The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Preface. Introduction. Data Sets. Tests of Statistical Significance of Combined Results. Vote-Counting Methods. Estimation of a Single Effect Size: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods. Parametric Estimation of Effect Size from a Series of Experiments. Fitting Parametric Fixed Effect Models to Effect Sizes: Categorical Methods. Fitting Parametric Fixed Effect Models to Effect Sizes: General Linear Models. Random Effects Models for Effect Sizes. Multivariate Models for Effect Sizes. Combining Estimates of Correlation Coefficients. Diagnostic Procedures for Research Synthesis Models. Clustering Estimates of Effect Magnitude. Estimation of Effect Size When Not All Study Outcomes Are Observed. Meta-Analysis in the Physical and Biological Sciences. Appendix. References. Index.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wolf, F. (1986) · doi:10.4135/9781412984980 · Cited by 784
Cited by
Items 101–200 of 1,455
Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035661 · Cited by 1,981
Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Alvarez, J. A., & Emory, E. (2006) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x · Cited by 1,981
How Big Is “Big”? Interpreting Effect Sizes in L2 Research
Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L. (2014) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12079 · Cited by 1,960
A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD
Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214 · Cited by 1,938
Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., & Donovan, S. S. (1999) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543069001021 · Cited by 1,943
Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review
Archer, J. (2004) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 · Cited by 1,916
Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195 · Cited by 1,883
Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.
Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 · Cited by 1,888
Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109 · Cited by 1,875
A meta-analysis of the cognitive and motivational effects of serious games.
Wouters, P., van Nimwegen, C., van Oostendorp, H., & van der Spek, E. D. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031311 · Cited by 1,864
Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003 · Cited by 1,838
A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth.
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.797 · Cited by 1,864
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y · Cited by 1,847
Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653 · Cited by 1,722
Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review
Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028228 · Cited by 1,782
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780
The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of recidivism studies
Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.6.1154 · Cited by 1,795
Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.602 · Cited by 1,793
Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis
Golding, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1023/a:1022079418229 · Cited by 1,788
The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis
Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000172 · Cited by 1,763
Practical significance: a concept whose time has come
Kirk, R. E. (1996) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164496056005002 · Cited by 1,778
A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis
Klöckner, C. A. (2013) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 · Cited by 1,773
Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0020149 · Cited by 1,758
Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Lou, Y., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Wozney, L., Wallet, P. A., Fiset, M., & Huang, B. (2004) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543074003379 · Cited by 1,761
Bias and Efficiency of Meta-Analytic Variance Estimators in the Random-Effects Model
Viechtbauer, W. (2005) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986030003261 · Cited by 1,699
Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.
Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., & Lamon, S. J. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139 · Cited by 1,732
(2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12705-5 · Cited by 1,706
A Meta-analytic Review of Components Associated with Parent Training Program Effectiveness
Wyatt Kaminski, J., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9 · Cited by 1,721
Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults
Anguera, J. A., Boccanfuso, J., Rintoul, J. L., Al-Hashimi, O., Faraji, F., Janowich, J., Kong, E., Larraburo, Y., Rolle, C., Johnston, E., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12486 · Cited by 1,666
Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits
Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219 · Cited by 1,829
RISING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE: Plants FACE the Future
Long, S. P., Ainsworth, E. A., Rogers, A., & Ort, D. R. (2004) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141610 · Cited by 1,715
Effects of problem-based learning: a meta-analysis
Dochy, F., Segers, M., Van den Bossche, P., & Gijbels, D. (2003) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(02)00025-7 · Cited by 1,713
Snyder, H. R. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028727 · Cited by 1,667
Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies
Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529 · Cited by 1,680
Kish-Gephart, J. J., Harrison, D. A., & Treviño, L. K. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017103 · Cited by 1,690
A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia: Methodology and Effect Sizes
Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S. R., & Czobor, P. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855 · Cited by 1,693
Methods to estimate the between‐study variance and its uncertainty in meta‐analysis
Veroniki, A. A., Jackson, D., Viechtbauer, W., Bender, R., Bowden, J., Knapp, G., Kuss, O., Higgins, J. P., Langan, D., & Salanti, G. (2016) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1164 · Cited by 1,685
Livingston, J. D., & Boyd, J. E. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030 · Cited by 1,677
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12070 · Cited by 1,624
Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs
Dunlap, W. P., Cortina, J. M., Vaslow, J. B., & Burke, M. J. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.170 · Cited by 1,693
Correlates, Causes, Effects, and Treatment of Test Anxiety
Hembree, R. (1988) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543058001047 · Cited by 1,723
Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis
Grove, W. M., Zald, D. H., Lebow, B. S., Snitz, B. E., & Nelson, C. (2000) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.19 · Cited by 1,640
Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae
VAN IJZENDOORN, M. H., SCHUENGEL, C., & BAKERMANS–KRANENBURG, M. J. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499002035 · Cited by 1,625
The effectiveness of online and blended learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature
Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., & Baki, M. (2013) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811311500307 · Cited by 1,638
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 · Cited by 1,632
Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms
Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R. N., & Singh, G. G. (2010) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x · Cited by 1,621
A Meta-Analytic Review of the Common-Sense Model of Illness Representations
Hagger, M. S., & Orbell, S. (2003) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/088704403100081321 · Cited by 1,607
Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4490 · Cited by 1,596
Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance: An Update
Hanushek, E. A. (1997) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737019002141 · Cited by 1,612
A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students
Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445 · Cited by 1,609
Morley, S., Eccleston, C., & Williams, A. (1999) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00255-3 · Cited by 1,597
Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education: Reconsidered Once Again
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (2001) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543071001001 · Cited by 1,596
The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials
Burke, B. L., Arkowitz, H., & Menchola, M. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.5.843 · Cited by 1,575
Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108 · Cited by 1,603
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000110 · Cited by 1,555
The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of meta-analyses
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2353 · Cited by 1,542
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/19.4.318 · Cited by 1,549
Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review
DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. (2002) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1014628810714 · Cited by 1,544
Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review
Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.339 · Cited by 1,524
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Benca, R. M. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010 · Cited by 1,468
Hoffman, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0415 · Cited by 1,420
Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis
Mann, D. T. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.29.4.457 · Cited by 1,425
Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis.
Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M., & Lucas, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025948 · Cited by 1,410
Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis.
Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53 · Cited by 1,405
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2003) · Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04008.x · Cited by 1,394
Common methods bias: does common methods variance really bias results?
Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H. (1998) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442819814002 · Cited by 1,380
A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables
Lim, J., & Dinges, D. F. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018883 · Cited by 1,389
McGeer, P. L., Schulzer, M., & McGeer, E. G. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.47.2.425 · Cited by 1,367
The Role Of Context In Work Team Diversity Research: A Meta-Analytic Review
Joshi, A., & Roh, H. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.41331491 · Cited by 1,362
The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8 · Cited by 1,358
Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: meta analysis
Johnson, D. W., & Curtis, P. S. (2001) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00282-6 · Cited by 1,353
Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: A step-by-step tutorial
Assink, M., & Wibbelink, C. J. M. (2016) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.12.3.p154 · Cited by 1,330
Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x · Cited by 1,326
Van Wijk, R., Jansen, J. J. P., & Lyles, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00771.x · Cited by 1,335
The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis
Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371 · Cited by 1,361
How Many Studies Do You Need?: A Primer on Statistical Power for Meta-Analysis
Valentine, J. C., Pigott, T. D., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998609346961 · Cited by 1,294
Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information
Hart, W., Albarracín, D., Eagly, A. H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M. J., & Merrill, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015701 · Cited by 1,292
The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis
Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.15.3.243 · Cited by 1,308
Active Labour Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta‐Analysis
Card, D., Kluve, J., & Weber, A. (2010) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02387.x · Cited by 1,298
Kemp, A. H., Quintana, D. S., Gray, M. A., Felmingham, K. L., Brown, K., & Gatt, J. M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.012 · Cited by 1,286
Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: A synthesis and meta-analysis
Fournier, K. A., Hass, C. J., Naik, S. K., Lodha, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3 · Cited by 1,271
Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Shapira, N. (2008) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228830802094429 · Cited by 1,283
Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis
Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2003) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-003-1018-2 · Cited by 1,258
Culturally adapted mental health intervention: a meta-analytic review
Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.531 · Cited by 1,236
Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review.
Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030737 · Cited by 1,247
The Relationship Between Self‐Compassion and Well‐Being: A Meta‐Analysis
Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12051 · Cited by 1,237
Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A., & Roth, P. L. (2006) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2006.20786077 · Cited by 1,245
Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M. L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. (2010) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.85 · Cited by 1,248
Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning
Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1960 · Cited by 1,237
Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research, 1987–2003
Cooper, H., Robinson, J. C., & Patall, E. A. (2006) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543076001001 · Cited by 1,230
The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance.
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.392 · Cited by 1,224
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., & Pachan, M. (2010) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9300-6 · Cited by 1,216
A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
McGurk, S. R., Twamley, E. W., Sitzer, D. I., McHugo, G. J., & Mueser, K. T. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07060906 · Cited by 1,214
Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature
Stith, S. M., Liu, T., Davies, L. C., Boykin, E. L., Alder, M. C., Harris, J. M., Som, A., McPherson, M., & Dees, J. E. M. E. G. (2009) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.03.006 · Cited by 1,213
Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis
Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010 · Cited by 1,194
Dias, S., Sutton, A. J., Ades, A. E., & Welton, N. J. (2013) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x12458724 · Cited by 1,207
Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: a meta-analytic review
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3 · Cited by 1,204
Rosenberg, M. S. (2005) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01004.x · Cited by 1,285
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302630 · Cited by 1,190
Chapman, D. S., Uggerslev, K. L., Carroll, S. A., Piasentin, K. A., & Jones, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.928 · Cited by 1,182
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserman, S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Statistics
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1988
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75
- ISSN
- 0362-9791 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999649023
- Cited by
- 10,326
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 185.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.