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Effects of 4 Weeks of Creatine Supplementation in Junior Swimmers on Freestyle Sprint and Swim Bench Performance
Abstract
To determine whether 4 weeks of oral creatine (Cr) supplementation could enhance single freestyle sprint and swim bench performance in experienced competitive junior swimmers, 10 young men and 10 young women (x age = 16.4 ± 1.8 years) participated in a 27-day supplementation period and pre- and posttesting sessions. In session 1 (presupple-mentation testing), subjects swam one 50-m freestyle and then (after 5 minutes of active recovery) one 100-m freestyle at maximum speed. Blood lactate was measured before and 1 minute after each swim trial. Forty-eight hours later, height, mass, and the sum of 6 skinfolds were recorded, and a Biokinetic Swim Bench total work output test (2 × 30-sec-ond trials, with a 10-minute passive recovery in between) was undertaken. After the pretests were completed, participants were divided into 2 groups (n = 10, Cr; and n = 10, placebo) by means of matched pairs on the basis of gender and 50-m swim times. A Cr loading phase of 20 g·−1 for 5 days was then instituted, followed by a maintenance phase of 5 g·−1 for 22 days. Postsupplementation testing replicated the presupplementation tests. Four weeks of Cr supplementation did not influence single sprint performance in the pool or body mass and composition. However, 30-second swim bench total work scores for trial 1 and trial 2 increased after Cr (p < 0.05) but not placebo ingestion. Postexercise blood lactate values were not different after supplementation for the 50- and 100-m sprint trials either within or between groups. It was concluded that 4 weeks of Cr supplementation did not significantly improve single sprint performance in competitive junior swimmers, but it did enhance swim bench test performance.
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“These improvements (1-3 %) are similar to those observed in other studies [ 5 , 24 ] but were obtained with a lower degree of eff ort during RT and without sprint training.”
From Effect of Movement Velocity during Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Importantly and in addition to creatine being an effective ergogenic aid in a wide variety of sports, studies have documented these outcomes (improvements in acute exercise capacity, work completed during multiple sets and training adaptations) in adolescents [470–474], younger adults [231, 424, 462, 475–483], and older individuals [484–490].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [471]
In the citing paper
“Antonio et al. [334] reported that 0.3 g/kg glutamine ingestion did not impact the number of repetitions completed with the leg press or bench press exercises.”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [334]
In the citing paper
“Alternatively, Dawson et al. [36] reported improvements in swim bench performance, but not sprint swimming performance after completion of both a loading and maintenance phase.”
From Creatine Supplementation in Children and Adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The authors did not observe any significant improvement in single sprint performance following 4 weeks of creatine supplementation (20 g/day for 5 days; followed by 5 g/day for 22 days) but did note a significant improvement in swim bench test performance.”
From Safety of Creatine Supplementation in Active Adolescents and Youth: A Brief Review (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“can therefore enhance acute exercise capacity and training adaptations in adolescents [62–66], younger adults [61, 67–77] and older individuals [5, 40, 43, 78–85]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Dawson found no difference in sprint swim speed following 27 days of creatine supplementation despite an increase in the measured work output.30”
From Creatine supplementation in the pediatric and adolescent athlete-- A literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“CrM supplementation has been reported to improve acute exercise performance particularly in intermittent high-intensity exercise bouts as well as enhance training adaptations in adolescents [78,79,80,81,82], young adults [29,55,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92], and older individuals [8,77,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101].”
From Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
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Dobgenski, V. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1
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Chun, J., Liu, Y., Kibler, G. L., Lee, H., Babakhani, K., Rhoades, N., Bivins, I., Ko, J., Dickerson, B., Gonzalez, D. E., et al. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2716273
Doping in Children and Adolescents
Rawson, E. S., & Persky, A. M. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470696255.ch21
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Soares, S. M., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas‐Boas, J. P. (2012) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.12.02.45
Bento, J. O. (2012) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.12.02.09
Mendes, R. R. (2017) · doi:10.11606/t.9.2017.tde-22082017-153649
Metadata
- Authors
- DAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 485-490
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968465155
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biochemical effects in animals
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, young swimmers, blood lactate, body composition, creatine loading
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, beta-Galactosidase, Body Composition, Creatine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Schedule, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Probability, Prospective Studies, Sampling Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Swimming, Case-Control Studies, Dietary Supplements
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