The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Preface. Introduction. Data Sets. Tests of Statistical Significance of Combined Results. Vote-Counting Methods. Estimation of a Single Effect Size: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods. Parametric Estimation of Effect Size from a Series of Experiments. Fitting Parametric Fixed Effect Models to Effect Sizes: Categorical Methods. Fitting Parametric Fixed Effect Models to Effect Sizes: General Linear Models. Random Effects Models for Effect Sizes. Multivariate Models for Effect Sizes. Combining Estimates of Correlation Coefficients. Diagnostic Procedures for Research Synthesis Models. Clustering Estimates of Effect Magnitude. Estimation of Effect Size When Not All Study Outcomes Are Observed. Meta-Analysis in the Physical and Biological Sciences. Appendix. References. Index.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wolf, F. (1986) · doi:10.4135/9781412984980 · Cited by 784
Cited by
Items 401–500 of 1,455
Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review.
Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., & Barber, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018912 · Cited by 657
Cabral, R. R., & Smith, T. B. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025266 · Cited by 651
Sunderland, T., Linker, G., Mirza, N., Putnam, K. T., Friedman, D. L., Kimmel, L. H., Bergeson, J., Manetti, G. J., Zimmermann, M., Tang, B., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.16.2094 · Cited by 656
Ennett, S. T., Tobler, N. S., Ringwalt, C. L., & Flewelling, R. L. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.9.1394 · Cited by 655
The Power of Bias in Economics Research
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H. (2017) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12461 · Cited by 634
Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.
Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038231 · Cited by 654
Cristea, I. A., Gentili, C., Cotet, C. D., Palomba, D., Barbui, C., & Cuijpers, P. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287 · Cited by 655
Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003 · Cited by 664
The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: A systematic review
Malloy, K. M., & Milling, L. S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.001 · Cited by 653
Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: A meta-analysis
Lorber, M. F. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.531 · Cited by 648
Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review
Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T. (2012) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026208 · Cited by 649
Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20910 · Cited by 636
Grenard, J. L., Munjas, B. A., Adams, J. L., Suttorp, M., Maglione, M., McGlynn, E. A., & Gellad, W. F. (2011) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1704-y · Cited by 635
Smeets, R. J. E. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kester, A. D. M., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2006) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.10.011 · Cited by 629
A Meta-Analytic Review of Adult Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Outcome Across the Anxiety Disorders
Norton, P. J., & Price, E. C. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a · Cited by 612
A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination.
van Eerde, W. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00358-6 · Cited by 629
Soetikno, R. M., Lin, O. S., Heidenreich, P. A., Young, H. S., & Blackstone, M. O. (2002) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1067/mge.2002.125367 · Cited by 623
Baruh, L., Secinti, E., & Cemalcilar, Z. (2017) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12276 · Cited by 618
Kuncel, N. R., Hezlett, S. A., & Ones, D. S. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.162 · Cited by 639
Fedewa, A. L., & Ahn, S. (2011) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599785 · Cited by 624
Verburgh, L., Königs, M., Scherder, E. J. A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441 · Cited by 617
Acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta-analytic review
Powers, M. B., Zum Vörde Sive Vörding, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000190790 · Cited by 619
Gwaltney, C. J., Shields, A. L., & Shiffman, S. (2008) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00231.x · Cited by 623
Nowak, C., & Heinrichs, N. (2008) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0033-0 · Cited by 621
Causal inference and the data-fusion problem
Bareinboim, E., & Pearl, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1510507113 · Cited by 621
Depression, anxiety, and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: A meta-analytic review.
Thibodeau, R., Jorgensen, R. S., & Kim, S. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.715 · Cited by 620
The applicability of Visible Learning to higher education
Hattie, J. (2015) · Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology · doi:10.1037/stl0000021 · Cited by 656
Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1994) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779543000002 · Cited by 611
Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001 · Cited by 601
Karbach, J., & Verhaeghen, P. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614548725 · Cited by 589
A Guide to Conducting a Meta-Analysis with Non-Independent Effect Sizes
Cheung, M. W.-L. (2019) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-019-09415-6 · Cited by 610
Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007 · Cited by 603
Motivation Interventions in Education: A Meta-Analytic Review
Lazowski, R. A., & Hulleman, C. S. (2016) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654315617832 · Cited by 607
The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: consistent over decades and around the world
Schaefer, J., Giangrande, E., Weinberger, D. R., & Dickinson, D. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.009 · Cited by 605
Communication and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: A Meta-Analytic Review
Balliet, D. (2010) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002709352443 · Cited by 598
A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Service-Learning on Students
Celio, C. I., Durlak, J., & Dymnicki, A. (2011) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/105382591103400205 · Cited by 603
A meta-analytical integration of over 40 years of research on diversity training evaluation
Bezrukova, K., Spell, C. S., Perry, J. L., & Jehn, K. A. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000067 · Cited by 601
Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis: ten appraisal questions for biologists
Nakagawa, S., Noble, D. W. A., Senior, A. M., & Lagisz, M. (2017) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0357-7 · Cited by 579
Meta-analysis of Grade Retention Research: Implications for Practice in the 21st Century
Jimerson, S. R. (2001) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2001.12086124 · Cited by 597
Letourneau, D. K., Jedlicka, J. A., Bothwell, S. G., & Moreno, C. R. (2009) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120320 · Cited by 596
Gender differences across age in motor performance: A meta-analysis.
Thomas, J. R., & French, K. E. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.260 · Cited by 614
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20346 · Cited by 572
EPA guidance on the early intervention in clinical high risk states of psychoses
Schmidt, S. J., Schultze-Lutter, F., Schimmelmann, B. G., Maric, N. P., Salokangas, R. K. R., Riecher-Rössler, A., van der Gaag, M., Meneghelli, A., Nordentoft, M., Marshall, M., et al. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.013 · Cited by 585
Low Examinee Effort in Low-Stakes Assessment: Problems and Potential Solutions
Wise, S. L., & DeMars, C. E. (2005) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15326977ea1001_1 · Cited by 591
Does theory influence the effectiveness of health behavior interventions? Meta-analysis
Prestwich, A., Sniehotta, F. F., Whittington, C., Dombrowski, S. U., Rogers, L., & Michie, S. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032853 · Cited by 562
How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis.
Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., Symonds, D., & Horvath, A. O. (2012) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025749 · Cited by 576
Lamont, R. A., Swift, H. J., & Abrams, D. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0038586 · Cited by 583
VASILAKI, E. I., HOSIER, S. G., & COX, W. M. (2006) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl016 · Cited by 581
Meta-analysis of screening and diagnostic tests.
Hasselblad, V., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.167 · Cited by 579
Self-citationGardner, B., de Bruijn, G.-J., & Lally, P. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9282-0 · Cited by 574
Sturman, M. C. (2003) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063_03_00028-x · Cited by 578
Out-of-School-Time Programs: A Meta-Analysis of Effects for At-Risk Students
Lauer, P. A., Akiba, M., Wilkerson, S. B., Apthorp, H. S., Snow, D., & Martin-Glenn, M. L. (2006) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543076002275 · Cited by 579
Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for ethnic minority youth
Huey, S. J., & Polo, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701820174 · Cited by 570
Efficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis
Cristea, I. A., Kok, R. N., & Cuijpers, P. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146761 · Cited by 553
Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues
Cameron, J., Banko, K. M., & Pierce, W. D. (2001) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392017 · Cited by 574
What do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis, and cumulative knowledge in psychology.
Schmidt, F. L. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.10.1173 · Cited by 564
Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_3 · Cited by 573
Weisz, J. R., Jensen-Doss, A., & Hawley, K. M. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.7.671 · Cited by 560
Meta-analysis: synthesizing research findings in ecology and evolution
Arnqvist, G., & Wooster, D. (1995) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89073-4 · Cited by 570
Barth, J., Munder, T., Gerger, H., Nüesch, E., Trelle, S., Znoj, H., Jüni, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001454 · Cited by 569
Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review
MARIJE BOONSTRA, A., OOSTERLAAN, J., SERGEANT, J. A., & BUITELAAR, J. K. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500499x · Cited by 560
Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmented reality in educational settings
Garzón, J., Pavón, J., & Baldiris, S. (2019) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-019-00379-9 · Cited by 562
Examining the effects of classroom discussion on students’ comprehension of text: A meta-analysis.
Murphy, P. K., Wilkinson, I. A. G., Soter, A. O., Hennessey, M. N., & Alexander, J. F. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015576 · Cited by 566
Overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a pathogenic marker of panic disorder
Lissek, S., Rabin, S., Heller, R. E., Lukenbaugh, D., Geraci, M., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030410 · Cited by 565
Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Systematic Review
Bravata, D. M., Sanders, L., Huang, J., Krumholz, H. M., Olkin, I., Gardner, C. D., & Bravata, D. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1837 · Cited by 561
Self-citationDoes monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.
Harkin, B., Webb, T. L., Chang, B. P. I., Prestwich, A., Conner, M., Kellar, I., Benn, Y., & Sheeran, P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000025 · Cited by 564
Elbaum, B., Vaughn, S., Tejero Hughes, M., & Watson Moody, S. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.605 · Cited by 564
Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies.
Heymsfield, S. B., van Mierlo, C. A. J., van der Knaap, H. C. M., Heo, M., & Frier, H. I. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258 · Cited by 557
Ahn, H.-N., & Wampold, B. E. (2001) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.48.3.251 · Cited by 571
Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review
MCQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2006) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600805325 · Cited by 563
Ripatti, S., Tikkanen, E., Orho-Melander, M., Havulinna, A. S., Silander, K., Sharma, A., Guiducci, C., Perola, M., Jula, A., Sinisalo, J., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61267-6 · Cited by 562
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S. D., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709006114 · Cited by 533
Rodgers, M., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Roberts, H., Britten, N., & Popay, J. (2009) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389008097871 · Cited by 561
How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation
Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2018.1467564 · Cited by 561
Classroom management self-efficacy and burnout: A multivariate meta-analysis
Aloe, A. M., Amo, L. C., & Shanahan, M. E. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9244-0 · Cited by 560
Credé, M., & Niehorster, S. (2012) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9184-5 · Cited by 607
Self-concept and academic achievement: A meta-analysis of longitudinal relations
Huang, C. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.07.001 · Cited by 558
A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Computer Technology on School Students’ Mathematics Learning
Li, Q., & Ma, X. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9125-8 · Cited by 558
Cognitive Effects of Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Meta-Analysis
Barker, M. J., Greenwood, K. M., Jackson, M., & Crowe, S. F. (2004) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200418010-00004 · Cited by 552
Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S. L., Andersson, G., Beekman, A. T., & Reynolds, C. F. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20038 · Cited by 540
Kelley, G. A., & Kelley, K. S. (2000) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.35.3.838 · Cited by 555
Goldschneider, J. M., & DeKeyser, R. M. (2001) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9922.00147 · Cited by 554
How much variance can be explained by ecologists and evolutionary biologists?
Møller, A., & Jennions, M. D. (2002) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0952-2 · Cited by 553
A brief history of research synthesis
Chalmers, I., Hedges, L. V., & Cooper, H. (2002) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278702025001003 · Cited by 552
Self-citationA Meta-Analytic Review of Eating Disorder Prevention Programs: Encouraging Findings
Stice, E., Shaw, H., & Marti, C. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091447 · Cited by 544
Stice, E., Shaw, H., Bohon, C., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015168 · Cited by 553
Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2
van Groenigen, K. J., Osenberg, C. W., & Hungate, B. A. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10176 · Cited by 551
Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Forbes, N. F., Carrick, L. A., McIntosh, A. M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004558 · Cited by 550
Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1223 · Cited by 546
Meta-analysis of the modality effect
Ginns, P. (2005) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.001 · Cited by 547
Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000038 · Cited by 550
Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis.
Smith, J. L., Mattick, R. P., Jamadar, S. D., & Iredale, J. M. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009 · Cited by 546
Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review.
Sio, U. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014212 · Cited by 549
The Antidepressive Effects of Exercise: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Rethorst, C. D., Wipfli, B. M., & Landers, D. M. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00004 · Cited by 541
A meta-analysis of online trust relationships in e-commerce.
Kim, Y., & Peterson, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2017.01.001 · Cited by 541
Sheard, T., & Maguire, P. (1999) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690596 · Cited by 533
Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S., Huibers, M., Berking, M., & Andersson, G. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.002 · Cited by 527
Alexander, G. E., Chen, K., Pietrini, P., Rapoport, S. I., & Reiman, E. M. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.738 · Cited by 532
Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007 · Cited by 530
The Use of Propensity Scores to Assess the Generalizability of Results from Randomized Trials
Stuart, E. A., Cole, S. R., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2011) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2010.00673.x · Cited by 524
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserman, S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Statistics
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1988
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75
- ISSN
- 0362-9791 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999649023
- Cited by
- 10,326
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 185.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.