Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 38

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Muscle-Centric Perspective on Intermittent Fasting: A Suboptimal Dietary Strategy for Supporting Muscle Protein Remodeling and Muscle Mass?

Williamson, Eric, Moore, Daniel R.·2021·Frontiers in Nutrition
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2021.640621
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Muscle protein is constantly “turning over” through the breakdown of old/damaged proteins and the resynthesis of new functional proteins, the algebraic difference determining net muscle gain, maintenance, or loss. This turnover, which is sensitive to the nutritional environment, ultimately determines the mass, quality, and health of skeletal muscle over time. Intermittent fasting has become a topic of interest in the health community as an avenue to improve health and body composition primarily via caloric deficiency as well as enhanced lipolysis and fat oxidation secondary to attenuated daily insulin response. However, this approach belies the established anti-catabolic effect of insulin on skeletal muscle. More importantly, muscle protein synthesis, which is the primary regulated turnover variable in healthy humans, is stimulated by the consumption of dietary amino acids, a process that is saturated at a moderate protein intake. While limited research has explored the effect of intermittent fasting on muscle-related outcomes, we propose that infrequent meal feeding and periods of prolonged fasting characteristic of models of intermittent fasting may be counter-productive to optimizing muscle protein turnover and net muscle protein balance. The present commentary will discuss the regulation of muscle protein turnover across fasted and fed cycles and contrast it with studies exploring how dietary manipulation alters the partitioning of fat and lean body mass. It is our position that intermittent fasting likely represents a suboptimal dietary approach to remodel skeletal muscle, which could impact the ability to maintain or enhance muscle mass and quality, especially during periods of reduced energy availability.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fnut.2021.640621

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 69

  1. Johnson, 1994, Loss of muscle mass is poorly reflected in grip strength performance in healthy young men, Med Sci Sport Exerc., 26, 235, 10.1249/00005768-199402000-00015 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Fleck, 1986, Value of Resistance Training for the Reduction of Sports Injuries, Sport Med., 3, 61, 10.2165/00007256-198603010-00006 · DOI
  3. Bell, 2016, Muscle disuse as a pivotal problem in sarcopenia-related muscle loss and dysfunction, J Frailty Aging., 5, 33, 10.14283/jfa.2016.78 · DOI
  4. Greenhaff, 2008, Disassociation between the effects of amino acids and insulin on signaling, ubiquitin ligases, and protein turnover in human muscle, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., 295, E595, 10.1152/ajpendo.90411.2008 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Kim, 2016, The anabolic response to a meal containing different amounts of protein is not limited by the maximal stimulation of protein synthesis in healthy young adults, Am J Physiol Metab., 310, E73, 10.1152/ajpendo.00365.2015 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Mitchell, 2015, What is the relationship between the acute muscle protein synthesis response and changes in muscle mass?, J Appl Physiol., 118, 495, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00609.2014 · DOI
  7. Layman, 2015, Defining meal requirements for protein to optimize metabolic roles of amino acids, Am J Clin Nutr., 101, 1330, 10.3945/ajcn.114.084053 · DOI
  8. Paoli, 2019, The influence of meal frequency and timing on health in humans: the role of fasting, Nutrients., 11, 719, 10.3390/nu11040719 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Peterson, 2019, Intermittent fasting induces weight loss, but the effects on cardiometabolic health are modulated by energy balance, Obesity., 27, 11, 10.1002/oby.22384 · DOI
  10. Welton, 2020, Intermittent fasting and weight loss Systematic review, Can Fam Physician., 66, 117
  11. Rynders, 2019, Effectiveness of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding compared to continuous energy restriction for weight loss, Nutrients., 11, 2442, 10.3390/nu11102442 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Varady, 2009, Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults, Am J Clin Nutr., 90, 1138, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Sievert, 2019, Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ., 364, 142, 10.1136/bmj.l42 · DOI
  14. Ravussin, 2019, Early time-restricted feeding reduces appetite and increases fat oxidation but does not affect energy expenditure in humans, Obesity., 27, 1244, 10.1002/oby.22518 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Anton, 2013, Fasting or caloric restriction for Healthy Aging, Exp Gerontol., 48, 1003, 10.1016/j.exger.2013.04.011 · DOI
  16. Dethlefsen, 2018, Training state and skeletal muscle autophagy in response to 36 h of fasting, J Appl Physiol., 125, 1609, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01146.2017 · DOI
  17. Glynn, 2010, Muscle protein breakdown has a minor role in the protein anabolic response to essential amino acid and carbohydrate intake following resistance exercise, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol., 299, R533, 10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2010 · DOI
  18. Felig, 1970, Amino acid metabolism in the regulation of gluconeogenesis in man, Am J Clin Nutr., 23, 986, 10.1093/ajcn/23.7.986 · DOI
  19. Cahill, 1976, Starvation in man, Clin Endocrinol Metab., 5, 397, 10.1016/S0300-595X(76)80028-X · DOI · Paper page
  20. Felig, 1969, Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation, J Clin Invest., 48, 584, 10.1172/JCI106017 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Biolo, 1995, Role of membrane transport in interorgan amino acid flow between muscle and small intestine, Metabolism., 44, 719, 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90183-3 · DOI
  22. Odessey, 1974, Origin and possible significance of alanine production by skeletal muscle, J Biol., 249, 7623, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)81283-8 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Bak, 2016, Differential regulation of lipid and protein metabolism in obese vs. Lean subjects before and after a 72-h fast, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., 311, E224, 10.1152/ajpendo.00464.2015 · DOI
  24. Carlson, 1994, Fuel and energy metabolism in fasting humans, Am J Clin Nutr., 60, 29, 10.1093/ajcn/60.1.29 · DOI
  25. Pozefsky, 1976, Effects of brief starvation on muscle amino acid metabolism in nonobese man, J Clin Invest., 57, 444, 10.1172/JCI108295 · DOI
  26. Biolo, 1997, An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein, Am J Physiol., 273, 122, 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.E122 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Burd, 2014, The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans, J Appl Physiol., 117, 1363, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2014 · DOI
  28. Moore, 2019, Maximizing post-exercise anabolism: the case for relative protein intakes, Front Nutr., 6, 147, 10.3389/fnut.2019.00147 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Chan, 2019, The degree of aminoacidemia after dairy protein ingestion does not modulate the postexercise anabolic response in young men: a randomized controlled trial, J Nutr., 149, 1511, 10.1093/jn/nxz099 · DOI
  30. Mitchell, 2015, A Dose-rather than delivery profile-dependent mechanism regulates the “muscle-full” effect in response to oral essential amino acid intake in young men, J Nutr., 145, 207, 10.3945/jn.114.199604 · DOI
  31. Pennings, 2011, Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men, Am J Clin Nutr., 93, 997, 10.3945/ajcn.110.008102 · DOI · Paper page
  32. West, 2011, Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise, Am J Clin Nutr., 94, 795, 10.3945/ajcn.111.013722 · DOI · Paper page
  33. Bilsborough, 2006, A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans, Int J Sport Nutr., 16, 129, 10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.129 · DOI · Paper page
  34. van Vliet, 2019, Time-dependent regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after milk protein ingestion in young men, J Appl Physiol., 127, 1792, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2019 · DOI
  35. Bohé, 2001, Latency and duration of stimulation of human muscle protein synthesis during continuous infusion of amino acids, J Physiol., 532, 575, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0575f.x · DOI
  36. Witard, 2009, Resistance exercise increases postprandial muscle protein synthesis in humans, Med Sci Sport Exerc., 41, 144, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181844e79 · DOI
  37. Moore, 2009, Differential stimulation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis with protein ingestion at rest and after resistance exercise, J Physiol., 587, 897, 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164087 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Trommelen, 2015, Mechanisms in endocrinology: exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: a systematic review, Eur J Endocrinol., 173, R25, 10.1530/EJE-14-0902 · DOI
  39. Nair, 1987, Leucine, glucose, and energy metabolism after 3 days of fasting in healthy human subjects, Am J Clin Nutr., 46, 557, 10.1093/ajcn/46.4.557 · DOI
  40. Kim, 2018, Update on maximal anabolic response to dietary protein, Clin Nutr, 37, 411, 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.029 · DOI
  41. Mazzulla, 2018, Whole-body net protein balance plateaus in response to increasing protein intakes during post-exercise recovery in adults and adolescents, Nutr Metab., 15, 62, 10.1186/s12986-018-0301-z · DOI · Paper page
  42. Areta, 2013, Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis, J Physiol., 591, 2319, 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Moore, 2015, Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men, Journals Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci., 70, 57, 10.1093/gerona/glu103 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Bowen, 2018, Randomized trial of a high protein, partial meal replacement program with or without alternate day fasting: similar effects on weight loss, retention status, nutritional, metabolic, and behavioral outcomes, Nutrients., 10, 1145, 10.3390/nu10091145 · DOI
  45. Klempel, 2013, Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet, Metabolism., 62, 137, 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002 · DOI
  46. Varady, 2013, Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: A randomized controlled trial, Nutr J., 12, 146, 10.1186/1475-2891-12-146 · DOI · Paper page
  47. Tinsley, 2019, Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial, Am J Clin Nutr., 110, 628, 10.1093/ajcn/nqz126 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Teng, 2013, Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention, Aging Male., 16, 177, 10.3109/13685538.2013.832191 · DOI
  49. Klempel, 2012, Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women, Nutr J., 11, 98, 10.1186/1475-2891-11-98 · DOI
  50. Teng, 2011, Efficacy of fasting calorie restriction on quality of life among aging men, Physiol Behav., 104, 1059, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.007 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Catenacci, 2016, A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity, Obesity., 24, 1874, 10.1002/oby.21581 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Davis, 2016, Intermittent energy restriction and weight loss: a systematic review, Eur J Clin Nutr., 70, 292, 10.1038/ejcn.2015.195 · DOI
  53. Alhamdan, 2016, Alternate-day versus daily energy restriction diets: which is more effective for weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis, Obes Sci Pract., 2, 293, 10.1002/osp4.52 · DOI
  54. Tavoian, 2019, Changes in DXA-derived lean mass and MRI-derived cross-sectional area of the thigh are modestly associated, Sci Rep., 9, 10028, 10.1038/s41598-019-46428-w · DOI
  55. Mahon, 2007, Measurement of body composition changes with weight loss in postmenopausal women: comparison of methods, J Nutr Heal Aging., 11, 203
  56. Evans, 1999, Body-composition changes with diet and exercise in obese women: a comparison of estimates from clinical methods and a 4-component model, Am J Clin Nutr., 70, 5, 10.1093/ajcn/70.1.5 · DOI
  57. Kim, 2002, Total-body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method, Am J Clin Nutr., 76, 378, 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.378 · DOI · Paper page
  58. Cienfuegos, 2020, Effects of 4- and 6-h time-restricted feeding on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in adults with obesity, Cell Metab., 32, 366, 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Tinsley, 2017, Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: a randomized controlled trial, Eur J Sport Sci., 17, 200, 10.1080/17461391.2016.1223173 · DOI · Paper page
  60. James, 2020, Anticipation of 24 h severe energy restriction increases energy intake and reduces physical activity energy expenditure in the prior 24 h, in healthy males, Appetite., 152, 104719, 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104719 · DOI
  61. Oikawa, 2019, The impact of step reduction on muscle health in aging: protein and exercise as countermeasures, Front Nutr., 6, 75, 10.3389/fnut.2019.00075 · DOI
  62. Keenan, 2020, The effects of intermittent fasting combined with resistance training on lean body mass: a systematic review of human studies, Nutrients., 12, 1, 10.3390/nu12082349 · DOI
  63. Yasuda, 2020, Evenly distributed protein intake over 3 meals augments resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy in healthy young men, J Nutr., 150, 1845, 10.1093/jn/nxaa101 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Clark, 2014, Total body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by creatine (methyl -d 3) dilution in humans, J Appl Physiol., 116, 1605, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00045.2014 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Evans, 2019, D 3 -Creatine dilution and the importance of accuracy in the assessment of skeletal muscle mass, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle., 10, 14, 10.1002/jcsm.12390 · DOI
  66. Hellerstein, 2017, Recent advances for measurement of protein synthesis rates, use of the 'Virtual Biopsy' approach, and measurement of muscle mass, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care., 20(3), 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000370 · DOI
  67. Brook, 2017, Recent developments in deuterium oxide tracer approaches to measure rates of substrate turnover, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care., 20, 191, 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000392 · DOI
  68. Shad, 2016, Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review, Am J Physiol Metab., 311, E803, 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016 · DOI
  69. Loenneke, 2016, Per meal dose and frequency of protein consumption is associated with lean mass and muscle performance, Clin Nutr., 35, 1506, 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.002 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 38

Metadata

Authors
Williamson, E., & Moore, D. R.
Venue
Frontiers in Nutrition
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-06-09
Volume
8
ISSN
2296-861X
DOI
10.3389/fnut.2021.640621
Cited by
38
References
36
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.