Non?stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD
Abstract
Background Stimulants are the first-line medication in the psychopharmacological treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, 10 to 30% of all children and adults with ADHD either do not respond to or do not tolerate treatment with stimulants. Objective To describe alternative treatment approaches with various non-stimulant agents, especially atomoxetine. Method General review of empirically based literature concerning efficacy and safety of the substances. Results A large and still increasing body of data supports the usefulness of atomoxetine, a once daily dosing, and new selective noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor, with few side effects. Atomoxetine has been licensed in the US for use in ADHD across the lifespan, and is currently under consideration in Europe. Other non-stimulant substances, such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, which are used to treat ADHD, are also reviewed. TCAs have been well studied and shown to be efficacious in the treatment of ADHD, but are limited by side effects. The number of studies documenting the efficacy of alpha-2-adrenergic agonists is still limited. Some experimental studies support a potential role of cholinergic drugs such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil) as well as novel nicotinic analogues (ABT-418). Conclusion Non-stimulant agents have been shown to be effective in treatment of ADHD. Especially, atomoxetine seems promising and newline drugs are in deve…
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Antidepressants have been reported to be effective in improving ADHD symptoms.
“Among these medications, antidepressants are used and have been reported to be effective in improving ADHD symptoms (Banaschewski et al. 2004;Zarinara et al. 2010;Salardini et al. 2016).”
From <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study (2019) · cites this paper as Banaschewski et al. 2004
Antidepressants such as venlafaxine and bupropion have been evaluated as treatment options for ADHD, with some evidence of benefit in addressing ADHD symptoms.
“Antidepressants such as venlafaxine and bupropion have also been evaluated as treatment options for ADHD, with some evidence of benefit in addressing ADHD symptoms [16,109].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
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- Authors
- Banaschewski, T., Roessner, V., Dittmann, R. W., Janardhanan Santosh, P., & Rothenberger, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- I102-16
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W1999326093
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, non-stimulant medication, atomoxetine, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, nicotinic agonists, drug safety and efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Drug Interactions, Drug Tolerance, Humans, Norepinephrine, Propylamines
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