Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper Respiratory Tract

Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.; Biesbroek, Giske; Trzcinski, Krzysztof; Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.; Bogaert, Debby

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003057

Cited by 651Microbial infections and disease researchRespiratory viral infections researchBacteriophages and microbial interactions

Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper Respiratory Tract

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Bosch, Astrid A. T. M., Biesbroek, Giske, Trzcinski, Krzysztof, Sanders, Elisabeth A. M., Bogaert, Debby·2013·PLoS Pathogens

DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003057PMC PMC3542149

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Abstract

Respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact with one another. Although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections, viruses and bacteria may be present in the nasopharynx without causing any respiratory symptoms. The upper respiratory tract hosts a vast range of commensals and potential pathogenic bacteria, which form a complex microbial community. This community is assumed to be constantly subject to synergistic and competitive interspecies interactions. Disturbances in the equilibrium, for instance due to the acquisition of new bacteria or viruses, may lead to overgrowth and invasion. A better understanding of the dynamics between commensals and pathogens in the upper respiratory tract may provide better insight into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Here we review the current knowledge regarding specific bacterial-bacterial and viral-bacterial interactions that occur in the upper respiratory niche, and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Finally, we propose a theoretical model to summarize and illustrate these mechanisms.

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The most common viral URTIs are caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus.
“The most common viral URTIs are caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus [155].”
From The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties (2024) · cites this paper as [155]
Viral URTIs are most frequently caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses, para-influenza viruses and human metapneumovirus.
“Viral URTIs are most frequently caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses, para-influenza viruses and human metapneumovirus (Bosch et al., 2013).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Bosch et al., 2013

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Authors: Bosch, A. A. T. M., Biesbroek, G., Trzcinski, K., Sanders, E. A. M., & Bogaert, D.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
Corresponding author: Bogaert, Debby
ORCID: Biesbroek, Giske
Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.
Bogaert, Debby
Venue: PLoS Pathogens
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2013-01-10
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: e1003057
ISSN: 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
1553-7374
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003057
PMC: PMC3542149
OpenAlex: W2064176746
Cited by: 651
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 19
FWCI: 6.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Pfizer
GlaxoSmithKline
ZonMw (91209010)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
Keywords: viral-bacterial interactions, upper respiratory tract, nasopharynx, commensal microbiota, respiratory pathogens, bacterial-bacterial interactions, interspecies interactions
MeSH terms: Animals, Antibiosis, Bacterial Infections, Humans, Nasopharynx, Respiratory System, Respiratory Tract Infections, Symbiosis, Virus Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions

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Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper Respiratory Tract

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