Distinct Value Signals in Anterior and Posterior Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Open accessAbstract
The core feature of an economic exchange is a decision to trade one good for another, based on a comparison of relative value. Economists have long recognized, however, that the value an individual ascribes to a good during decision making (i.e., their relative willingness to trade for that good) does not always map onto the reward they actually experience. Here, we show that experienced value and decision value are represented in distinct regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) during the passive consumption of rewards. Participants viewed two categories of rewards—images of faces that varied in their attractiveness and monetary gains and losses—while being scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. An independent market task, in which participants exchanged some of the money that they had earned for brief views of attractive faces, determined the relative decision value associated with each category. We found that activation of anterior VMPFC increased with increasing experienced value, but not decision value, for both reward categories. In contrast, activation of posterior VMPFC predicted each individual's relative decision value for face and monetary stimuli. These results indicate not only that experienced value and decision value are represented in distinct regions of VMPFC, but also that decision value signals are evident even in the absence of an overt choice task. We conclude that decisions are made by comparing neural representations of the value of different goods encoded in posterior VMPFC in a common, relative currency.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In neurotypical development, social stimuli such as faces are rewarding.
“To the extent that, in neurotypical development, social stimuli such as faces are rewarding [719]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [719]
Prior work has established that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a central role in computing the value of potential choice options, with activity in this region reflecting the dynamic evolution of a value comparison.
“Prior work has established that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a central role in computing the value of potential choice options1-5, with activity in this region reflecting the dynamic evolution of a value comparison6.”
From Confidence in value-based choice (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
The observation of social stimuli in general (e.g., smiling faces) increases activity in medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in cases where the social stimuli have a high value.
“The observation of social stimuli in general (e.g., smiling faces) increases activity in medial prefrontal cortex 33, 34 and striatum in cases where the social stimuli have a high value (e.g., participants will exert effort or pay to view an attractive face) 35–38.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
The medial-lateral gradient interacts with a posterior-anterior gradient, which represents secondary reinforcers more anteriorly in the OFC than primary reinforcers.
“This medial–lateral gradient interacts with a second hedonic gradient along the posterior–anterior axis, which represents secondary reinforcers (such as money), more anteriorly in the OFC than primary reinforcers (such as odors, food, touch, sexual pleasure, or drugs) [15,28,29].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Brainard, D. H. (1997) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856897x00357 · Cited by 19,308 · see citing works
Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL
Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E. J., Johansen-Berg, H., Bannister, P. R., De Luca, M., Drobnjak, I., Flitney, D. E., et al. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051 · Cited by 13,630 · see citing works
Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., & Smith, S. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1132 · Cited by 11,888 · see citing works
Fast robust automated brain extraction
Smith, S. M. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10062 · Cited by 10,496 · see citing works
A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images
Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(01)00036-6 · Cited by 6,806 · see citing works
Temporal Autocorrelation in Univariate Linear Modeling of FMRI Data
Woolrich, M. W., Ripley, B. D., Brady, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0931 · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
Probabilistic Independent Component Analysis for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Beckmann, C. F., & Smith, S. M. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2003.822821 · Cited by 2,707 · see citing works
A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumer's Behaviour
Samuelson, P. A. (1938) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2548836 · Cited by 2,342 · see citing works
Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens
Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W., & Hommer, D. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-j0002.2001 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making
Rangel, A., Camerer, C., & Montague, P. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2357 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex
O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/82959 · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
KRINGELBACH, M. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System
Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., & Rangel, A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1168450 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2007 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference
Woolrich, M. W., Behrens, T. E. J., Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.023 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Behavioral Theories and the Neurophysiology of Reward
Schultz, W. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070229 · Cited by 1,637 · see citing works
General multilevel linear modeling for group analysis in FMRI
Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00435-x · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A., & Shizgal, P. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00303-8 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Improving Lesion-Symptom Mapping
Rorden, C., Karnath, H., & Bonilha, L. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1081 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks
McClure, S. M., Li, J., Tomlin, D., Cypert, K. S., Montague, L. M., & Montague, P. R. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.019 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI
Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Adams, C. M., Varner, J. L., & Hommer, D. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200112040-00016 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Advances in sensitivity encoding with arbitrary k ‐space trajectories
Pruessmann, K. P., Weiger, M., Börnert, P., & Boesiger, P. (2001) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1241 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Neural Predictors of Purchases
Knutson, B., Rick, S., Wimmer, G. E., Prelec, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.010 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
Tracking the Hemodynamic Responses to Reward and Punishment in the Striatum
Delgado, M. R., Nystrom, L. E., Fissell, C., Noll, D. C., & Fiez, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.3072 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Beautiful Faces Have Variable Reward Value
Aharon, I., Etcoff, N., Ariely, D., Chabris, C. F., O'Connor, E., & Breiter, H. C. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00491-3 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward
O'Doherty, J. P., Deichmann, R., Critchley, H. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00603-7 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Neural Economics and the Biological Substrates of Valuation
Montague, P. R., & Berns, G. S. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00974-1 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value
Knutson, B., Taylor, J., Kaufman, M., Peterson, R., & Glover, G. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0642-05.2005 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Beauty in a smile: the role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness
O’Doherty, J., Winston, J., Critchley, H., Perrett, D., Burt, D. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00145-8 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Willingness to Pay in Everyday Economic Transactions
Plassmann, H., O'Doherty, J., & Rangel, A. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2131-07.2007 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Processing of Social and Monetary Rewards in the Human Striatum
Izuma, K., Saito, D. N., & Sadato, N. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.020 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Knutson, B. D., Fong, G., Bennett, S. M., Adams, C. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00057-5 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Statistical analysis of activation images
Worsley, K. J. (2001) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630711.003.0014 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Hare, T. A., O'Doherty, J., Camerer, C. F., Schultz, W., & Rangel, A. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1309-08.2008 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward prediction
Knutson, B., & Cooper, J. C. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000173463.24758.f6 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
The representation of economic value in the orbitofrontal cortex is invariant for changes of menu
Padoa‐Schioppa, C., & Assad, J. A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2020 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Brain systems for assessing facial attractiveness
Winston, J. S., O’Doherty, J. P., Kilner, J. M., Perrett, D. I., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.009 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Rolls, E. T., McCabe, C., & Redouté, J. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm097 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Reference-Dependent Value Computation
De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Holt, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4832-08.2009 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Blair, K. S., Marsh, A. A., Morton, J., Vythilingam, M., Jones, M., Mondillo, K., Pine, D. C., Drevets, W. C., & Blair, J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1640-06.2006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neural Antecedents of the Endowment Effect
Knutson, B. D., Wimmer, G. E., Rick, S. I., Hollon, N. G., Prelec, D., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.018 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Economic principles motivating social attention in humans
Hayden, B. Y., Parikh, P. C., Deaner, R. O., & Platt, M. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0368 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationTruong, T., & Song, A. W. (2007) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21473 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationLurito (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bartra, O., McGuire, J. T., & Kable, J. W. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063 · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
The root of all value: a neural common currency for choice
Levy, D. J., & Glimcher, P. W. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.06.001 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Frontal cortex and reward-guided learning and decision-making
Rushworth, M. F. S., Noonan, M. P., Boorman, E. D., Walton, M. E., & Behrens, T. E. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.014 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Sescousse, G., Caldú, X., Segura, B., & Dreher, J.-C. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Informatic parcellation of the network involved in the computation of subjective value
Clithero, J. A., & Rangel, A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst106 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review
Dixon, M. L., Thiruchselvam, R., Todd, R., & Christoff, K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000096 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making
Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3776 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Confidence in value-based choice
De Martino, B., Fleming, S. M., Garrett, N., & Dolan, R. J. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3279 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Separate Valuation Subsystems for Delay and Effort Decision Costs
Prévost, C., Pessiglione, M., Météreau, E., Cléry-Melin, M.-L., & Dreher, J.-C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2752-10.2010 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Learning, reward, and decision making
O'Doherty, J. P., Cockburn, J., & Pauli, W. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044216 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Social and monetary reward learning engage overlapping neural substrates
Lin, A., Adolphs, R., & Rangel, A. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr006 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Lim, S.-L., O'Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1246-11.2011 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
The Architecture of Reward Value Coding in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex
Sescousse, G., Redouté, J., & Dreher, J.-C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3501-10.2010 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Valuation and decision-making in frontal cortex: one or many serial or parallel systems?
Rushworth, M. F., Kolling, N., Sallet, J., & Mars, R. B. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.04.011 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Reward value comparison via mutual inhibition in ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Strait, C. E., Blanchard, T. C., & Hayden, B. Y. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.032 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationThe social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum
Bhanji, J. P., & Delgado, M. R. (2014) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1266 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications
Kohls, G., Chevallier, C., Troiani, V., & Schultz, R. T. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-10 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
ALE meta-analysis on facial judgments of trustworthiness and attractiveness
Bzdok, D., Langner, R., Caspers, S., Kurth, F., Habel, U., Zilles, K., Laird, A., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2011) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0287-4 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Re-evaluating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward and reinforcement
Noonan, M. P., Kolling, N., Walton, M. E., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08023.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Kohls, G., Perino, M. T., Taylor, J. M., Madva, E. N., Cayless, S. J., Troiani, V., Price, E., Faja, S., Herrington, J. D., & Schultz, R. T. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.020 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Neuroethology of primate social behavior
Chang, S. W. C., Brent, L. J. N., Adams, G. K., Klein, J. T., Pearson, J. M., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301213110 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuroethology of friendship
Brent, L. J. N., Chang, S. W. C., Gariépy, J., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12315 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationLiljeholm, M., Tricomi, E., O'Doherty, J. P., & Balleine, B. W. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3354-10.2011 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Generalization of value in reinforcement learning by humans
Wimmer, G. E., Daw, N. D., & Shohamy, D. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08017.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Social rewards and social networks in the human brain
Fareri, D. S., & Delgado, M. R. (2014) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858414521869 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Prefrontal nicotinic receptors control novel social interaction between mice
Avale, M. E., Chabout, J., Pons, S., Serreau, P., De Chaumont, F., Olivo‐Marin, J., Bourgeois, J., Maskos, U., Changeux, J., & Granon, S. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10-178558 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Social rewards: From basic social building blocks to complex social behavior
Tamir, D. I., & Hughes, B. L. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618776263 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Using fMRI to study reward processing in humans: past, present, and future
Wang, K. S., Smith, D. V., & Delgado, M. R. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00333.2015 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered social reward and attention in anorexia nervosa
Watson, K. K. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00036 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Sleep deprivation alters valuation signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Libedinsky, C., Smith, D. V., Teng, C. S., Namburi, P., Chen, V. W., Huettel, S. A., & Chee, M. W. L. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00070 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurocognitive Development of Risk Aversion from Early Childhood to Adulthood
Paulsen, D. J., Carter, R. M., Platt, M. L., Huettel, S. A., & Brannon, E. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00178 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationA reward prediction error for charitable donations reveals outcome orientation of donators
Kuss, K., Falk, A., Trautner, P., Elger, C. E., Weber, B., & Fliessbach, K. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr088 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cooper, J. C., Dunne, S., Furey, T., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2558-12.2012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Imbalanced sensitivities to primary and secondary rewards in internet gaming disorder
(2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00072 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Stawicka, Z. M., Massoudi, R., Horst, N. K., Koda, K., Gaskin, P. L. R., Alexander, L., Santangelo, A. M., McIver, L., Cockcroft, G. J., Wood, C. M., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2009657117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The neurobehavioral mechanisms of motivational control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Ceceli, A. O., Natsheh, J. Y., Cruz, D., & Tricomi, E. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Large-scale functional brain networks for consciousness
Han, M.-E., Park, S. Y., & Oh, S.-O. (2021) · Anatomy & Cell Biology · doi:10.5115/acb.20.305 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smith, D. V., Hayden, B. Y., Truong, T.-K., Song, A. W., Platt, M. L., & Huettel, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2010-02-17
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2490-2495
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2856318
- OpenAlex
- W2003614328
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 16.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 70685, R01MH086712, R01MH070685)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F32DA023338)
- National Eye Institute (EY-13496, R01EY013496)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS041328, NS41328)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex, decision value, relative value, reward valuation, facial attractiveness, monetary gains and losses, market exchange, value comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reward, Risk-Taking, Social Perception, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
