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Neuroinflammation and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction: Focus of Traumatic Brain Injury

Mele, Chiara, Pingue, Valeria, Caputo, Marina, Zavattaro, Marco, Pagano, Loredana, Prodam, Flavia, Nardone, Antonio, Aimaretti, Gianluca, Marzullo, Paolo·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms22052686
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Abstract

The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased over the last years with an important impact on public health. Many preclinical and clinical studies identified multiple and heterogeneous TBI-related pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for functional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. Recent evidence has suggested that post-TBI neuroinflammation is responsible for several long-term clinical consequences, including hypopituitarism. This review aims to summarize current evidence on TBI-induced neuroinflammation and its potential role in determining hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions.

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Cited by

See all 53

Metadata

Authors
Mele, C., Pingue, V., Caputo, M., Zavattaro, M., Pagano, L., Prodam, F., Nardone, A., Aimaretti, G., & Marzullo, P.
Affiliations
  • Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  • Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  • Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
  • Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
  • Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-07
Volume
22
Issue
5
Pages
2686
ISSN
1422-0067
DOI
10.3390/ijms22052686
Cited by
53
References
64
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.