The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance
Open accessAbstract
Gut microbiota and exercise have recently been shown to be interconnected. Both moderate and intense exercise are typically part of the training regimen of endurance athletes, but they exert different effects on health. Moderate exercise has positive effects on the health of average athletes, such as a reduction in inflammation and intestinal permeability and an improvement in body composition. It also induces positive changes in the gut microbiota composition and in the microbial metabolites produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, intense exercise can increase gastrointestinal epithelial wall permeability and diminish gut mucus thickness, potentially enabling pathogens to enter the bloodstream. This, in turn, may contribute to the increase in inflammation levels. However, elite athletes seem to have a higher gut microbial diversity, shifted toward bacterial species involved in amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate/fiber metabolism, consequently producing key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, rodent studies have highlighted a bidirectional relationship, with exercise impacting the gut microbiota composition while the microbiota may influence performance. The present review focuses on gut microbiota and endurance sports and how this interconnection depends upon exercise intensity and training. After pointing out the limits of the studies so far available, we suggest that taking into account the microbiota composition and its metabolic contribution to human host health could help in monitoring and modulating athletes' health and performance. Such an integrated approach should help in the design of microbiome-based solutions for health or performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579
Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 · Cited by 5,425
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
Bäckhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104816 · Cited by 5,277
den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A. K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D.-J., & Bakker, B. M. (2013) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r036012 · Cited by 5,048
Gut microbiota in health and disease
Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunes, L. C. M., & Finlay, B. B. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 · Cited by 4,182
Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine
Ley, R. E., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017 · Cited by 3,358
Enterotypes in the landscape of gut microbial community composition
Costea, P. I., Hildebrand, F., Arumugam, M., Bäckhed, F., Blaser, M. J., Bushman, F. D., de Vos, W. M., Ehrlich, S. D., Fraser, C. M., Hattori, M., et al. (2017) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0072-8 · Cited by 1,138
Swidsinski, A., Weber, J., Loening-Baucke, V., Hale, L. P., & Lochs, H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.7.3380-3389.2005 · Cited by 894
Exercise alters gut microbiota composition and function in lean and obese humans
ALLEN, J. M., MAILING, L. J., NIEMIRO, G. M., MOORE, R., COOK, M. D., WHITE, B. A., HOLSCHER, H. D., & WOODS, J. A. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001495 · Cited by 820 · cited 1×
“Interestingly, after stopping of exercise training, exercise-induced changes in the microbiota were largely reversed (56).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiome: connecting spatial organization to function
Tropini, C., Earle, K. A., Huang, K. C., & Sonnenburg, J. L. (2017) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.010 · Cited by 685
Barton, W., Penney, N. C., Cronin, O., Garcia-Perez, I., Molloy, M. G., Holmes, E., Shanahan, F., Cotter, P. D., & O'Sullivan, O. (2018) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313627 · Cited by 647 · cited 1×
“Finally, butyrate-producing taxa as well as SCFA production have been consistently shown to increase in response to exercise (61, 73), while the majority of studies also showed increased α-diversity following exercise.”
BackgroundModulation of intestinal barrier by intestinal microbiota: Pathological and therapeutic implications
Natividad, J. M. M., & Verdu, E. F. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.007 · Cited by 525
Differences in gut microbiota profile between women with active lifestyle and sedentary women
Bressa, C., Bailén-Andrino, M., Pérez-Santiago, J., González-Soltero, R., Pérez, M., Montalvo-Lominchar, M. G., Maté-Muñoz, J. L., Domínguez, R., Moreno, D., & Larrosa, M. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171352 · Cited by 501
Estaki, M., Pither, J., Baumeister, P., Little, J. P., Gill, S. K., Ghosh, S., Ahmadi-Vand, Z., Marsden, K. R., & Gibson, D. L. (2016) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0189-7 · Cited by 476
CODEX-aligned dietary fiber definitions help to bridge the ‘fiber gap’
Jones, J. M. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-34 · Cited by 422 · cited 1×
“Dietary fibers are defined as “carbohydrate polymers with three or more monomeric units, which are neither digested nor absorbed in the human small intestine” (82, 83) (Table 2).”
BackgroundSalminen, S., Isolauri, E., & Salminen, E. (1996) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/bf00395941 · Cited by 406
Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults
Tap, J., Furet, J., Bensaada, M., Philippe, C., Roth, H., Rabot, S., Lakhdari, O., Lombard, V., Henrissat, B., Corthier, G., et al. (2015) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13006 · Cited by 397
Self-citationThe Healthy Microbiome—What Is the Definition of a Healthy Gut Microbiome?
Shanahan, F., Ghosh, T. S., & O’Toole, P. W. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.057 · Cited by 383
Karl, J. P., Margolis, L. M., Madslien, E. H., Murphy, N. E., Castellani, J. W., Gundersen, Y., Hoke, A. V., Levangie, M. W., Kumar, R., Chakraborty, N., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2017 · Cited by 373
JEUKENDRUP, A. E., VET-JOOP, K., STURK, A., STEGEN, J. H. J. C., SENDEN, J., SARIS, W. H. M., & WAGENMAKERS, A. J. M. (2000) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0980047 · Cited by 371
MATSUMOTO, M., INOUE, R., TSUKAHARA, T., USHIDA, K., CHIJI, H., MATSUBARA, N., & HARA, H. (2008) · Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.70474 · Cited by 352
Exercise Training Modulates Gut Microbiota Profile and Improves Endotoxemia
MOTIANI, K. K., COLLADO, M. C., ESKELINEN, J.-J., VIRTANEN, K. A., LÖYTTYNIEMI, E., SALMINEN, S., NUUTILA, P., KALLIOKOSKI, K. K., & HANNUKAINEN, J. C. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002112 · Cited by 333
Gut microbiota diversity across ethnicities in the United States
Brooks, A. W., Priya, S., Blekhman, R., & Bordenstein, S. R. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006842 · Cited by 304
Exercise Attenuates PCB-Induced Changes in the Mouse Gut Microbiome
Choi, J. J., Eum, S. Y., Rampersaud, E., Daunert, S., Abreu, M. T., & Toborek, M. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1306534 · Cited by 298
van Wijck, K., Lenaerts, K., Grootjans, J., Wijnands, K. A. P., Poeze, M., van Loon, L. J. C., Dejong, C. H. C., & Buurman, W. A. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2012 · Cited by 285
Denou, E., Marcinko, K., Surette, M. G., Steinberg, G. R., & Schertzer, J. D. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00537.2015 · Cited by 260
Munukka, E., Ahtiainen, J. P., Puigbó, P., Jalkanen, S., Pahkala, K., Keskitalo, A., Kujala, U. M., Pietilä, S., Hollmén, M., Elo, L., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02323 · Cited by 237
Cronin, O., Barton, W., Skuse, P., Penney, N. C., Garcia-Perez, I., Murphy, E. F., Woods, T., Nugent, H., Fanning, A., Melgar, S., et al. (2018) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00044-18 · Cited by 232
Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training
Rivera‐Brown, A. M., & Frontera, W. R. (2012) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.10.007 · Cited by 228 · cited 2×
“The mechanisms included (1) modifications of gut microbial composition, (2) dietary protein modifications by the microbiota, (3) modification of bacterial enzyme capacity, (4) physical adherence to the intestinal mucosa that may outcompete a pathogen or inhibit its activation, and (5) influence on gut mucosal permeabi…”
BackgroundJang, L.-G., Choi, G., Kim, S.-W., Kim, B.-Y., Lee, S., & Park, H. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0290-y · Cited by 224
Gut bacteria are critical for optimal muscle function: a potential link with glucose homeostasis
Nay, K., Jollet, M., Goustard, B., Baati, N., Vernus, B., Pontones, M., Lefeuvre-Orfila, L., Bendavid, C., Rué, O., Mariadassou, M., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00521.2018 · Cited by 215
Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice
Lambert, J. E., Myslicki, J. P., Bomhof, M. R., Belke, D. D., Shearer, J., & Reimer, R. A. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0452 · Cited by 214
Shing, C. M., Peake, J. M., Lim, C. L., Briskey, D., Walsh, N. P., Fortes, M. B., Ahuja, K. D. K., & Vitetta, L. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2748-y · Cited by 204
West, N. P., Pyne, D. B., Cripps, A. W., Hopkins, W. G., Eskesen, D. C., Jairath, A., Christophersen, C. T., Conlon, M. A., & Fricker, P. A. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-30 · Cited by 180
Kekkonen, R. A., Vasankari, T. J., Vuorimaa, T., Haahtela, T., Julkunen, I., & Korpela, R. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.4.352 · Cited by 170
Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure
Thurber, C., Dugas, L. R., Ocobock, C., Carlson, B., Speakman, J. R., & Pontzer, H. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw0341 · Cited by 163
Moreno-Pérez, D., Bressa, C., Bailén, M., Hamed-Bousdar, S., Naclerio, F., Carmona, M., Pérez, M., González-Soltero, R., Montalvo-Lominchar, M., Carabaña, C., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030337 · Cited by 158
Distinct microbiome composition and metabolome exists across subgroups of elite Irish athletes
O’Donovan, C. M., Madigan, S. M., Garcia-Perez, I., Rankin, A., O’ Sullivan, O., & Cotter, P. D. (2020) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.290 · Cited by 133 · cited 1×
“Another study in international level rugby players showed differences in the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiome, as well as in microbial and human derived metabolites (62).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota Composition Is Related to Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Young Adults
Durk, R. P., Castillo, E., Márquez-Magaña, L., Grosicki, G. J., Bolter, N. D., Lee, C. M., & Bagley, J. R. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0024 · Cited by 131 · cited 1×
“Similarly, the fitness measured by VO2max was significantly correlated with the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (54).”
MethodSnipe, R. M. J., Khoo, A., Kitic, C. M., Gibson, P. R., & Costa, R. J. S. (2017) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0361 · Cited by 117
Four men in a boat: Ultra-endurance exercise alters the gut microbiome
Keohane, D. M., Woods, T., O’Connor, P., Underwood, S., Cronin, O., Whiston, R., O'Sullivan, O., Cotter, P., Shanahan, F., & Molloy, M. G. M. (2019) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.004 · Cited by 113
Jäger, R., Shields, K. A., Lowery, R. P., De Souza, E. O., Partl, J. M., Hollmer, C., Purpura, M., & Wilson, J. M. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2276 · Cited by 111
The Effects of Dietary Pattern during Intensified Training on Stool Microbiota of Elite Race Walkers
Murtaza, N., Burke, L. M., Vlahovich, N., Charlesson, B., O’ Neill, H., Ross, M. L., Campbell, K. L., Krause, L., & Morrison, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020261 · Cited by 96
Jäger, R., Purpura, M., Stone, J., Turner, S., Anzalone, A., Eimerbrink, M., Pane, M., Amoruso, A., Rowlands, D., & Oliver, J. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8100642 · Cited by 89
Cited by
Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy
Li, M., Chi, X., Wang, Y., Setrerrahmane, S., Xie, W., & Xu, H. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01073-0 · Cited by 939
Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health
Qiu, Y., Fernández-García, B., Lehmann, H. I., Li, G., Kroemer, G., López-Otín, C., & Xiao, J. (2023) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.10.003 · Cited by 270
Benedé-Ubieto, R., Cubero, F. J., & Nevzorova, Y. A. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2331460 · Cited by 242
Roberts, M. D., McCarthy, J. J., Hornberger, T. A., Phillips, S. M., Mackey, A. L., Nader, G. A., Boppart, M. D., Kavazis, A. N., Reidy, P. T., Ogasawara, R., et al. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2022 · Cited by 214
Varghese, S., Rao, S., Khattak, A., Zamir, F., & Chaari, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16213663 · Cited by 152
Metadata
- Authors
- Clauss, M., Gérard, P., Mosca, A., & Leclerc, M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-06-10
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 637010-637010
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3171382660
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 45
- FWCI
- 11.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
