Uniform Inhibition of Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area by Aversive Stimuli
Abstract
Dopamine neurons play a key role in reward-related behaviors. Reward coding theories predict that dopamine neurons will be inhibited by or will not respond to aversive stimuli. Paradoxically, between 3 and 49% of presumed dopamine neurons are excited by aversive stimuli. We found that, in the ventral tegmental area of anesthetized rats, the population of presumed dopamine neurons that are excited by aversive stimuli is actually not dopaminergic. The identified dopamine neurons were inhibited by the aversive stimulus. These findings suggest that dopamine neurons are specifically excited by reward and that a population of nondopamine neurons is excited by aversive stimuli.
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The dopaminergic VTA is implicated in rewarding aspects of addictive drugs and also participates in signaling aversion and lack of expected reward.
“While the DAergic VTA has been widely implicated in the rewarding aspects of addictive drugs, it has also been shown to participate in the signaling of aversion and lack of expected reward (Schultz et al. 1998; Ungless et al. 2004; Tobler et al. 2007; De Biasi and Dani 2011).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Ungless et al. 2004
Changes in DAergic activity can signal punishment, aversion, or lack of expected reward, not only hedonic effects.
“Although it was originally postulated that the DA released from the VTA only mediates the hedonic or pleasurable effects of natural reinforcers, it is now clear that changes in DAergic activity can also signal punishment, aversion, or lack of expected reward [53–58].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [55]
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Dorsal tegmental dopamine neurons gate associative learning of fear
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The bivalent side of the nucleus accumbens
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- Authors
- Ungless, M. A., Magill, P. J., & Bolam, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ungless, Mark A.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2004-03-26
- Volume
- 303
- Issue
- 5666
- Pages
- 2040-2042
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2061350749
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- dopaminergic neurons, ventral tegmental area, aversive stimuli, reward coding, neuronal inhibition, reward-related behavior
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Dopamine, Electrophysiology, Microelectrodes, Neural Inhibition, Neurons, Pain, Physical Stimulation, Reward, Ventral Tegmental Area, Rats
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