Dietary protein distribution positively influences 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults
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The RDA for protein describes the quantity that should be consumed daily to meet population needs and to prevent deficiency. Protein consumption in many countries exceeds the RDA; however, intake is often skewed toward the evening meal, whereas breakfast is typically carbohydrate rich and low in protein. We examined the effects of protein distribution on 24-h skeletal muscle protein synthesis in healthy adult men and women (n = 8; age: 36.9 ± 3.1 y; BMI: 25.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2). By using a 7-d crossover feeding design with a 30-d washout period, we measured changes in muscle protein synthesis in response to isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with protein at breakfast, lunch, and dinner distributed evenly (EVEN; 31.5 ± 1.3, 29.9 ± 1.6, and 32.7 ± 1.6 g protein, respectively) or skewed (SKEW; 10.7 ± 0.8, 16.0 ± 0.5, and 63.4 ± 3.7 g protein, respectively). Over 24-h periods on days 1 and 7, venous blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained during primed (2.0 μmol/kg) constant infusion [0.06 μmol/(kg⋅min)] of l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine. The 24-h mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was 25% higher in the EVEN (0.075 ± 0.006%/h) vs. the SKEW (0.056 ± 0.006%/h) protein distribution groups (P = 0.003). This pattern was maintained after 7 d of habituation to each diet (EVEN vs. SKEW: 0.077 ± 0.006 vs. 0.056 ± 0.006%/h; P = 0.001). The consumption of a moderate amount of protein at each meal stimulated 24-h muscle protein synthesis more effectively than skewing protein intake toward the evening meal.
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Post-exercise protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner up to a moderate per-meal level.
“post-exercise protein ingestion stimulates synthesis in a dose-dependent manner up to a moderate per-meal level [160,161]”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [160]
The Results (Mixed muscle protein synthesis; page not provided) report greater synthesis after a 30-g breakfast than a 10-g breakfast, and the Introduction describes approximately 30 g per meal as maximally stimulating synthesis in healthy adults. The study does not establish a dose-dependent response specifically to post-exercise protein ingestion; its meal comparison was not presented as a post-exercise test. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA more even distribution of protein intake across meals increased 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults compared with a skewed pattern.
“A more even distribution of protein intake across meals increased 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults compared with a skewed pattern”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [160]
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“Rather, the timing or distribution of protein throughout the day may play a more pivotal role in the regulation of lean mass (44), but this commonly promoted theory has yet to be proven (36).”
BackgroundOptimizing Adult Protein Intake During Catabolic Health Conditions
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- Authors
- Mamerow, M. M., Mettler, J. A., English, K. L., Casperson, S. L., Arentson-Lantz, E., Sheffield-Moore, M., Layman, D. K., & Paddon-Jones, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 876-880
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4018950
- OpenAlex
- W2118131565
- Semantic Scholar
- 705b036b0a8f54749584f50d1f453aedb519aa9f
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 20.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UL1TR000071)
- National Center for Research Resources (P30 AG024832)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- meal timing, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, protein intake, phenylalanine tracer, protein requirements
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Phenylalanine, Tissue Distribution, Body Mass Index, Cross-Over Studies, Quadriceps Muscle, Meals, Healthy Volunteers
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