Cited by 741Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative MechanismsRedox biology and oxidative stressImmune Response and Inflammation

Neutrophils to the ROScue: Mechanisms of NADPH oxidase activation and bacterial resistance

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Nguyen, Giang T., Green, Erin R., Mecsas, Joan·2017·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase play an important role in antimicrobial host defense and inflammation. Their deficiency in humans results in recurrent and severe bacterial infections, while their unregulated release leads to pathology from excessive inflammation. The release of high concentrations of ROS aids in clearance of invading bacteria. Localization of ROS release to phagosomes containing pathogens limits tissue damage. Host immune cells, like neutrophils, also known as PMNs, will release large amounts of ROS at the site of infection following the activation of surface receptors. The binding of ligands to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), toll-like receptors, and cytokine receptors can prime PMNs for a more robust response if additional signals are encountered. Meanwhile, activation of Fc and integrin directly induces high levels of ROS production. Additionally, GPCRs that bind to the bacterial-peptide analog fMLP, a neutrophil chemoattractant, can both prime cells and trigger low levels of ROS production. Engagement of these receptors initiates intracellular signaling pathways, resulting in activation of downstream effector proteins, assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex, and ultimately, the production of ROS by this complex. Within PMNs, ROS released by the NADPH oxidase complex can activate granular proteases and induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Additionally, ROS can cross the membranes of bacterial pathogens and damage their nucleic acids, proteins, and cell membranes. Consequently, in order to establish infections, bacterial pathogens employ various strategies to prevent restriction by PMN-derived ROS or downstream consequences of ROS production. Some pathogens are able to directly prevent the oxidative burst of phagocytes using secreted effector proteins or toxins that interfere with translocation of the NADPH oxidase complex or signaling pathways needed for its activation. Nonetheless, these pathogens often rely on repair and detoxifying proteins in addition to these secreted effectors and toxins in order to resist mammalian sources of ROS. This suggests that pathogens have both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to avoid restriction by PMN-derived ROS. Here, we review mechanisms of oxidative burst in PMNs in response to bacterial infections, as well as the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens thwart restriction by ROS to survive under conditions of oxidative stress.

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Authors
Nguyen, G. T., Green, E. R., & Mecsas, J.
Affiliations
Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author
Mecsas, Joan
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Published
2017-08-25
Volume
7
Pages
373-373
ISSN
2235-2988 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2747004888
Cited by
741
References
276
Citations by year
2026: 73 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 1
FWCI
4.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (AI113166)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords
NADPH oxidase, neutrophils, reactive oxygen species, respiratory burst, neutrophil extracellular traps, G protein-coupled receptors, Toll-like receptors, fMLP, integrin activation, Fc receptors, bacterial effector proteins, oxidative stress detoxification, phagosome, antimicrobial host defense
MeSH terms
Animals, Bacterial Infections, Bacterial Toxins, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Inflammation, Mice, Transgenic, Neutrophils, Phagosomes, Integrins, Respiratory Burst, Reactive Oxygen Species, Receptors, Cytokine, Oxidative Stress, NADPH Oxidases, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Toll-Like Receptors, Mice

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