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Lysosomal Exocytosis: The Extracellular Role of an Intracellular Organelle

Tancini, Brunella, Buratta, Sandra, Delo, Federica, Sagini, Krizia, Chiaradia, Elisabetta, Pellegrino, Roberto Maria, Emiliani, Carla, Urbanelli, Lorena·2020·Membranes
DOI 10.3390/membranes10120406PMC PMC7764620
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Abstract

Lysosomes are acidic cell compartments containing a large set of hydrolytic enzymes. These lysosomal hydrolases degrade proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids into their constituents. Materials to be degraded can reach lysosomes either from inside the cell, by autophagy, or from outside the cell, by different forms of endocytosis. In addition to their degradative functions, lysosomes are also able to extracellularly release their contents by lysosomal exocytosis. These organelles move from the perinuclear region along microtubules towards the proximity of the plasma membrane, then the lysosomal and plasma membrane fuse together via a Ca2+-dependent process. The fusion of the lysosomal membrane with plasma membrane plays an important role in plasma membrane repair, while the secretion of lysosomal content is relevant for the remodelling of extracellular matrix and release of functional substrates. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, share as a pathological feature the accumulation of undigested material within organelles of the endolysosomal system. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of these unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination. However, many details of the molecular machinery required for lysosomal exocytosis are only beginning to be unravelled. Here, we are going to review the current literature on molecular mechanisms and biological functions underlying lysosomal exocytosis, to shed light on the potential of lysosomal exocytosis stimulation as a therapeutic approach.

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Metadata

Authors
Tancini, B., Buratta, S., Delo, F., Sagini, K., Chiaradia, E., Pellegrino, R. M., Emiliani, C., & Urbanelli, L.
Affiliations
  • Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
ORCID
Venue
Membranes
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-12-09
Volume
10
Issue
12
Pages
406
ISSN
2077-0375
DOI
10.3390/membranes10120406
PMC
PMC7764620
Cited by
144
References
13
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
University of Perugia, Dept. Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology (Ricerca di Base 2019/Urbanelli)

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