Cited by 279Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorExperimental Behavioral Economics StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task

Open access

Israel, Salomon, Lerer, Elad, Shalev, Idan, Uzefovsky, Florina, Riebold, Mathias, Laiba, Efrat, Bachner-Melman, Rachel, Maril, Anat, Bornstein, Gary, Knafo, Ariel, Ebstein, Richard P.·2009·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0005535PMC PMC2680041

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Economic games observe social decision making in the laboratory that involves real money payoffs. Previously we have shown that allocation of funds in the Dictator Game (DG), a paradigm that illustrates costly altruistic behavior, is partially determined by promoter-region repeat region variants in the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor gene (AVPR1a). In the current investigation, the gene encoding the related oxytocin receptor (OXTR) was tested for association with the DG and a related paradigm, the Social Values Orientation (SVO) task. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Association (101 male and 102 female students) using a robust-family based test between 15 single tagging SNPs (htSNPs) across the OXTR was demonstrated with both the DG and SVO. Three htSNPs across the gene region showed significant association with both of the two games. The most significant association was observed with rs1042778 (p = 0.001). Haplotype analysis also showed significant associations for both DG and SVO. Following permutation test adjustment, significance was observed for 2-5 locus haplotypes (p<0.05). A second sample of 98 female subjects was subsequently and independently recruited to play the dictator game and was genotyped for the three significant SNPs found in the first sample. The rs1042778 SNP was shown to be significant for the second sample as well (p = 0.004, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS: The demonstration that genetic polymorphisms for the OXTR are associated with human prosocial decision making converges with a large body of animal research showing that oxytocin is an important social hormone across vertebrates including Homo sapiens. Individual differences in prosocial behavior have been shown by twin studies to have a substantial genetic basis and the current investigation demonstrates that common variants in the oxytocin receptor gene, an important element of mammalian social circuitry, underlie such individual differences.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Common variants in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) were associated with prosocial fund allocations in both the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations task, with rs1042778 showing the most robust signal. The rs1042778 association with Dictator Game giving was replicated in an independent sample of 98 female subjects.

Key findings

In the first family-based sample (101 male and 102 female students), 8 of 15 analyzed OXTR htSNPs showed nominal association with one or both games; 6 of 8 were consistent across Dictator Game and SVO. The most significant SNP was rs1042778 for both Dictator Game (p = 0.001, corrected p = 0.016) and SVO (p = 0.002, corrected p = 0.031).
Three SNPs—rs1042778, rs2268490, and rs237887—were significant for both games. Haplotype analysis found significant associations for 2–5 locus haplotypes after permutation testing (p < 0.05); the 4-locus block rs9840864-rs237888-rs2268490-rs237887 was significant for Dictator Game (FBAT-GEE = 0.005), SVO (FBAT-GEE = 0.028), and jointly (p = 0.038).
Dictator Game and SVO allocations were correlated (Pearson Chi-Square = 28.18, DF = 1, p < 0.0001): 64.7% of SVO prosocial participants were high Dictator Game allocators versus 26.5% of proself participants.
In the second sample of 98 female subjects, rs1042778 was significant for high/low Dictator Game giving (p = 0.004, Fisher’s exact test); mean giving trended higher for GG+GT genotypes (25 shekels) than TT genotypes (18.3 shekels; F1,96 p = 0.07, effect size approximately 0.5 SD).

Methods

Candidate-gene family-based association study. First sample: 101 male and 102 female students, average age 26.00 (SD = 3.73), with parents genotyped for family-based analysis; second sample: 98 mothers, average age 34.47 (SD = 4.76), who played only the Dictator Game.
Sixteen tagging SNPs across OXTR were selected; rs2139184 was excluded for very low heterozygosity, leaving 15 htSNPs analyzed. Dictator Game allocations were dichotomized as low (<25 NIS) versus high (≥25 NIS); SVO responses were categorized as prosocial, proself, or undefined.
Main analyses used PBAT dominant model, UNPHASED haplotype analysis with 1000 permutations, and FBAT-GEE multivariate statistics; the second sample used Fisher’s exact test.

Limitations

The paper states that complex traits such as human altruism are shaped by environment and multiple genes and pose challenges from gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, genetic heterogeneity, low penetrance, and limited statistical power. It also notes that the second sample played only the Dictator Game because time constraints precluded the SVO, and that the pharmacological oxytocin study by Zak et al. did not find a Dictator Game effect, suggesting a future pharmacogenetic approach.
Evident from the text: the replication sample was all female mothers and tested only three SNPs, so replication is limited to Dictator Game giving and rs1042778 rather than the full OXTR region or SVO. The first sample also showed some sex-specific nominal associations, and many SNP results were nominal before correction.

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Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0005535

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 36 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the same dominant model of inheritance as in the first sample, a significant association was observed with the G allele of the rs1042778 SNP and high/low giving in the (p = 0.004, Fisher's exact test).”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Results > Second Sample
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 98
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The authors state this as an assumption: The PBAT association analysis assumes a dominant mode of inheritance.

Show all 14 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 21
Probably not a substantial claim. 38

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A family-based analysis for the three SNPs showed significant association with prosocial value orientations (PBAT dominant model: rs1042778 p = 0.001, rs2268490 p = 0.011, and rs237887 p = 0.005).”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Results > Association between OXTR htSNPs and fund allocation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The PBAT association analysis assumes a dominant mode of inheritance.
In the paper
“Of particular interest is rs1042778, which is significant both in our prior autism study[25], the 1st sample for both Dictator and SVO and in the second independently recruited DG sample.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] E Lerer, 2008, Association between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and autism: relationship to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and cognition., Mol Psychiatry source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study by Zak et al.,[31] had subjects indicate transfer amounts for both the DG and the Ultimatum game (where the recipient has the opportunity to refuse the allocation, in which case both players receive zero) after undergoing intranasal administration of OT. Oxytocin significantly increased transfer amounts in the Ultimatum game as compared to placebo, whereas no effect in the DG was ob”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] PJ Zak, 2007, Oxytocin increases generosity in humans., PLoS ONE source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to their roles in enhancing social behaviors, the AVPR1a and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genes have been shown by us [25], [26] and others [27]–[30] to contribute to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a behavioral disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and bonding.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] E Lerer, 2008, Association between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and autism: relationship to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and cognition., Mol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [26] N Yirmiya, 2006, Association between the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) gene and autism in a family-based study: mediation by socialization skills., Mol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [27]–[30]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Since haplotypes are often more informative than individual SNPs [36], haplotype analysis was carried out.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Results > Haplotype analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] DC Crawford, 2005, Definition And Clinical Importance Of Haplotypes., Annu Rev Med source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Our selection of all tagging SNPs listed for OXTR in HapMap represents an optimal strategy for detecting association across this gene region [35].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] BV Halldorsson, 2004, Optimal selection of SNP markers for disease association studies., Hum Hered source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An important contribution of neuroeconomics is the demonstration that the classical economic assumption of self-interest cannot explain the richness of human social behavior [1].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] G Loewenstein, 2007, Neuroeconomics., Annu Rev Psychol
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, intranasal application of OT has been shown to increase trusting behavior in humans [20], [21], identification of others' affective states [22] and amygdala responses to emotional faces [23].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] T Baumgartner, 2008, Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans., Neuron source
- Not checked yetcites [21] M Kosfeld, 2005, Oxytocin increases trust in humans., Nature source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our first studies of the role of the AVPR1a gene in social cognition exemplified by a simple laboratory paradigm converges with a wide range of both animal and human experimentation showing that arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the closely related oxytocin (OT) are key neuropeptides that facilitate social communication, affiliative behaviors and social cognition across mammals [6], [7] .”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] AJ Bartz, 2006, The neuroscience of affiliation: Forging links between basic and clinical research on neuropeptides and social behavior., Horm Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [7] LJ Young, 2004, The neurobiology of pair bonding., Nat Neurosci source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Fund allocation in the Dictator Game is considered a real-life test of altruism since it involves a ‘put your money where your mouth is’ decision where giving to another is both costly and not subject to strategic considerations of reciprocity; this is particularly the case when “Dictator” and “Recipient” identities are made anonymous [4].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] CC Eckel, 1996, Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games., Games and Economic Behavior source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Genetic association studies for complex phenotypes such as social behavior can be highly sensitive to measurement construct. For example, a meta-analysis reviewing association for a serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety related traits demonstrated how choice of measurement scale may be a critical factor in moderating phenotypic contours[32].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] JA Schinka, 2004, A meta-analysis of the association between the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and trait anxiety., Mol Psychiatry source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Previously we have shown that allocation of funds in the Dictator Game (DG), a paradigm that illustrates costly altruistic behavior, is partially determined by promoter-region repeat region variants in the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor gene (AVPR1a).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
  “In a seminal study [3] we have shown that the powerful techniques of molecular genetics can also be employed to further clarify the mechanisms by which the social brain formulates economic decisions. We demonstrated that allocation of funds in the Dictator Game (DG) were in part determined by length of the arginine vasopressin 1a (AVPR1a) RS3 promoter region repeat region.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] A Knafo, 2007, Individual differences in allocation of funds in the dictator game associated with length of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor RS3 promoter region and correlation between RS3 length and hippocampal mRNA., Genes Brain Behav
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The FBAT statistic has an additional advantage in that it is robust against population admixture and stratification [67].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > PBAT (Helix Tree)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] D Rabinowitz, 2000, A unified approach to adjusting association tests for population admixture with arbitrary pedigree structure and arbitrary missing marker information., Hum Hered source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The data analysis can be adjusted for covariates and gene/environment interactions.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > PBAT (Helix Tree)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] KV Steen, 2005, PBAT: A comprehensive software package for genome-wide association analysis of complex family-based studies., Hum Genomics source
- Not checked yetcites [66] C Lange, 2004, PBAT: tools for family-based association studies., Am J Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PBAT can handle nuclear families with missing parental genotypes, extended pedigrees with missing genotypic information, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), haplotype analysis, quantitative traits, multivariate/longitudinal data and time to onset phenotypes.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > PBAT (Helix Tree)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] KV Steen, 2005, PBAT: A comprehensive software package for genome-wide association analysis of complex family-based studies., Hum Genomics source
- Not checked yetcites [66] C Lange, 2004, PBAT: tools for family-based association studies., Am J Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This methodology extends readily to scenarios in which the parental genotypes are not known, using the approach of Rabinowitz and Laird [67].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > PBAT (Helix Tree)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] D Rabinowitz, 2000, A unified approach to adjusting association tests for population admixture with arbitrary pedigree structure and arbitrary missing marker information., Hum Hered source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The various tests we used are implemented in the program UNPHASED (http://www.rfcgr.mrc.ac.uk/~fdudbrid/software/unphased/) [63], a suite of programs for association analysis of multilocus haplotypes from unphased genotype data.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > UNPHASED [63], [64]
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] F Dudbridge, 2003, Pedigree disequilibrium tests for multilocus haplotypes., Genet Epidemiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The PBAT software package provides a unique set of tools for complex family-based association analysis at a genome-wide level [65], [66].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > PBAT (Helix Tree)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] KV Steen, 2005, PBAT: A comprehensive software package for genome-wide association analysis of complex family-based studies., Hum Genomics source
- Not checked yetcites [66] C Lange, 2004, PBAT: tools for family-based association studies., Am J Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although twin studies underscore the importance of the genetic contribution to prosocial behavior [58], [59], untangling the contribution of specific polymorphisms to this and other complex traits is difficult.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] A Knafo, 2006, Parental discipline and affection and children's prosocial behavior: genetic and environmental links., J Pers Soc Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [59] A Knafo, 2006, Prosocial behavior from early to middle childhood: genetic and environmental influences on stability and change., Dev Psychol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Suggestion of a functional character of SNPs located in the 3rd intron is based on the finding of a specific motif of about 10–15 nucleotides close to the middle of the 3rd intron that specifically binds nuclear proteins correlating with the down-regulated state of the gene [56].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Y Mizumoto, 1997, A genomic element within the third intron of the human oxytocin receptor gene may be involved in transcriptional suppression., Mol Cell Endocrinol source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Haplotype-based features include sliding windows and the reconstruction of the haplotypes of the probands.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > PBAT (Helix Tree)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] KV Steen, 2005, PBAT: A comprehensive software package for genome-wide association analysis of complex family-based studies., Hum Genomics source
- Not checked yetcites [66] C Lange, 2004, PBAT: tools for family-based association studies., Am J Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To limit the conundrum of multiple testing, we used a more stringent criteria for SNP selection in the second sample[39]. Subjects were genotyped solely for the three SNPs found to be significant in both the SVO and Dictator in the first sample (rs2268490, rs237887 and rs1042778).”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Results > Second Sample
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] A Herbert, 2006, A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity., Science source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 98
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Complex traits including human altruism are molded by both environment and multiple genes and such phenotypes pose special challenges for genetic analysis due to gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, genetic heterogeneity, low penetrance, and limited statistical power [60].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] AM Glazier, 2002, Finding genes that underlie complex traits., Science source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, to this intronic regulation site, a number of 5′ upstream regulatory sites have been identified for the OXTR promoter region [57].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] AM Blanks, 2007, Regulation of oxytocin receptors and oxytocin receptor signaling., Semin Reprod Med source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A measure developed by Van Lange and colleagues (23) to measure social value orientations by using a series of decomposed games, involving choices among combinations of outcomes for oneself and for another person, was adapted in this study.”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > Social Value Orientations Task
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] G Domes, 2007, Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence., Biol Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) often contain several regulatory elements that govern the spatial and temporal expression of an mRNA. [55]”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] S Kuersten, 2003, The power of the 3′ UTR: translational control and development., Nat Rev Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Most association studies rely on the use of surrogate markers, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) being the most suitable due to their abundance and ease of scoring (see discussion in [35].”
§ The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task > Materials and Methods > Genotyping
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] BV Halldorsson, 2004, Optimal selection of SNP markers for disease association studies., Hum Hered source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

48 of 48

The authors state this as an assumption.
The PBAT association analysis assumes a dominant mode of inheritance.
“results are given using PBAT's dominant model, which assumes a dominant mode of inheritance.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Under the null hypothesis, offspring genotypes follow Mendelian segregation.
“which are assumed to follow Mendelian segregation under the null hypothesis.”

2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Student sample sex counts are reversed
Minor
The abstract reports 101 male and 102 female students, while the Subjects section reports 102 men and 101 women for the same sample.
Primer table gives a different SNP identifier
Minor
The association results identify rs2268490 as one of the significant SNPs, but the corresponding identifier in the genotyping-primer table is rs2264890.
Table 1 supports seven, not eight, nominally significant SNPs
Minor
At p<0.05, Table 1 shows nominal significance for seven SNPs. The apparent eighth, rs13316193, has p = 0.0508, which is above that threshold.

3 of 3

Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,781 · cited 1×
“[37] has proposed a natural extension of the FBAT statistics which are based on the general likelihood-score test approach [38] to multivariate phenotypes based on GEE scores.”
Method
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03701 · Cited by 3,690 · cited 1×
“Intriguingly, intranasal application of OT has been shown to increase trusting behavior in humans [20,21], identification of others’ affective states [22] and amygdala responses to emotional faces [23].”
Background
Dialysis Dose and Intradialytic Hypotension: Results from the HEMO Study
Causland, F. R. M., Brunelli, S. M., & Waikar, S. S. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000355958 · Cited by 2,705
“Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies
Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., McElreath, R., Alvard, M., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., et al. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000142 · Cited by 1,898 · cited 1×
“Moreover, allocations in the DG underscore the universal nature of human altruism since the canonical model - based on selfinterest – has been shown to fail in all societies studied [5].”
Background
Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans
Kirsch, P., Esslinger, C., Chen, Q., Mier, D., Lis, S., Siddhanti, S., Gruppe, H., Mattay, V. S., Gallhofer, B., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3984-05.2005 · Cited by 1,639
The neurobiology of pair bonding.
Young, L. J., & Wang, Z. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1327 · Cited by 1,523 · cited 1×
“Our first studies of the role of the AVPR1a gene in social cognition exemplified by a simple laboratory paradigm converges with a wide range of both animal and human experimentation showing that arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the closely related oxytocin (OT) are key neuropeptides that facilitate social communication,…”
Result
The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love
Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003 · Cited by 1,497
Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love
Sue Carter, C. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00055-9 · Cited by 1,425 · cited 1×
“OT and AVP have overlapping functions in part mediated by mutual actions on their respective receptors [11–15], possibly based on receptor affinities [16].”
Background
Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015 · Cited by 1,298 · cited 1×
“Intriguingly, intranasal application of OT has been shown to increase trusting behavior in humans [20,21], identification of others’ affective states [22] and amygdala responses to emotional faces [23].”
Background
Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,258 · cited 1×
“Intriguingly, intranasal application of OT has been shown to increase trusting behavior in humans [20,21], identification of others’ affective states [22] and amygdala responses to emotional faces [23].”
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Relationship between oxytocin receptor genotype and recognition of facial emotion.
Melchers, M., Montag, C., Markett, S. A., & Reuter, M. (2013) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0033748 · Cited by 42
“Based on evidence from animal studies and research in humans demonstrating that the administration of oxytocin or genetic variations on the OXTR gene infiuence prosocial behavior (e.g.. Domes et al., 2007; Israel et al., 2009; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Lim & Young, 2006), we hypothesized that the functional rs2268498 SNP…”
Background
Associations between oxytocin receptor genotypes and social cognitive performance in individuals with schizophrenia
Davis, M. C., Horan, W. P., Nurmi, E. L., Rizzo, S., Li, W. W., Sugar, C. A., & Green, M. F. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.006 · Cited by 41
Oxytocin tempers calculated greed but not impulsive defense in predator–prey contests
Dreu, C. K. W. D., Scholte, H. S., van Winden, F. A. A. M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu109 · Cited by 40
“In humans, genetic polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene associates with generosity in humans (Israel et al., 2009; Roderigues et al., 2009), and intranasal administration of oxytocin appears to facilitate empathic responding and cooperation (Kirsch et al.”
Background
Genetic and environmental influences on prosocial behavior.
Knafo‐Noam, A., & Israel, S. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12061-008 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Genetic Susceptibility for Individual Cooperation Preferences: The Role of Monoamine Oxidase A Gene (MAOA) in the Voluntary Provision of Public Goods
Mertins, V., Schote, A. B., Hoffeld, W., Grießmair, M., & Meyer, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020959 · Cited by 43
Associations between oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms and self-reported aggressive behavior and anger: Interactions with alcohol consumption
Johansson, A., Westberg, L., Sandnabba, K. N., Jern, P., Salo, B., & Santtila, P. O. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.009 · Cited by 37
Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with differences in moral judgment
Bernhard, R. M., Chaponis, J., Siburian, R., Gallagher, P., Ransohoff, K. J., Wikler, D. I., Perlis, R. H., & Greene, J. D. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw103 · Cited by 41
“Further, OXTR variation has been linked to pro-social behavior in the dictator game (Israel et al., 2009), though a more recent study with a larger sample did not replicate this effect (Apicella et al.”
Result
Emotional Dysfunction in Psychopathology and Neuropathology
Sturm, V. E., Haase, C. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800105-9.00022-6 · Cited by 52
“…cues (Kogan et al., 2011), seeking support under distress (Kim et al., 2010), loneliness (Lucht et al., 2009), altruistic behavior in economic tasks (Israel et al., 2009), and real-world prosocial behavior under threat (eg, volunteer work, charitable activities) (Poulin, Holman, & Buffone, 2012).”
Background
The Value in Science-Art Partnerships for Science Education and Science Communication
Zaelzer, C. A. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0238-20.2020 · Cited by 45
“In humans, genetic polymorphisms for the OXTR are associated with human prosocial decision making (Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
The genetics of morality and prosociality
Israel, S., Hasenfratz, L., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.027 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Oxytocin receptor gene variations and socio-emotional effects of MDMA: A pooled analysis of controlled studies in healthy subjects
Vizeli, P., & Liechti, M. E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199384 · Cited by 37
Empathy, Theory of Mind, and Prosocial Behaviors in Autistic Children
Wang, X., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Pan, N., Lin, L., Chen, Q., Chen, J., Liu, S., Dai, M., Gong, J., Li, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844578 · Cited by 39
“This kind of prosocial behaviors is crucial for humans to establish cooperation (55, 56).”
Background
The arginine vasopressin V 1b receptor gene and prosociality: Mediation role of emotional empathy
Wu, N., Shang, S., & Su, Y. (2015) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.102 · Cited by 36
An evolutionary perspective on the behavioral consequences of exogenous oxytocin application
Ebitz, R. B., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00225 · Cited by 35
“In this model, OT regulates the way information about the social environment accesses the neural circuitry responsible for social behavior, thereby shaping it in sometimes counter intuitive but adaptive ways.”
Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) DNA methylation is associated with autism and related social traits – A systematic review
Moerkerke, M., Bonte, M.-L., Daniëls, N., Chubar, V., Alaerts, K., Steyaert, J. G., & Boets, B. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101785 · Cited by 36
Variation in oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms is associated with emotional and behavioral reactions to betrayal
Tabak, B. A., McCullough, M. E., Carver, C. S., Pedersen, E. J., & Cuccaro, M. L. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst042 · Cited by 38
The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism in cats (Felis catus) is associated with “Roughness” assessed by owners
Arahori, M., Hori, Y., Saito, A., Chijiiwa, H., Takagi, S., Ito, Y., Watanabe, A., Inoue‐Murayama, M., & Fujita, K. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.039 · Cited by 31
Are retinoids potential therapeutic agents in disorders of social cognition including autism?
Ebstein, R. P., Mankuta, D., Yirmiya, N., & Malavasi, F. (2011) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.004 · Cited by 32
“Additionally, SNPs associated with ASD are also associated with amygdala volume [29], depression/anxiety [29], negative emotionality [30], attention deficit [31], adult attachment styles [32,33] (but see[34]), affectivity, emotional loneliness and IQ [35], empathy and stress reactivity [36], observed parenting [37], w…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins (LIST)—An Integrative View of Social Development
Avinun, R., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.73 · Cited by 30
“…be the first to associate preschoolers’ altruistic behavior with a variant of the RS3 polymorphism in AVPR1A (Avinun et al., 2011), which was previously associated with autism (Kim et al., 2002), and to associate altruism in adults with variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (Israel et al., 2009).”
The interaction engine: cuteness selection and the evolution of the interactional base for language
Levinson, S. C. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0108 · Cited by 35
“Its role in human and animal bonding has been much studied: it reduces fear, enhances trust and promotes prosociality [77].”
Background
Variation in the Oxytocin Receptor Gene Is Associated With Social Cognition and ADHD
Kalyoncu, T., Özbaran, B., Köse, S., & Önay, H. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717706757 · Cited by 31
Common variant in OXTR predicts growth in positive emotions from loving-kindness training
Isgett, S. F., Algoe, S. B., Boulton, A. J., Way, B. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.010 · Cited by 41
Gene–environment interaction between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and parenting behaviour on children’s theory of mind
Wade, M., Hoffmann, T. J., & Jenkins, J. M. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv064 · Cited by 30
“, 2010), altruism (Israel et al., 2009) and empathic responding (Rodrigues et al.”
Background
Divergent effects of oxytocin on eye contact in bonobos and chimpanzees
Brooks, J., Kano, F., Sato, Y., Yeow, H., Morimura, N., Nagasawa, M., Kikusui, T., & Yamamoto, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105119 · Cited by 27
Signatures of positive selection in the cis-regulatory sequences of the human oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1A) genes
Schaschl, H., Huber, S., Schæfer, K., Windhager, S., Wallner, B., & Fieder, M. (2015) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0372-7 · Cited by 28
“[32] demonstrated that the SNPs rs1042778, rs2268490, and rs237887 on OXTR intron 3 are associated with performance in the dictator game and the social value task.”
Influential
Evidence for Association Between OXTR Gene and ASD Clinical Phenotypes
Ribeiro, L. D. O. P., Vargas‐Pinilla, P., Kappel, D. B., Longo, D., Ranzan, J., Becker, M. M., Riesgo, R. D. S., Schüler‐Faccini, L., Roman, T., & Schuch, J. B. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1088-0 · Cited by 26
Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment
Aydogan, G., Furtner, N. C., Kern, B., Jobst, A., Müller, N., & Kocher, M. G. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx101 · Cited by 25
“Several studies have found that the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates various behaviors associated with pro-social behavior (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Israel et al., 2009; Mikolajczak et al., 2010; Israel et al., 2012), including conflict resolution (Ditzen et al., 2009), in-group conformity (Stallen et…”
Nature, nurture and socioeconomic policy—What can we learn from molecular genetics?
Lundborg, P., & Stenberg, A. (2010) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2010.08.002 · Cited by 29
Positive affect: phenotypic and etiologic associations with prosocial behaviors and internalizing problems in toddlers
Wang, M., & Saudino, K. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00416 · Cited by 25
Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Social Neuropeptides
Stein, D. J. (2009) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900023841 · Cited by 24
A field study of the association between CD38 gene and altruistic behavior: Empathic response as a mediator
Liu, J., Gong, P., Li, H., & Zhou, X. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.010 · Cited by 25
OXTRpolymorphism predicts social relationships through its effects on social temperament
Creswell, K. G., Wright, A. G. C., Troxel, W., Ferrell, R. E., Flory, J. D., & Manuck, S. B. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu132 · Cited by 25
Hypnotic ingroup–outgroup suggestion influences economic decision-making in an Ultimatum Game
Brüne, M., Taş, C., Wischniewski, J., Welpinghus, A., Heinisch, C., & Newen, A. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.009 · Cited by 23
Candidate gene studies and the quest for the entrepreneurial gene
van der Loos, M. J. H. M., Koellinger, P., Groenen, P. J. F., Rietveld, C. A., Rivadeneira, F., van Rooij, F. J. A., Uitterlinden, A. G., Albert Hofman, D., & Thurik, R. (2011) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9339-2 · Cited by 23
“For instance, Israel et al. (2009) report an association between a variant of the OXTR gene and the dictator game.”
Background
Navigating the complex path between the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and cooperation: an endophenotype approach
Haas, B. W., Anderson, I. W., & Smith, J. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00801 · Cited by 23
“…Brian W. Haas, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, 30602 GA, USA e-mail: bhaas@uga.edu Although cooperation represents a core facet of human social behavior there exists considerable variability across people in terms of the tendency to cooperate.”
Background
Effect of holding office on the behavior of politicians
Enemark, D. P., Gibson, C. C., McCubbins, M. D., & Seim, B. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1511501113 · Cited by 23
The Distress-Relief Dynamic in Attachment Bonding
Beckes, L., & Coan, J. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9622-9_2 · Cited by 26
“Similarly, indicators of trust, such as generosity in economic games, have been linked to experimentally administered oxytocin (e.g., Kosfeld et al. 2005; Zak et al. 2007), plasma oxytocin levels (Zak et al. 2005), and polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene (Israel et al. 2009).”
Background
Virtue Theory for Moral Enhancement
Fabiano, J. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896598 · Cited by 22
An affective social tie mechanism: Theory, evidence, and implications
Bault, N., Fahrenfort, J. J., Pelloux, B., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van Winden, F. A. A. M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2017.04.004 · Cited by 22
Moral Cognition and Moral Emotions
Báez, S., García, A. M., & Santamaría‐García, H. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68421-5_8 · Cited by 23
How Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Act on Prosociality: The Mediation Role of Moral Evaluation
Shang, S., Wu, N., & Su, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00396 · Cited by 22
“For instance, some previous studies have found associations between certain OXTR SNPs and prosocial behaviors (Israel et al., 2009), prosocial tendency (Christ et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
An interaction between early threat exposure and the oxytocin receptor in females: Disorder-specific versus general risk for psychopathology and social–emotional mediators
Byrd, A. L., Tung, I., Manuck, S. D., Vine, V., Horner, M. S., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000462 · Cited by 22
“…S0954579420000462 research suggesting that early threat exposure affects the oxytocin system in a sex-dependent way (Cicchetti et al., 2014; Israel et al., 2009; Seltzer, Ziegler, Connolly, Prososki, & Pollak, 2014), we examined these questions in a large, at-risk sample of females…”
Weak effects of common genetic variation in oxytocin and vasopressin receptor genes on rhesus macaque social behavior
Madlon‐Kay, S., Montague, M. J., Brent, L. J. N., Ellis, S., Zhong, B. L., Snyder‐Mackler, N., Horvath, J. E., Skene, J. H. P., & Platt, M. L. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22873 · Cited by 21
“, 2009) and prosociality in economic games (Israel et al., 2009) to emotion perception and stress reactivity”
Endogenous Oxytocin Release Eliminates In-Group Bias in Monetary Transfers With Perspective-Taking
Terris, E. T., Beavin, L. E., Barraza, J. A., Schloss, J., & Zak, P. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00035 · Cited by 19
“Studies that examine endogenous OT release have only reported prosocial effects in psychologically healthy populations (Zak et al., 2005; Gonzaga et al., 2006; Morhenn et al., 2008; Barraza and Zak, 2009; Israel et al., 2009; Hurlemann et al., 2010; Crockford et al., 2014).”
Background
Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms moderate the relationship between job stress and general trust in Chinese Han university teachers
Fang, Y., Li, Z., Wu, S., Wang, C., Dong, Y. H., & He, S. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.080 · Cited by 20
Thinking and doing: the effects of dopamine and oxytocin genes and executive function on mothering behaviours
Cost, K. T., Unternäehrer, E., Plamondon, A., Steiner, M. S., Meaney, M. J., Atkinson, L. R., Kennedy, J. L., & Fleming, A. S. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12337 · Cited by 19
“Although rs2254298 was not associated with generosity, trustworthiness or trusting behaviours in a dictator game (Apicella et al. 2010), an earlier study found a marginal association with A-carrier males and increased generosity (Israel et al. 2009).”
Background
Oxytocin instantiates empathy and produces prosocial behaviors
Barraza, J. A., & Zak, P. J. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139017855.022 · Cited by 18
Sex-Hormone Genes and Gender Difference in Ultimatum Game: Experimental Evidence from China and Israel
Chew, S. H., Ebstein, R. P., & Zhong, S. (2011) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.008 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Genetic and Individual Influences on Predictors of Disclosure: Exploring Variation in the Oxytocin Receptor Gene and Attachment Security
Denes, A. (2015) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.993544 · Cited by 19
“These genotypic variations have also been shown to be important predictors of individual differences when investigating pro-social behaviors in decision-making tasks (Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
Dopamine and risk choices in different domains: Findings among serious tournament bridge players
Dreber, A., Rand, D. G., Wernerfelt, N., Garcia, J. R., Vilar, M. G., Lum, J. K., & Zeckhauser, R. (2011) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/s11166-011-9119-z · Cited by 18
“…and molecular genetics studies have been used to address behaviors such as altruism in the dictator game (Knafo et al. 2007; Cesarini et al. 2009a; Israel et al. 2009), rejection behavior in the ultimatum game (Wallace et al. 2007), trust behavior in the trust game (Cesarini et al. 2008), risk…”
Conducive Social Roles and Demographics Influencing Volunteering
Smith, D. H., & Wang, L. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_29 · Cited by 16
Oxytocin system social function impacts in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Ayaz, A. B., Karkucak, M., Ayaz, M., Gökçe, S., Kayan, E., Güler, E. E., Güngen, B. D., Kuşçu, T. D., Ocakoğlu, G., & Yakut, T. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32343 · Cited by 21
“The contradictory results from previous studies [Wu et al., 2005; Jacob et al., 2007; Israel et al., 2009] and in this study are noteworthy and can be explained by ethnical differences.”
Result
Association of Genetic Variation in the Promoter Region of OXTR with Differences in Social Affective Neural Processing
O’Connell, G., Whalley, H. C., Mukherjee, P., Stanfield, A. C., Montag, C., Hall, J., & Reuter, M. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2012.21007 · Cited by 17
“Persons diagnosed with ASC often exhibit gross impairments in social functioning [43].”
Background
Emotion recognition associated with polymorphism in oxytocinergic pathway gene ARNT2
Hovey, D., Henningsson, S., Cortes, D. S., Bänziger, T., Zettergren, A., Melke, J., Fischer, H., Laukka, P., & Westberg, L. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx141 · Cited by 17
The Pan social brain: An evolutionary history of neurochemical receptor genes and their potential impact on sociocognitive differences
Staes, N., Guevara, E. E., Helsen, P., Eens, M., & Stevens, J. M. G. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102949 · Cited by 16
Right Posterior Insula and Putamen Volume Mediate the Effect of Oxytocin Receptor Polygenic Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders on Reward Dependence in Healthy Adults
Wang, J., Zhang, P., Li, W., Qin, W., Liu, F., Xu, J., Xu, Q., Zhu, D., Ye, Z., & Yu, C. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa198 · Cited by 14
Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism and self-punishment after an unintentional transgression
Ohtsubo, Y., Matsunaga, M., Komiya, A., Tanaka, H., Mifune, N., & Yagi, A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.033 · Cited by 15
“Recent research on human genetics has suggested that our genetic traits, such as genetic variations in the oxytocinergic system, are closely related to human sociality and prosocial behaviors (Israel et al., 2009; Poulin & Holman, 2013).”
Physiological and health-related correlates of the narcissistic personality
Konrath, S., & Bonadonna, J. P. (2014) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · Cited by 14
Clock Gene Modulates Roles of OXTR and AVPR1b Genes in Prosociality
Ci, H., Wu, N., & Su, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109086 · Cited by 14
“, when someone is asked to perform a prosocial behavior), which is in agreement with previous studies, indicating that the GG genotype is associated with high prosociality [15,25].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Codependency and Pathological Altruism
McGrath, M., & Oakley, B. A. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738571.003.0045 · Cited by 13
Oxytocin receptor gene variants are associated with emotion recognition and resilience, but not with false‐belief reasoning performance in healthy young Korean volunteers
Kim, H. W., Kang, J. I., An, S. K., & Kim, S. J. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13075 · Cited by 13
Socioemotional Information Processing in Human Infants: From Genes to Subjective Construals
Johnson, S. C., & Chen, F. S. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910387945 · Cited by 14
“Israel et al. (Israel et al., 2009) found OXTR polymorphism associations with prosocial behavior and trust in a social decision-making game.”
Background
Toward a Radically Embodied Neuroscience of Attachment and Relationships?Preprint
Beckes, L., IJzerman, H., & Mattie Tops, A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2429522 · Cited by 13
Dopamine and Risk Preferences in Different DomainsPreprint
Dreber, A., Rand, D. G., Garcia, J. R., Wernerfelt, N., Lum, J. K., & Zeckhauser, R. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 15
Physiological Correlates of Volunteering
Bekkers, R., Konrath, S., & Smith, D. H. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_26 · Cited by 12
“…rs2254298, and rs2228485: Lucht et al. 2013; Rodrigues et al. 2009; Wu and Su 2013) However, their effects on generosity within economic games (e.g. Dictator Game, Trust Game) are either limited (e.g. to three out of 15 possible OXTR SNPs: Israel et al. 2009) or non-existent (Apicella et al. 2010).”
Background
A SNP , Gene, and Polygenic Risk Score Approach of Oxytocin‐Vasopressin Genes in Adolescents’ Loneliness
Verhagen, M., Verweij, K. J. H., Lodder, G. M. A., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., Leeuwen, K. G. V., Noortgate, W. V. D., Claes, S. J., Bijttebier, P., Assche, E. V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12480 · Cited by 12
“…Scholte, et al., 2013) and associated traits that could well be involved in the etiology or maintenance of loneliness (Feldman et al., 2016; Haram et al., 2015; Israel et al., 2009; Rodrigues, Saslow, Garcia, John, & Keltner, 2009), we consider this a trend finding worthy of further investigation.”
Background
Youth temperament, harsh parenting, and variation in the oxytocin receptor gene forecast allostatic load during emerging adulthood
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Barton, A. W., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941600047x · Cited by 13
“, 2009), diminished prosocial behavior (Israel et al., 2009), attachment insecurity”
Background
Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) variant rs1042778 moderates the influence of family environment on changes in perceived social support over time
Dobewall, H., Hakulinen, C. A., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Seppälä, I., Lehtimäki, T. J., Raitakari, O. T., & Hintsanen, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.008 · Cited by 12
“The third SNP, rs1042778 (G to T), is an early-discovered candidate gene (Israel et al., 2009), which has repeatedly been mentioned in literature on OXTR-social behavior linkages.”
Background
Social Inclusion Enhances Biological Motion Processing: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study
Bolling, D. Z., Pelphrey, K. A., & Kaiser, M. D. (2012) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-012-0253-y · Cited by 15
“For example, administration of oxytocin, an endogenous neuropeptide associated with a variety of prosocial behaviors (Guastella et al. 2008a, b; Israel et al. 2009; Zak et al. 2005; for review see Heinrichs et al. 2009), has been shown to facilitate both perception (Keri and Benedek 2009) and…”
Background
Gaze-Following and Reaction to an Aversive Social Interaction Have Corresponding Associations with Variation in the OXTR Gene in Dogs but Not in Human Infants
Oláh, K., Topál, J., Kovács, K., Kis, A., Koller, D., Park, S. Y., & Virányi, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02156 · Cited by 13
“A third SNP, rs1042778 (in exon 4 3′ UTR) has also been linked to the regulation of social interactions, in particular by modulating prosocial behavior (Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
Physical activity associates empathy in Japanese young adults with specific gene variations of oxytocin receptor and vasopressin V1B receptor
Shima, T., Jesmin, S., Onishi, H., Yoshikawa, T., & Saitoh, R. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113930 · Cited by 12
The influences of social value orientation on prosocial behaviors: The evidences from behavioral and neuroimaging studies
Qi, Y., Wu, H., & Liu, X. (2017) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972016-00631 · Cited by 10
Neurobiological Correlates of Fatherhood During the Postpartum Period: A Scoping Review
Sobral, M., Pacheco, F., Perry, B., Antunes, J., Martins, S., Guiomar, R. N. R. M., Soares, I., Sampaio, A., Mesquita, A. R., & Ganho-Ávila, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.745767 · Cited by 11
Genetic Correlates of Economic and Social Risk TakingPreprint
Dreber, A., Rand, D. G., Wernerfelt, N., Montgomery, C., & Malhotra, D. K. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2141601 · Cited by 11
Genes, cognition, and social behavior: Next steps for foundations and researchers
Lupia, A. (2011) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0730938400014052 · Cited by 10
Interactive effects of OXTR and GAD1 on envy-associated behaviors and neural responses
Tanaka, T., Nishimura, F., Kakiuchi, C., Kasai, K., Kimura, M., & Haruno, M. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210493 · Cited by 9
Neural coding of human values is underpinned by brain areas representing the core self in the cortical midline region
Leszkowicz, E., Maio, G. R., Linden, D. E. J., & Ihssen, N. (2021) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2021.1953582 · Cited by 22
“Research has found evidence for a heritable contribution to values (Schermer et al., 2011), especially among values that differ between gender (Knafo & Spinath, 2011), and individual differences in the gene encoding for oxytocin are correlated with prosocial values (Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
Association between arginine vasopressin receptor 1A ( AVPR1A ) polymorphism and inequity aversion
Tanaka, H., Nishina, K., Shou, Q., Takahashi, H., Sakagami, M., Matsuda, T., Inoue‐Murayama, M., & Takagishi, H. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0378 · Cited by 7
Education and Preferences: Experimental Evidences from Chinese Adult Twins
Chew, S. H., & Heckman, J. J. (2010) · Cited by 8
Financial markets and genetic variation
Cardella, E., Kalcheva, I., & Clancey-Shang, D. (2017) · Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money · doi:10.1016/j.intfin.2017.09.009 · Cited by 8
“It has been shown that genetics can impact both trust (Cesarini, et al., 2008; Tabellini, 2008; Guiso et al., 2009; Ashraf & Galor, 2013) and cooperative tendencies (Wallace et al., 2007; Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
A Genome-Wide Association Study of Educational AttainmentPreprint
Beauchamp, J. P., Cesarini, D. A., van der Loos, M. J. H. M., Koellinger, P., Groenen, P. J. F., Fowler, J. H., Rosenquist, J. N., Thurik, R., & Christakis, N. A. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1655023 · Cited by 8
Oxytocin and vasotocin receptor variation sheds light into the evolution of human prosocialityPreprint
Theofanopoulou, C., Andirkó, A., Boeckx, C. A., & Jarvis, E. D. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/460584 · Cited by 9
Neuroimaging genetics of oxytocin: A transcriptomics-informed systematic review
Prata, D. P., & Silva, M. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104912 · Cited by 7
“As an exonic rs1042778 and 3 ’ untranslated region (UTR) variation of the OXTR gene has been assumed to play an important role in the regulation of the transcription and translation of OXTR, including in allelic expression imbalance in the amygdala (Israel et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2010).”
Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) links to marital quality via social support behavior and perceived partner responsiveness.
Mattson, R. E., Cameron, N. M., Middleton, F. A., Starr, L. R., Davila, J., & Johnson, M. D. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000474 · Cited by 8
Variations in the oxytocin receptor gene and prosocial behavior: moderating effects of situational factors
Wu, N., & Su, Y. (2018) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12336 · Cited by 8
Rational Decision-Making Process Choosing Fairness Over Monetary Gain as Decision Criteria
Tam, D. C. (2015) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.s.2014030601.13 · Cited by 6
“The other decision criteria that were not addressed by the present studies, but were addressed by other many studies, include altruistic punishment [7-17], the motives of the offer by the proposer [7, 18], the intention of the proposer [19], the theory of mind [20, 21], empathy, and the emotional level [22-28].”
Background
Variants of the Monoamine Oxidase A gene (MAOA) predict free-riding behavior in women in a strategic public goods experiment.
Mertins, V., Schote, A. B., & Meyer, J. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0032877 · Cited by 7
“Israel et al. (2009) demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms for the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) were associated with pro-social fund allocation in the dictator game.”
Background
Genes and Human Decision-Making
Reuter, M., & Montag, C. (2016) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35923-1_4 · Cited by 6
Gene X Environment Interactions and Pillow Talk: Investigating the Associations among the OXTR Gene, Orgasm, Post Sex Communication, and Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adult Relationships
Denes, A. (2020) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2020.1807373 · Cited by 6
“The PSDM has yet to consider the role of genetic variation in influencing the pathways between orgasm, post sex communication, and relationship satisfaction, despite the known links between OXTR, self-disclosure, and decision-making processes (Denes, 2015; Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
Competitiveness, gender and handedness
Buser, T., Cappelen, A. W., Uri Gneezy, B., Hoffman, M., & Tungodden, B. (2021) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101037 · Cited by 6
Real-life helping behaviours in North America: A genome-wide association approach.
Primes, G., & Fieder, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190950 · Cited by 4
OXTR polymorphisms associated with severity and treatment responses of schizophrenia
Lv, X., Hou, Y.-S., Zhang, Z., & Yue, W. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-023-00413-5 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies indicated the associations between OXTR rs2268490 and prosocial behaviors 19 – 21 ; however, studies about the associations between this SNP and the improvement in negative symptoms apathy/avolition are lacking.”
A genetic profile of oxytocin receptor improves moral acceptability of outcome-maximizing harm in male insurance brokers
Palumbo, S., Mariotti, V., Anastasio, T., Rota, G., Lucchi, L., Manfrinati, A., Rumiati, R., Lotto, L., Sarlo, M., Pietrini, P., et al. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112681 · Cited by 5
Oxytocin system polymorphisms rs237887 and rs2740210 variants increase the risk of depression in pregnant women with early abuse
Olazábal, D. E., Bertoni, B., Grandi, G., Musetti, D., Rey, G., Sandberg, N. Y., Fernández, L., Laporte, G., Medici, F., & Nicolaisen‐Sobesky, E. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22400 · Cited by 5
The Adapting Mind in the Genomic Era
Fieder, M., & Huber, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00078 · Cited by 5
“Recently, polymorphisms in the intron of the OXTR gene were reported to be associated with various aspects of social cognition and social behavior.”
Background
信任的遗传基础：来自基因的证据
Dong, Y. H., Yu, X., & Li, Z. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.01204 · Cited by 5
Associations Between Vocal Symptoms and Genetic Variants in the Oxytocin Receptor and Arginine Vasopressin 1A Receptor Gene
Holmqvist-Jämsén, S., Johansson, A., Westberg, L., Santtila, P. O., von der Pahlen, B., & Simberg, S. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0059 · Cited by 6
The late positive potential and subjective arousal ratings evoked by negative images vary as a function of oxytocin receptor genotype SNP rs53576
Fowler, J. J., Braley, K. L., Farero, R. D., Russell, E. T., Phiel, C. J., Kisley, M. A., & Albeck, D. S. (2018) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001085 · Cited by 5
Handedness Predicts Social Preferences: Evidence Connecting the Lab to the FieldPreprint
Buser, T. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1718993 · Cited by 5
“Yet another strand of the literature has found links between individual genes and behaviour in the dictator game (Knafo et al., 2008; Israel et al., 2009).”
Background
Hormones and Social PreferencesPreprint
Buser, T. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1768867 · Cited by 5
“Yet another strand of the literature has found links between specific genes and behaviour in the dictator game (Knafo et al., 2008; Israel et al., 2009).”
Background

Authors: Israel, S., Lerer, E., Shalev, I., Uzefovsky, F., Riebold, M., Laiba, E., Bachner-Melman, R., Maril, A., Bornstein, G., Knafo, A., & Ebstein, R. P.
Affiliations: Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Corresponding author: Ebstein, Richard P.
ORCID: Israel, Salomon
Shalev, Idan
Uzefovsky, Florina
Maril, Anat
Ebstein, Richard P.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2009-05-20
Volume: 4
Issue: 5
Pages: e5535
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005535
PMC: PMC2680041
OpenAlex: W2039329578
Semantic Scholar: 275c7845659b70b3d7a9b0af2c118a646b9ec7a3
Cited by: 278
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 35.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Israel Science Foundation
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: oxytocin receptor, dictator game, prosocial behavior, altruism, genetic association, single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, individual differences, social decision-making, oxytocin
MeSH terms: Adult, Cost Allocation, Female, Games, Experimental, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Values, Software, Task Performance and Analysis, Receptors, Oxytocin, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

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The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task

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