby, A. M., & Sonksen, P. (2012) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Traish, A. M., Haider, A., Haider, K. S., Doros, G., & Saad, F. (2017) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/1074248417691136 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Yeap, B. B., Chubb, S. A. P., Hyde, Z., Jamrozik, K., Hankey, G. J., Flicker, L., & Norman, P. E. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0348 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Vikan, T., Schirmer, H., Njølstad, I., & Svartberg, J. (2010) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0943 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Caronia, L. M., Dwyer, A. A., Hayden, D., Amati, F., Pitteloud, N., & Hayes, F. J. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04486.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, K., Cai, X., Tian, Y., Wu, T., Cao, C., & Li, H. (2014) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.122346 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The effects of hyperprolactinemia on bone and fat
Shibli-Rahhal, A. A., & Schlechte, J. (2008) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0097-3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Corona, G., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2008) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530802468497 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The role of hypogonadism in Klinefelter Syndrome
Bojesen, A., Høst, C., Skakkebaek, A. H., & Groth, K. A. (2014) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.122201 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The role of testosterone in the metabolic syndrome: A review
Saad, F., & Gooren, L. J. (2009) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.022 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Testosterone and glucose metabolism in men: current concepts and controversies.
Grossmann, M. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-13-0393 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Androgen regulation of prostate cancer: Where are we now?
Corona, G., Baldi, E., & Maggi, M. (2011) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347072 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Corona, G., Mannucci, E., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2009) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00965.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dwyer, A. A., Quinton, R., Morin, D., & Pitteloud, N. (2014) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/1750-1172-9-83 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationLate‐onset hypogonadism: metabolic impact
Grossmann, M., Ng Tang Fui, M., & Cheung, A. S. (2020) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12705 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
KLB, encoding β‐Klotho, is mutated in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Xu, C., Messina, A., Somm, E., Miraoui, H., Kinnunen, T. K., Acierno, J. S., Niederländer, N. J., Bouilly, J., Dwyer, A. A., Sidis, Y., et al. (2017) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201607376 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationAversa, A., Bruzziches, R., Francomano, D., Spera, G., & Lenzi, A. (2010) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03350341 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men results in sustained and clinically meaningful weight loss
Yassin, A. A., & Doros, G. D. (2013) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12022 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Effects of testosterone on Type 2 diabetes and components of the metabolic syndrome
Jones, T. H. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00085.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Review: Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome
Muraleedharan, V., & Jones, T. H. (2010) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018810390258 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Androgens and prostate cancer; pathogenesis and deprivation therapy
Grossmann, M., Cheung, A. S., & Zajac, J. D. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Association of Endogenous Sex Hormones With Diabetes andImpaired Fasting Glucose in Men
Colangelo, L. A., Ouyang, P., Liu, K., Kopp, P. A., Golden, S. H., Dobs, A. S., Szklo, M., Vaidya, D. M., Cushman, M., & Gapstur, S. M. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-2216 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Klinefelter syndrome: cardiovascular abnormalities and metabolic disorders
On behalf of the Klinefelter ItaliaN Group (KING), Calogero, A. E., Giagulli, V. A., Mongioì, L. M., Triggiani, V., Radicioni, A. F., Jannini, E. A., & Pasquali, D. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-017-0619-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cancer cachexia update in head and neck cancer: Definitions and diagnostic features
Couch, M. E., Dittus, K. L., Toth, M. J., Willis, M. S., D, D. C. G., George, J. R., Barnes, C. A., Gourin, C. G., & Der‐Torossian, H. (2014) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.23599 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bhasin, S., Lincoff, A. M., Basaria, S. S., Bauer, D. C., Boden, W. E., Cunningham, G. R., Davey, D. A., Dubcenco, E., Fukumoto, S., Garcia, M., et al. (2021) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2021.11.016 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of Metabolic Syndrome Affecting Erectile Dysfunction
Kaya‐Sezginer, E., Sikka, S. C., & Gür, S. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12828 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The prevalence of and risk factors for androgen deficiency in aging Taiwanese men
Liu, C.-C., Wu, W.-J., Lee, Y.-C., Wang, C.-J., Ke, H.-L., Li, W.-M., Hsiao, H.-L., Yeh, H.-C., Li, C.-C., Chou, Y.-H., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01171.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Haider, A., Gooren, L. J. G., Padungtod, P., & Saad, F. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1202774 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Testosterone and type 2 diabetes
Grossmann, M., Gianatti, E. J., & Zajac, J. D. (2010) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32833919cf · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Saad, F., & Gooren, L. J. (2010) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2011/471584 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome, testosterone deficiency and erectile dysfunction never come alone
Yassin, A. A., Saad, F., & Gooren, L. J. (2008) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00851.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications
Shi, Y., Ma, J., Li, S.-J., Liu, C., Liu, Y.-N., Chen, J., Liu, N.-N., Liu, S.-M., & Huang, H. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01929-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Thiruppathi, M., Palaniappan, M., & Balasubramanian, K. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.010 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Corona, G., Rastrelli, G., Balercia, G., Lotti, F., Sforza, A., Monami, M., Forti, G., Mannucci, E., & Maggi, M. (2012) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02717.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
TRANSITION IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Hypogonadism in adolescence
Dwyer, A. A., Phan-Hug, F., Hauschild, M., Elowe-Gruau, É., & Pitteloud, N. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0947 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationYu, I.-C. I., Lin, H., Sparks, J. D., Yeh, S., & Chang, C. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1505 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Corona, G., Mannucci, E., Lotti, F., Fisher, A. D., Bandini, E., Balercia, G., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2009) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01059.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cheung, A. S., Hoermann, R., Dupuis, P., Joon, D. L., Zajac, J. D., & Grossmann, M. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0200 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Benefits and Risks of Testosterone Treatment in Men with Age-Related Decline in Testosterone
dos Santos, M. R., & Bhasin, S. (2020) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050219-034711 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Laitinen, E., Hero, M., Vaaralahti, K., Tommiska, J., & Raivio, T. (2012) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01237.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Saylor, P. J., Karoly, E. D., & Smith, M. R. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3209 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ross, A., & Bhasin, S. (2016) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Lower urinary-tract symptoms and testosterone in elderly men
Yassin, A. A., El‐Sakka, A. I., Saad, F., & Gooren, L. J. (2008) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-008-0284-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, R. K., Khera, M., Blick, G., Kushner, H., Nguyen, D., & Miner, M. M. (2011) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-11-18 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Health Risks Associated with Long-Term Finasteride and Dutasteride Use: It's Time to Sound the Alarm
Traish, A. M. (2020) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.200012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The complex association between metabolic syndrome and male hypogonadism
Dimopoulou, C., Goulis, D. G., Corona, G., & Maggi, M. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.024 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effect of Testosterone on Progression From Prediabetes to Diabetes in Men With Hypogonadism
Bhasin, S., Lincoff, A. M., Nissen, S. E., Wannemuehler, K. A., McDonnell, M. E., Peters, A. L., Khan, N., Snabes, M. C., Li, X., Li, G., et al. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.7862 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fabbro, E. D., Hui, D., Nooruddin, Z. I., Dalal, S., Dev, R., Freer, G., Roberts, L., Palmer, J. L., & Bruera, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.021 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Brand, J. S., Wareham, N. J., Dowsett, M., Folkerd, E. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., Luben, R., & Khaw, K. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03951.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Do low testosterone levels contribute to ill-health during male ageing?
Yeap, B. B., de Araújo, A. B., & Wittert, G. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2012.725461 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Testosterone therapy in diabetes and pre‐diabetes
Corona, G., Vena, W., Pizzocaro, A., Vignozzi, L., Sforza, A., & Maggi, M. (2022) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13367 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adverse health effects of testosterone deficiency (TD) in men
Traish, A. M. (2014) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Male acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Diagnosis and treatment
Salenave, S., Trabado, S., Maione, L., Brailly‐Tabard, S., & Young, J. (2012) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2012.03.040 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Traish, A. M. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_22 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Acute testosterone deprivation reduces insulin sensitivity in men
Rubinow, K. B., Snyder, C. N., Amory, J. K., Hoofnagle, A. N., & Page, S. T. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04189.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men with Type 2 Diabetes
Dandona, P., Dhindsa, S., Chandel, A., & Chaudhuri, A. (2009) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.05.2001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
An update on male hypogonadism therapy
Surampudi, P. N., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.913022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Permpongkosol, S., Tantirangsee, N., & Ratana-olarn, K. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01994.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Benefits and Health Implications of Testosterone Therapy in Men With Testosterone Deficiency
Traish, A. M. (2017) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.10.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evaluation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis in eugonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Costanzo, P., Suárez, S. M., Scaglia, H. E., Zylbersztein, C., Litwak, L., & Knoblovits, P. (2013) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00163.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Testosterone Regulates Bone Response to Inflammation
Steffens, J. P., Herrera, B. S., Coimbra, L. S., Stephens, D., Rossa, C., Spolidório, L. C., Kantarcı, A., & Dyke, T. E. V. (2014) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1367031 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The association between serum testosterone and insulin resistance: a longitudinal study
Ottarsdottir, K., Nilsson, A. G., Hellgren, M. I., Lindblad, U., & Daka, B. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0480 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Androgen deprivation therapy and side effects
Freedland, S. J., & Abrahamsson, P. (2020) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/aja.aja_22_20 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Adherence to treatment in men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Dwyer, A. A., Tiemensma, J., Quinton, R., Pitteloud, N., & Morin, D. (2016) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13236 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationHypogonadism, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Bone Health: A Narrative Review
Russo, V., Chen, R., & Armamento‐Villareal, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.607240 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Stress triggers mitochondrial biogenesis to preserve steroidogenesis in Leydig cells
Gak, I. A., Pletikosic, S. M. R., Dukic, A. R., Janjic, M. M., Stojkov, N. J., Kostic, T. S., & Andrić, S. A. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Jiao, Q., Pruznak, A. M., Huber, D. S., Vary, T. C., & Lang, C. H. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yialamas, M. A., Dwyer, A. A., Hanley, E., Lee, H., Pitteloud, N., & Hayes, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2007-11-01
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4254-4259
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2068756512
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 15.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r03dk064276-02)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R03 DK064276 A 01)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR001066)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, testosterone withdrawal, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, testosterone replacement therapy, insulin secretion, interleukin-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, cortisol, body composition, young men, oral glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Body Composition, Gonadotropins, Humans, Hypogonadism, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Testosterone, Body Mass Index, Cytokines, Adipokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
