Investigating the Causal Relationship of C-Reactive Protein with 32 Complex Somatic and Psychiatric Outcomes: A Large-Scale Cross-Consortium Mendelian Randomization Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with immune, cardiometabolic, and psychiatric traits and diseases. Yet it is inconclusive whether these associations are causal. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using two genetic risk scores (GRSs) as instrumental variables (IVs). The first GRS consisted of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene (GRSCRP), and the second consisted of 18 SNPs that were significantly associated with CRP levels in the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date (GRSGWAS). To optimize power, we used summary statistics from GWAS consortia and tested the association of these two GRSs with 32 complex somatic and psychiatric outcomes, with up to 123,865 participants per outcome from populations of European ancestry. We performed heterogeneity tests to disentangle the pleiotropic effect of IVs. A Bonferroni-corrected significance level of less than 0.0016 was considered statistically significant. An observed p-value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered nominally significant evidence for a potential causal association, yet to be confirmed. The strengths (F-statistics) of the IVs were 31.92-3,761.29 and 82.32-9,403.21 for GRSCRP and GRSGWAS, respectively. CRP GRSGWAS showed a statistically significant protective relationship of a 10% genetically elevated CRP level with the risk of schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR] 0.86 [95% CI 0.79-0.94]; p < 0.001). We validated this finding with individual-level genotype data from the schizophrenia GWAS (OR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94-0.98]; p < 1.72 × 10-6). Further, we found that a standardized CRP polygenic risk score (CRPPRS) at p-value thresholds of 1 × 10-4, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 using individual-level data also showed a protective effect (OR < 1.00) against schizophrenia; the first CRPPRS (built of SNPs with p < 1 × 10-4) showed a statistically significant (p < 2.45 × 10-4) protective effect with an OR of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99). The CRP GRSGWAS showed that a 10% increase in genetically determined CRP level was significantly associated with coronary artery disease (OR 0.88 [95% CI 0.84-0.94]; p < 2.4 × 10-5) and was nominally associated with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (OR 0.85 [95% CI 0.74-0.98]; p < 0.03), Crohn disease (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.70-0.94]; p < 0.005), psoriatic arthritis (OR 1.36 [95% CI 1.00-1.84]; p < 0.049), knee osteoarthritis (OR 1.17 [95% CI 1.01-1.36]; p < 0.04), and bipolar disorder (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.05-1.40]; p < 0.007) and with an increase of 0.72 (95% CI 0.11-1.34; p < 0.02) mm Hg in systolic blood pressure, 0.45 (95% CI 0.06-0.84; p < 0.02) mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure, 0.01 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 0.003-0.02; p < 0.005) in estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine, 0.01 g/dl (95% CI 0.0004-0.02; p < 0.04) in serum albumin level, and 0.03 g/dl (95% CI 0.008-0.05; p < 0.009) in serum protein level. However, after adjustment for heterogeneity, neither GRS showed a significant effect of CRP level (at p < 0.0016) on any of these outcomes, including coronary artery disease, nor on the other 20 complex outcomes studied. Our study has two potential limitations: the limited variance explained by our genetic instruments modeling CRP levels in blood and the unobserved bias introduced by the use of summary statistics in our MR analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically elevated CRP levels showed a significant potentially protective causal relationship with risk of schizophrenia. We observed nominal evidence at an observed p < 0.05 using either GRSCRP or GRSGWAS-with persistence after correction for heterogeneity-for a causal relationship of elevated CRP levels with psoriatic osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, knee osteoarthritis, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum albumin, and bipolar disorder. These associations remain yet to be confirmed. We cannot verify any causal effect of CRP level on any of the other common somatic and neuropsychiatric outcomes investigated in the present study. This implies that interventions that lower CRP level are unlikely to result in decreased risk for the majority of common complex outcomes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existing pharmacological approaches to lowering BMI, for example drugs acting on the central nervous system or peripherally such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, lower BMI through very different mechanisms.
“In contrast, existing pharmacological approaches to lowering BMI - e.g. drugs acting on the central nervous system or peripherally (e.g. GLP-1 receptor agonists 70 ), while lowering BMI, do so through very different mechanisms.”
From Integrating genomics with biomarkers and therapeutic targets to invigorate cardiovascular drug development (2021) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089 · see citing works
Mantovani, A., Allavena, P., Sica, A., & Balkwill, F. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07205 · Cited by 11,399 · see citing works
Inflammation and metabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05485 · Cited by 9,199 · see citing works
Genetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities
Faith, M. S., Carnell, S., & Kral, T. V. E. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353879 · Cited by 7,628 · see citing works
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13595 · Cited by 7,577 · see citing works
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · see citing works
Mendelian Randomization Analysis With Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data
Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21758 · Cited by 6,050 · see citing works
Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
The International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08185 · Cited by 4,821 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. C., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3034 · Cited by 4,618 · see citing works
Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis
Rabinowitz, L., & Rice, J. A. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/3556160 · Cited by 3,142 · see citing works
(2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62129-1 · Cited by 3,010 · see citing works
Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index
MAGIC, Speliotes, E. K., on behalf of Procardis Consortium, Willer, C. J., Berndt, S. I., Monda, K. L., Thorleifsson, G., Jackson, A. U., Allen, H. L., Lindgren, C. M., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.686 · Cited by 2,912 · see citing works
Self-citationFranke, A., McGovern, D. P. B., Barrett, J. C., Wang, K., Radford-Smith, G. L., Ahmad, T., Lees, C. W., Balschun, T., Lee, J., Roberts, R., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.717 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
Self-citationA comprehensive 1000 Genomes–based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease
the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3396 · Cited by 2,447 · see citing works
Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology
Baumgart, D. C., & Carding, S. R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60750-8 · Cited by 2,147 · see citing works
Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk
The International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10405 · Cited by 2,033 · see citing works
Initiative, T. A. D. N., Hollingworth, P., CHARGE consortium, EADI1 consortium, Harold, D., Sims, R., Gerrish, A., Lambert, J.-C., Carrasquillo, M. M., Abraham, R., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.803 · Cited by 1,997 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci
The Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.940 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works
Self-citationTwelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis
The MAGIC investigators, Voight, B. F., The GIANT Consortium, Scott, L. J., Steinthorsdottir, V., Morris, A. P., Dina, C., Welch, R. P., Zeggini, E., Huth, C., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.609 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon variants conferring risk of schizophrenia
†Genetic Risk and Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP), Stefansson, H., Ophoff, R. A., Steinberg, S., Andreassen, O. A., Cichon, S., Rujescu, D., Werge, T., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Mors, O., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08186 · Cited by 1,677 · see citing works
Genome-wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-κB pathways
Nair, R. P., Duffin, K. C., Helms, C. A., Ding, J., Stuart, P. E., Goldgar, D. E., Gudjonsson, J. E., Li, Y., Tejasvi, T., Feng, B., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.311 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group, Sklar, P., Ripke, S., Scott, L. J., Andreassen, O. A., Cichon, S., Craddock, N., Edenberg, H. J., Nurnberger, J. I., Rietschel, M., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.943 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, C. A., Boucher, G., Lees, C. W., Franke, A., D’Amato, M., Taylor, K. D., Lee, J. C., Goyette, P., Imielinski, M. B., Latiano, A., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.764 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies seven new rheumatoid arthritis risk loci
BIRAC Consortium, Stahl, E. A., YEAR Consortium, Raychaudhuri, S., Remmers, E. F., Xie, G., Eyre, S., Thomson, B. P., Li, Y., Kurreeman, F. A. S., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.582 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
Self-citationMendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations
Smith, G. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh132 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia
Shi, J., Levinson, D. F., Duan, J., Sanders, A. R., Zheng, Y., Pe’er, I., Dudbridge, F., Holmans, P., Whittemore, A. S., Mowry, B. J., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08192 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107477 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
(2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60110-x · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Genome Scan Meta-Analysis of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder, Part II: Schizophrenia
Lewis, C. M., Levinson, D. F., Wise, L. H., DeLisi, L. E., Straub, R. E., Hovatta, I., Williams, N. M., Schwab, S. G., Pulver, A. E., Faraone, S. V., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/376549 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder
Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium, Ripke, S., Wray, N. R., Lewis, C. M., Hamilton, S. P., Weissman, M. M., Breen, G., Byrne, E. M., Blackwood, D. H. R., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.21 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Vimaleswaran, K. S., Berry, D. J., Lu, C., Tikkanen, E., Pilz, S., Hiraki, L. T., Cooper, J. D., Dastani, Z., Li, R., Houston, D. K., et al. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383 · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple common variants for celiac disease influencing immune gene expression
Dubois, P. C. A., Trynka, G., Franke, L., Hunt, K. A., Romanos, J., Curtotti, A., Zhernakova, A., Heap, G., Ádány, R., Aromaa, A. J., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.543 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Self-citationNalls, M., Plagnol, V., Hernandez, D., Sharma, M., Sheerin, U., Saad, M., Simón-Sánchez, J., Schulte, C., Lesage, S., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, S., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62345-8 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with C8orf13–BLK and ITGAM–ITGAX
Hom, G., Graham, R., Modrek, B., Taylor, K. E., Ortmann, W. A., Garnier, S., Lee, A. T., Chung, S. A., Ferreira, R. C., Pant, P. V. K., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707865 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease
Zacho, J., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., Jensen, J. S., Grande, P., Sillesen, H., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707402 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Inflammatory Markers and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Wang, X., Bao, W., Liu, J., OuYang, Y.-Y., Wang, D., Rong, S., Xiao, X., Shan, Z.-L., Zhang, Y., Yao, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0702 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
New loci associated with kidney function and chronic kidney disease
Köttgen, A., Pattaro, C., Böger, C. A., Fuchsberger, C., Olden, M., Glazer, N. L., Parsa, A., Gao, X., Yang, Q., Smith, A. V., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.568 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index
Speliotes, E. K., Willer, C. J., Berndt, S. I., Monda, K. L., Þorleifsson, G., Jackson, A., Allen, H. L., Lindgren, C. M., Luan, J., Mägi, R., et al. (2010) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/d3bn-7g86 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Self-citationAging and proinflammatory cytokines
Bruunsgaard, H., Pedersen, M., & Pedersen, B. K. (2001) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200105000-00001 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Pitfalls of predicting complex traits from SNPs
Wray, N. R., Yang, J., Hayes, B. J., Price, A. L., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3457 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
C Reactive Protein Coronary Heart Disease Genetics Collaboration (CCGC) (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d548 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism
The Gene Discovery Project of Johns Hopkins & the Autism Consortium, Weiss, L. A., & Arking, D. E. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08490 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Self-citationA comprehensive 1000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease
Nikpay, M., Goel, A., Won, H., Hall, L. M., Willenborg, C., Kanoni, S., Saleheen, D., Kyriakou, T., Nelson, C. P., Hopewell, J. C., et al. (2015) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression and immune function
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00309-4 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Dehghan, A., Dupuis, J., Barbalić, M., Bis, J. C., Eiríksdóttir, G., Lu, C., Pellikka, N., Wallaschofski, H., Kettunen, J., Henneman, P., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.948570 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citationDastani, Z., Hivert, M., Timpson, N. J., Perry, J. R. B., Yuan, X., Scott, R. A., Henneman, P., Heid, I. M., Kizer, J. R., Lyytikäinen, L., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002607 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citationPolygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder predict creativity
Power, R. A., Steinberg, S., Björnsdóttir, G., Rietveld, C. A., Abdellaoui, A., Nivard, M. G., Johannesson, M., Galesloot, T. E., Hottenga, J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4040 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Immunity, neuroglia and neuroinflammation in autism
Pardo, C. A., Vargas, D. L., & Zimmerman, A. W. (2005) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/02646830500381930 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Glutamate in Schizophrenia: A Focused Review and Meta-Analysis of 1H-MRS Studies
Marsman, A., van den Heuvel, M. P., Klomp, D. W. J., Kahn, R. S., Luijten, P. R., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr069 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
The immune system in extreme longevity
Sansoni, P., Vescovini, R., Fagnoni, F. F., Biasini, C., Zanni, F., Zanlari, L., Telera, A. R., Lucchini, G., Passeri, G., Monti, D., et al. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.06.008 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Henriksen, M., Jahnsen, J., Lygren, I., Stray, N., Sauar, J., Vatn, M. H., Moum, B. A., & and the IBSEN Study Group (2008) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2007.146357 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Bellenguez, C., Bevan, S., Gschwendtner, A., Spencer, C. C. A., Burgess, A. I., Pirinen, M., Jackson, C., Traylor, M., Strange, A., Su, Z., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.1081 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationSpector, T. D., Hart, D. J., Nandra, D., Doyle, D. V., Mackillop, N., Gallimore, J. R., & Pepys, M. B. (1997) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780400419 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study of systemic sclerosis identifies CD247 as a new susceptibility locus
Spanish Scleroderma Group, Radstake, T. R. D. J., Gorlova, O. Y., Rueda‐Medina, B., Martín, J., Alizadeh, B. Z., Palomino‐Morales, R., Coenen, M. J. H., Vonk, M. C., Voskuyl, A. E., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.565 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study identifies a psoriasis susceptibility locus at TRAF3IP2
Ellinghaus, E., Ellinghaus, D., Stuart, P. E., Nair, R. P., Debrus, S., Raelson, J., Belouchi, M., Fournier, H., Reinhard, C., Ding, J., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.689 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Self-citationFernandes, B. S., Steiner, J., Bernstein, H.-G., Dodd, S., Pasco, J. A., Dean, O. M., Nardin, P., Gonçalves, C.-A., & Berk, M. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.87 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: mendelian randomisation study
Timpson, N. J., Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Gaunt, T. R., Day, I. N. M., Palmer, L. J., Hattersley, A. T., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Lowe, G. D. O., Rumley, A., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67786-0 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
A Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Six Type 1 Diabetes Cohorts Identifies Multiple Associated Loci
Bradfield, J. P., Qu, H., Wang, K., Zhang, H., Abou‐Sleiman, P. M., Kim, C. E., Mentch, F. D., Qiu, H., Glessner, J., Thomas, K., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002293 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationMathematical Statistics and Data Analysis.
Aa, & Rice, J. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291188 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with <i>de novo</i> major depression
Pasco, J. A., Nicholson, G. C., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., Henry, M. J., Kotowicz, M. A., Schneider, H. G., Leonard, B. E., & Berk, M. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076430 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Timpson, N. J., Nordestgaard, B. G., Harbord, R. M., Zacho, J., Frayling, T. M., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., & Davey Smith, G. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.137 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Cesari, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nicklas, B. J., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., Tracy, R. P., Rubin, S. M., Harris, T. B., & Pahor, M. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00718-5 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis
Hanson, D. R., & Gottesman, I. I. (2005) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-6-7 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
C‐Reactive Protein (CRP)‐Lowering Agents
Prasad, K. (2006) · Cardiovascular Drug Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00033.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Levels in Schizophrenia
Miller, B. J., Culpepper, N. H., & Rapaport, M. H. (2013) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.micu.020813 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Genetic Variation, C-Reactive Protein Levels, and Incidence of Diabetes
Dehghan, A., Kardys, I., de Maat, M. P. M., Uitterlinden, A. G., Sijbrands, E. J. G., Bootsma, A. H., Stijnen, T., Albert Hofman, D., Schram, M. T., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0922 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent results: Biomarkers of aging
Johnson, T. E. (2006) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.09.006 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Meyer, U., Schwarz, M., & Müller, N. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.003 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
(2015) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18536-15 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies
Thompson, J. R., Attia, J., & Minelli, C. (2011) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbr020 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Glutamatergic theories of schizophrenia.
Javitt, D. C. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Shatunov, A., Mok, K. Y., Newhouse, S., Weale, M. E., Smith, B. N., Vance, C. A., Johnson, L., Veldink, J. H., van Es, M. A., van den Berg, L. H., et al. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70197-6 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationShaked, I., Tchoresh, D., Gersner, R., Meiri, G., Mordechai, S., Xiao, X., Hart, R. P., & Schwartz, M. (2005) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02954.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization studies in coronary artery disease
Jansen, H., Samani, N. J., & Schunkert, H. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu208 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Association of C-Reactive Protein With Blood Pressure and Hypertension
Smith, G. D., Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Timpson, N. J., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Day, I. N. M., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000160351.95181.d0 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Association of C-reactive protein with type 2 diabetes: prospective analysis and meta-analysis
Lee, C.-T., Adler, A., Sandhu, M. S., Sharp, S. J., Forouhi, N. G., Erqou, S. A., Luben, R., Bingham, S. A., Khaw, K., & Wareham, N. J. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1338-3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Hwang, Y., Kim, J., Shin, J.-Y., Kim, J.-I., Seo, J.-S., Webster, M. J., Lee, D., & Kim, S. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.94 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Brunner, E. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Witte, D. R., Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Cooper, J. A., Miller, M. A., Lowe, G. D. O., Rumley, A., Casas, J. P., et al. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050155 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Inflammation Bares a Dark Side
Couzin-Frankel, J. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.330.6011.1621 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study
Voight, B. F., Peloso, G. M., Orho-Melander, M., Frikke-Schmidt, R., Barbalic, M., Jensen, M. K., Hindy, G., Hólm, H., Ding, E. L., Johnson, T., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60312-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscovery and verification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers by proteomics
Ryberg, H., An, J., Darko, S. W., Lustgarten, J. L., Jaffa, M., Gopalakrishnan, V., Lacomis, D., Cudkowicz, M., & Bowser, R. P. (2010) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21683 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
C-reactive protein is elevated in schizophrenia
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., Yang, S., & Yolken, R. H. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.041 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Inflammation and schizophrenia
Fan, X., GOFF, D. C., & Henderson, D. C. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.7.789 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Wium‐Andersen, M. K., Ørsted, D. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Garg, S. K., Banerjee, R. V., & Kipnis, J. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3866 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Wium‐Andersen, M. K., Ørsted, D. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt120 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Role of C-reactive protein in schizophrenia: An overview
Singh, B., & Chaudhuri, T. K. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Vongpatanasin, W., Thomas, G. D., Schwartz, R., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.664854 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rhodes, B., Merriman, M. E., Harrison, A. A., Nissen, M. J., Smith, M., Stamp, L. K., Steer, S. E., Merriman, T. R., & Vyse, T. J. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000341 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Discovery and Fine Mapping of Serum Protein Loci through Transethnic Meta-analysis
Franceschini, N., van Rooij, F. J. A., Prins, B. P., Feitosa, M. F., Karakas, M., Eckfeldt, J. H., Folsom, A. R., Kopp, J. B., Vaez, A., Andrews, J. S., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.021 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationKerkhof, H. J. M., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Castano-Betancourt, M. C., de Maat, M. P. M., Albert Hofman, D., Pols, H. A. P., Rivadeneira, F., Witteman, J. C. M., Uitterlinden, A. G., & van Meurs, J. B. J. (2010) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2009.125260 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hänninen, K., Katila, H., Saarela, M., Rontu, R., Mattila, K. M., Fan, M., Hurme, M., & Lehtimäki, T. J. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0756-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration (2008) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9249-z · Cited by 57 · see citing works
No Association Between Markers of Inflammation and Osteoarthritis of the Hands and Knees
Vlad, S. C., Neogi, T., Aliabadi, P., Fontes, J. D., & Felson, D. T. (2011) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.100971 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
C-reactive protein is a bystander of cardiovascular disease
Anand, S. S., & Yusuf, S. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq242 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Disease
Danesh, J., & Pepys, M. B. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.907212 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M. (2008) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.099465 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Song, I., Chung, S., Kim, J., & Lee, K.-S. (2010) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-010-0335-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chung, K., Huang, S., Wu, J.-Y., Chen, P., Hsu, J.-L., & Tsai, S. (2013) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000353613 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ziegler, A., Pahlke, F., & König, I. R. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3213 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bos, S. D., Suchiman, H. E. D., Kloppenburg, M., et al. (2007) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2007.079228 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Genetic Loci Associated With C-Reactive Protein Levels and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Elliott, P. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.954 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Immunology meets neuroscience – Opportunities for immune intervention in neurodegenerative diseases
Lynch, M. A., & Mills, K. H. G. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Vaez, A., Jansen, R., Prins, B. P., Hottenga, J., de Geus, E. J. C., Boomsma, D. I., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Nolte, I. M., Snieder, H., & Alizadeh, B. Z. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.114.000714 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationRamos, Y. F., Metrustry, S., Arden, N. K., Bay‐Jensen, A., Beekman, M., de Craen, A. J. M., Cupples, L. A., Esko, T., Εvangelou, Ε., Felson, D. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102478 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationSaviouk, V., Chow, E. W. C., Bassett, A. S., & Brzustowicz, L. M. (2004) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001582 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hong, E. P., Kim, D. H., Suh, J., & Park, J. W. (2014) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2014.56 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
CRP gene variation affects early development of Alzheimer's disease-related plaques
Kok, E., Alanne-Kinnunen, M., Isotalo, K., Luoto, T., Haikonen, S., Goebeler, S., Perola, M., Hurme, M. A., Haapasalo, H., & Karhunen, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-96 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Al-Asmari, A., Al-Asmary, S. M., Kadasah, S., Arfin, M., & Tariq, M. (2014) · North American Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1947-2714.145466 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Genetics of Inflammation in Age‐Related Atherosclerosis
Grimaldi, M. P., Vasto, S., Balistreri, C. R., Carlo, D. D., Caruso, M., Incalcaterra, E., Lio, D., Caruso, C., & Candore, G. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1395.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Li, Y., Huang, G., et al. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303355 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zakharyan, R., Chavushyan, A., Khoyetsyan, A., Stahelova, A., Arakelyan, A., Boyajyan, A. S., Mrázek, F., & Petřek, M. (2010) · International Journal of Immunogenetics · doi:10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00942.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stockinger, B. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/458044a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sekar, A. (2014) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis
Chinn, S. (2000) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20001130)19:22
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nalls, M. A., Blauwendraat, C., Vallerga, C. L., Heilbron, K., Bandres-Ciga, S., Chang, D., Tan, M., Kia, D. A., Noyce, A. J., Xue, A., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30320-5 · Cited by 2,454 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization studies
Hemani, G., Bowden, J., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy163 · Cited by 1,496 · see citing works
Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Davey Smith, G. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx028 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters
Del Giudice, M., & Gangestad, S. W. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.013 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: An exposure-wide umbrella review of meta-analyses
Bellou, V., Belbasis, L., Tzoulaki, I., & Evangelou, E. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194127 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality
Holmes, M. V., Ala-Korpela, M., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.78 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
A wireless patch for the monitoring of C-reactive protein in sweat
Tu, J., Min, J., Song, Y., Xu, C., Li, J., Moore, J., Hanson, J., Hu, E., Parimon, T., Wang, T.-Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01059-5 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Köhler-Forsberg, O., Buttenschøn, H. N., Tansey, K. E., Maier, W., Hauser, J., Dernovsek, M. Z., Henigsberg, N., Souery, D., Farmer, A., Rietschel, M., et al. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.020 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Inflammatory markers and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis
Darweesh, S. K. L., Wolters, F. J., Ikram, M. A., de Wolf, F., Bos, D., & Hofman, A. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.014 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Fernandes, B. S., Steiner, J., Molendijk, M. L., Dodd, S., Nardin, P., Gonçalves, C.-A., Jacka, F., Köhler, C. A., Karmakar, C., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30370-4 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Peripheral Markers of Depression
Nobis, A., Zalewski, D., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9123793 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Holmes, M. V., Richardson, T. G., Ference, B. A., Davies, N. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2021) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-020-00493-1 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Hemani, G., Bowden, J., Haycock, P., Zheng, J., Davis, O., Flach, P., Gaunt, T., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · doi:10.1101/173682 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Tylee, D. S., Lee, Y. K., Wendt, F. R., Pathak, G. A., Levey, D. F., De Angelis, F., Gelernter, J., & Polimanti, R. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0914 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Russell, A. E., Ford, T., Gunnell, D., Heron, J., Joinson, C., Moran, P., Relton, C., Suderman, M., Hemani, G., & Mars, B. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.065 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Genetic disposition to inflammation and response to antidepressants in major depressive disorder
Zwicker, A., Fabbri, C., Rietschel, M., Hauser, J., Mors, O., Maier, W., Zobel, A., Farmer, A., Aitchison, K. J., McGuffin, P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Prins, B. P., Abbasi, A., Wong, A., Vaez, A., Nolte, I., Franceschini, N., Stuart, P. E., Guterriez Achury, J., Mistry, V., Bradfield, J. P., Valdes, A. M., Bras, J., Shatunov, A., PAGE Consortium, International Stroke Genetics Consortium, Systemic Sclerosis consortium, Treat OA consortium, DIAGRAM Consortium, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, ALS consortium, International Parkinson’s Disease Genomics Consortium, Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, CKDGen consortium, GERAD1 Consortium, International Consortium for Blood Pressure, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Inflammation Working Group of the CHARGE Consortium, Lu, C., Han, B., Raychaudhuri, S., Bevan, S., Mayes, M. D., Tsoi, L. C., Evangelou, E., Nair, R. P., Grant, S. F. A., Polychronakos, C., Radstake, T. R. D., van Heel, D. A., Dunstan, M. L., Wood, N. W., Al-Chalabi, A., Dehghan, A., Hakonarson, H., Markus, H. S., Elder, J. T., Knight, J., Arking, D. E., Spector, T. D., Koeleman, B. P. C., van Duijn, C. M., Martin, J., Morris, A. P., Weersma, R. K., Wijmenga, C., Munroe, P. B., Perry, J. R. B., Pouget, J. G., Jamshidi, Y., Snieder, H., & Alizadeh, B. Z.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Boston University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Prins, Bram. P.
- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.
- ORCID
- Prins, Bram. P.
- Abbasi, Ali
- Wong, Anson
- Vaez, Ahmad
- Nolte, Ilja
- Franceschini, Nora
- Stuart, Philip E.
- Valdes, Ana M.
- Shatunov, Aleksey
- Lu, Chen
- Han, Buhm
- Raychaudhuri, Soumya
- Bevan, Steve
- Mayes, Maureen D.
- Tsoi, Lam C.
- Nair, Rajan P.
- Grant, Struan F. A.
- Polychronakos, Constantin
- Radstake, Timothy R. D.
- Dunstan, Melanie L.
- Wood, Nicholas W.
- Dehghan, Abbas
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Markus, Hugh S.
- Elder, James T.
- Knight, Jo
- Arking, Dan E.
- Koeleman, Bobby P. C.
- Martin, Javier
- Morris, Andrew P.
- Weersma, Rinse K.
- Wijmenga, Cisca
- Munroe, Patricia B.
- Perry, John R. B.
- Pouget, Jennie G.
- Jamshidi, Yalda
- Snieder, Harold
- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.
- Venue
- PLOS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-06-21
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e1001976
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC4915710
- OpenAlex
- W2474672982
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 18.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (acceptedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Consejería Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucia (CTS-4977)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H029745/1)
- The Wellcome Trust (WT098051)
- NWO (825.13.004, 016.136.308)
- Medical Research Council UK (MC-U106179471)
- Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science (WT098017)
- National Institutes of Health (R01AR042742, R01AR054966, R01AR050511, R01 AR055258, R01 HL076784, R01 AG028321, 1RO1 HL64753, HHSN268201500001I)
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-34435)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP3 DK085708)
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (JDRF)
- Broad Foundation (N01-HC 25195)
- Wellcome Trust (076113)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, schizophrenia, causal inference, polygenic risk score, mental health outcomes, pleiotropy, inflammation, protective effect, European ancestry populations, Mendelian randomization
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, C-Reactive Protein, Genotype, Heart Diseases, Humans, Immune System Diseases, Metabolic Diseases, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
