The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Aversive Stimuli Differentially Modulate Real-Time Dopamine Transmission Dynamics within the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell
Open accessAbstract
Although fear directs adaptive behavioral responses, how aversive cues recruit motivational neural circuitry is poorly understood. Specifically, while it is known that dopamine (DA) transmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is imperative for mediating appetitive motivated behaviors, its role in aversive behavior is controversial. It has been proposed that divergent phasic DA transmission following aversive events may correspond to segregated mesolimbic dopamine pathways; however, this prediction has never been tested. Here, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to examine real-time DA transmission within NAc core and shell projection systems in response to a fear-evoking cue. In male Sprague Dawley rats, we first demonstrate that a fear cue results in decreased DA transmission within the NAc core, but increased transmission within the NAc shell. We examined whether these changes in DA transmission could be attributed to modulation of phasic transmission evoked by cue presentation. We found that cue presentation decreased the probability of phasic DA release in the core, while the same cue enhanced the amplitude of release events in the NAc shell. We further characterized the relationship between freezing and both changes in DA as well as local pH. Although we found that both analytes were significantly correlated with freezing in the NAc across the session, changes in DA were not strictly associated with freezing while basic pH shifts in the core more consistently followed behavioral expression. Together, these results provide the first real-time neurochemical evidence that aversive cues differentially modulate distinct DA projection systems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Correspondingly, aversive stimuli induce delayed, post-stimulus dopamine release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens63,133, the magnitude of which predicts successful punishment avoidance136.”
From Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: A two-component response (2016) · cites this paper as [133]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Verbeke, G. (1997) · Lecture Notes in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2294-1_3 · Cited by 3,506
Dopamine in motivational control: rewarding, aversive, and alerting
Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.022 · Cited by 2,396
The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience
Berridge, K. C. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x · Cited by 2,347
Ikemoto, S. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004 · Cited by 1,477
Ikemoto, S., & Panksepp, J. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00023-5 · Cited by 1,450
Incentive-sensitization and addiction
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x · Cited by 1,435
Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses
Schultz, W. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722 · Cited by 1,415
Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals
Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08028 · Cited by 1,378
Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking
Phillips, P. E. M., Stuber, G. D., Heien, M. L. A. V., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01476 · Cited by 1,113
A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning
Flagel, S. B., Clark, J. J., Robinson, T. E., Mayo, L., Czuj, A., Willuhn, I., Akers, C. A., Clinton, S. M., Phillips, P. E. M., & Akil, H. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09588 · Cited by 1,026
Pape, H.-C., & Pare, D. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009 · Cited by 994
Unique properties of mesoprefrontal neurons within a dual mesocorticolimbic dopamine system
Lammel, S., Hetzel, A., Häckel, O., Jones, I., Liss, B., & Roeper, J. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.022 · Cited by 976
Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement
Kravitz, A. V., Tye, L. D., & Kreitzer, A. C. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3100 · Cited by 972
Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli
Mirenowicz, J., & Schultz, W. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/379449a0 · Cited by 829
Phasic excitation of dopamine neurons in ventral VTA by noxious stimuli
Brischoux, F., Chakraborty, S., Brierley, D. I., & Ungless, M. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811507106 · Cited by 801
Uniform Inhibition of Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area by Aversive Stimuli
Ungless, M. A., Magill, P. J., & Bolam, J. P. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093360 · Cited by 782
Projection-specific modulation of dopamine neuron synapses by aversive and rewarding stimuli
Lammel, S., Ion, D. I., Roeper, J., & Malenka, R. C. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.025 · Cited by 766
Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: Integration of energy, action and reward
Kelley, A. E., Baldo, B. A., Pratt, W. E., & Will, M. J. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.066 · Cited by 752
Adhikari, A., Topiwala, M. A., & Gordon, J. A. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.002 · Cited by 729
Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens
Day, J. J., Roitman, M. F., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1923 · Cited by 710
Belin, D., & Everitt, B. J. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.019 · Cited by 697
Activation of VTA GABA Neurons Disrupts Reward Consumption
van Zessen, R., Phillips, J. L., Budygin, E. A., & Stuber, G. D. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.016 · Cited by 646
GABA Neurons of the VTA Drive Conditioned Place Aversion
Tan, K. R., Yvon, C., Turiault, M., Mirzabekov, J. J., Doehner, J., Labouèbe, G., Deisseroth, K. A., Tye, K. M., & Lüscher, C. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.015 · Cited by 635
Reward system and addiction: what dopamine does and doesn’t do
DiChiara, G., & Bassareo, V. (2006) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.003 · Cited by 557
Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in fear conditioning
Pezze, M. A., & Feldon, J. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.004 · Cited by 519
Pharmacology of mesocortical dopamine neurons.
Bannon, M. J., & Roth, R. H. (1983) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06572-x · Cited by 488
Firing modes of midbrain dopamine cells in the freely moving rat
Hyland, B. I., Reynolds, J. N. J., HAY, J. G., Perk, C. G., & Miller, R. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00267-1 · Cited by 487
Real-time measurement of dopamine fluctuations after cocaine in the brain of behaving rats
Heien, M. L. A. V., Khan, A. S., Ariansen, J. L., Cheer, J. F., Phillips, P. E. M., Wassum, K. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504657102 · Cited by 482
Ito, R., Dalley, J. W., Howes, S. R., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-19-07489.2000 · Cited by 441
Wyvell, C. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-19-07831.2001 · Cited by 436
Selective activation of dopamine transmission in the shell of the nucleus accumbens by stress
Kalivas, P. W., & Duffy, P. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00013-g · Cited by 395
Hong, S., Jhou, T. C., Smith, M., Saleem, K. S., & Hikosaka, O. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1384-11.2011 · Cited by 390
Chapter 19 The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system
(1991) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62691-6 · Cited by 364
Resolving Neurotransmitters Detected by Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry
Heien, M. L., Johnson, M. A., & Wightman, R. M. (2004) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0491509 · Cited by 353
Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli
Roitman, M. F., Wheeler, R. A., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2219 · Cited by 343
Cannabinoids Enhance Subsecond Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens of Awake Rats
Cheer, J. F., Wassum, K. M., Heien, M. L. A. V., Phillips, P. E. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0529-04.2004 · Cited by 343
Orsini, C. A., Kim, J. H., Knapska, E., & Maren, S. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4095-11.2011 · Cited by 315
Self-citationRobinson, D. L., Heien, M. L. A. V., & Wightman, R. M. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-23-10477.2002 · Cited by 290
Parkinson, J. A., Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N., Bamford, A., Fehnert, B., Lachenal, G., Rudarakanchana, N., Halkerston, K. M., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00291-7 · Cited by 288
Arbuthnott, G. W., & Wickens, J. R. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.12.003 · Cited by 287
Zweifel, L. S., Fadok, J. P., Argilli, E., Garelick, M. G., Jones, G. L., Dickerson, T. M. K., Allen, J. M., Mizumori, S. J. Y., Bonci, A., & Palmiter, R. D. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2808 · Cited by 270
What is reinforced by phasic dopamine signals?
Redgrave, P., GURNEY, K. N., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.007 · Cited by 261
Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens
Young, A. M. J., Joseph, M. H., & Gray, J. A. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90378-s · Cited by 261
Seeking a Spotless Mind: Extinction, Deconsolidation, and Erasure of Fear Memory
Maren, S. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.023 · Cited by 259 · cited 2×
“Consistent with several previous microdialysis studies (Kalivas and Duffy, 1995; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999; Pezze et al., 2001; Martinez et al., 2008), the present study demonstrates that pavlovian aversive cues enhance DA release specifically within the NAc shell.”
ResultSelf-citationRebec, G. V., Christensen, J. R. C., Guerra, C., & Bardo, M. T. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01004-4 · Cited by 236
Sombers, L. A., Beyene, M., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5562-08.2009 · Cited by 236
Aragona, B. J., Cleaveland, N. A., Stuber, G. D., Day, J. J., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2225-08.2008 · Cited by 234
Self-citationStuber, G. D., Roitman, M. F., Phillips, P. E. M., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300619 · Cited by 217
Dopamine is necessary for cue-dependent fear conditioning
Fadok, J. P., Dickerson, T. M. K., & Palmiter, R. D. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1616-09.2009 · Cited by 213
Faure, A., Reynolds, S. M., Richard, J. M., & Berridge, K. C. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4961-07.2008 · Cited by 193
Higher Sensitivity Dopamine Measurements with Faster-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry
Keithley, R. B., Takmakov, P. A., Bucher, E. S., Belle, A. M., Owesson-White, C., Park, J., & Wightman, R. M. (2011) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac200143v · Cited by 184
Brown, H. D., McCutcheon, J. E., Cone, J. J., Ragozzino, M. E., & Roitman, M. F. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07914.x · Cited by 179
Dopamine release is heterogeneous within microenvironments of the rat nucleus accumbens
Wightman, R. M., Heien, M. L., Wassum, K. M., Sombers, L. A., Aragona, B. J., Khan, A. S., Ariansen, J. L., Cheer, J. F., Phillips, P. E. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05772.x · Cited by 179
Self-citationPhasic dopamine release in appetitive behaviors and drug addiction
Wanat, M., Willuhn, I., Clark, J., & Phillips, P. (2009) · Current Drug Abuse Reviewse · doi:10.2174/1874473710902020195 · Cited by 177
Valenti, O., Lodge, D. J., & Grace, A. A. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5310-10.2011 · Cited by 173
Phasic Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Release Encodes Effort- and Delay-Related Costs
Day, J. J., Jones, J. L., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.026 · Cited by 166
Distinct Tonic and Phasic Anticipatory Activity in Lateral Habenula and Dopamine Neurons
Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.016 · Cited by 164
Richard, J. M., & Berridge, K. C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1339-11.2011 · Cited by 158
Venton, B. J., Michael, D. J., & Wightman, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01527.x · Cited by 152
Aversive stimulus differentially triggers subsecond dopamine release in reward regions
Budygin, E. A., Park, J., Bass, C. E., Grinevich, V. P., Bonin, K. D., & Wightman, R. M. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.056 · Cited by 152
Wilkinson, L. S., Humby, T., Killcross, S., Torres, E. M., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00119.x · Cited by 134
Latent inhibition: the nucleus accumbens connection revisited
Gray, J. A., Moran, P. M., Grigoryan, G. A., Peters, S. L., Young, A. M. J., & Joseph, M. H. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)02313-9 · Cited by 134
Cocaine Cues Drive Opposing Context-Dependent Shifts in Reward Processing and Emotional State
Wheeler, R. A., Aragona, B. J., Fuhrmann, K. A., Jones, J. L., Day, J. J., Cacciapaglia, F., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.014 · Cited by 127
Self-citationDarvas, M., Fadok, J. P., & Palmiter, R. D. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2041211 · Cited by 125
Aragona, B. J., Day, J. J., Roitman, M. F., Cleaveland, N. A., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07027.x · Cited by 121
Self-citationJones, J. L., Day, J. J., Aragona, B. J., Wheeler, R. A., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.006 · Cited by 118
Self-citationWang, D. V., & Tsien, J. Z. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017047 · Cited by 116
Phillips, P. E. M., Robinson, D. L., Stuber, G. D., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-358-5:443 · Cited by 112
Delays Conferred by Escalating Costs Modulate Dopamine Release to Rewards But Not Their Predictors
Wanat, M. J., Kuhnen, C. M., & Phillips, P. E. M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2691-10.2010 · Cited by 100
Pezze, M. A., Heidbreder, C. A., Feldon, J., & Murphy, C. A. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00403-1 · Cited by 96
Mileykovskiy, B. Y., & Morales, M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5731-10.2011 · Cited by 95
Sucrose‐predictive cues evoke greater phasic dopamine release than saccharin‐predictive cues
McCutcheon, J. E., Beeler, J. A., & Roitman, M. F. (2011) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21519 · Cited by 91
Fadok, J. P., Darvas, M., Dickerson, T. M. K., & Palmiter, R. D. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012751 · Cited by 90
Nucleus accumbens dopamine and learned fear revisited: a review and some new findings
Levita, L., Dalley, J. W., & Robbins, T. W. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00287-5 · Cited by 82
Dual Role of Medial A10 Dopamine Neurons in Affective Encoding
Liu, Z., Shin, R. S., & Ikemoto, S. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.4 · Cited by 73
Phasic Dopamine Signaling During Behavior, Reward, and Disease States
Wightman, R., & Heien, M. (2006) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152706784111605 · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“Electrical stimulation of DA afferents reliably alters both DA release and local changes in pH (Phillips et al., 2003a; Heien and Wightman, 2006).”
BackgroundMartinez, R. C. R., de Oliveira, A. R., Macedo, C. E., Molina, V. A., & Brandão, M. L. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.057 · Cited by 67
Nomifensine amplifies subsecond dopamine signals in the ventral striatum of freely‐moving rats
Robinson, D. L., & Wightman, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02559.x · Cited by 67
Monitoring extracellular pH, oxygen, and dopamine during reward delivery in the striatum of primates
Ariansen, J. L., Heien, M. L., Hermans, A., Phillips, P. E. M., Hernádi, I., Bermúdez, M. A., Schultz, W., & Wightman, R. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00036 · Cited by 48
Electrode calibration with a microfluidic flow cell for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
Sinkala, E., McCutcheon, J. E., Schuck, M. J., Schmidt, E. G., Roitman, M. F., & Eddington, D. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc40168a · Cited by 47
Bidirectional Associations in Humans and Rats.
Arcediano, F., Escobar, M. E., & Miller, R. R. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.31.3.301 · Cited by 42
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: A two-component response
Schultz, W. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.26 · Cited by 1,036
Hashmi, J. A., Baliki, M. N., Huang, L., Baria, A. T., Torbey, S., Hermann, K. M., Schnitzer, T. J., & Apkarian, A. V. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt211 · Cited by 762
A Neural Circuit Mechanism for Encoding Aversive Stimuli in the Mesolimbic Dopamine System
de Jong, J. W., Afjei, S. A., Dorocic, I. P., Peck, J. R., Liu, C. J., Kim, C. K., Tian, L., Deisseroth, K. A., & Lammel, S. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.005 · Cited by 525
Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of pavlovian and instrumental extinction learning
Bouton, M. E., Maren, S., & McNally, G. P. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00016.2020 · Cited by 440
Self-citation“Liking” and “wanting” in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications
Morales, I., & Berridge, K. C. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152 · Cited by 346
Metadata
- Authors
- Badrinarayan, A., Wescott, S. A., Vander Weele, C. M., Saunders, B. T., Couturier, B. E., Maren, S., & Aragona, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-11-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 15779-15790
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3752139
- OpenAlex
- W1976193796
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0953106)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH065961)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007281)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007484)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- dopamine release, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens shell, aversive stimuli, fear, phasic dopamine release, freezing behavior, local pH, mesolimbic dopamine system, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Dopamine, Electroshock, Fear, Male, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Nucleus Accumbens, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review