Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes
Open accessAbstract
Over the past two decades, the molecular machinery that underlies autophagic responses has been characterized with ever increasing precision in multiple model organisms. Moreover, it has become clear that autophagy and autophagy-related processes have profound implications for human pathophysiology. However, considerable confusion persists about the use of appropriate terms to indicate specific types of autophagy and some components of the autophagy machinery, which may have detrimental effects on the expansion of the field. Driven by the overt recognition of such a potential obstacle, a panel of leading experts in the field attempts here to define several autophagy-related terms based on specific biochemical features. The ultimate objective of this collaborative exchange is to formulate recommendations that facilitate the dissemination of knowledge within and outside the field of autophagy research.
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OPTN actively regulates proteasomal turnover of RIPK1, as loss of OPTN induces axonal degeneration via RIPK1-dependent necroptosis.
“Moreover, it has recently been reported that the autophagic receptor optineurin (OPTN) [509] actively regulates the proteasomal turnover of RIPK1, as the loss of OPTN induces axonal degeneration via RIPK1-dependent necroptosis [510].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [509]
Once engulfed, entotic cells are often eliminated by a RCD subroutine independent of BCL2 proteins and caspases, but relying at least in part on LC3-associated phagocytosis.
“Once engulfed, entotic cells are often eliminated by a RCD subroutine that occurs independently of BCL2 proteins and caspases [694, 704], but relies (at least in part) on a specific autophagy-related process commonly known as LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) [509, 705, 706].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [509]
LC3 has a known role in autophagy and has been recently identified as a regulator of rapid apoptotic cell clearance in macrophages in LC3-associated phagocytosis, which occurs in the absence of immune activation.
“In addition to its known role in autophagy22, LC3 has been recently identified as a novel regulator of rapid apoptotic cell clearance in macrophages in a process termed LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which occurs in the absence of immune activation23.”
From Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity (2018) · cites this paper as [22]
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Autophagy sequesters damaged lysosomes to control lysosomal biogenesis and kidney injury
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Self-citationDegradation of Paternal Mitochondria by Fertilization-Triggered Autophagy in C. elegans Embryos
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Autophagy requires endoplasmic reticulum targeting of the PI3-kinase complex via Atg14L
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Self-citationSchwann cell autophagy, myelinophagy, initiates myelin clearance from injured nerves
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Self-citationTumor Vessel Normalization by Chloroquine Independent of Autophagy
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Galluzzi, L., Vitale, I., Aaronson, S. A., Abrams, J. M., Adam, D., Agostinis, P., Alnemri, E. S., Altucci, L., Amelio, I., Andrews, D. W., et al. (2018) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4 · Cited by 6,680 · see citing works
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Self-citationMacrophages and metabolism in the tumor microenvironment
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Autophagy in major human diseases
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Autophagy-Independent Functions of the Autophagy Machinery
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAutophagy and mitophagy in cardiovascular disease
Bravo-San Pedro, J. M., Kroemer, G., & Galluzzi, L. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.311082 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy-dependent cell death
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Diverse Cellular Roles of Autophagy
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Self-citationAutophagy in liver diseases: Time for translation?
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Self-citationImmunological impact of cell death signaling driven by radiation on the tumor microenvironment
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Autophagy in the renewal, differentiation and homeostasis of immune cells
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Self-citationMitochondrial DNA drives abscopal responses to radiation that are inhibited by autophagy
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Self-citationAging Hallmarks and Progression and Age-Related Diseases: A Landscape View of Research Advancement
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Cytosolic DNA Sensing in Organismal Tumor Control
Vanpouille-Box, C., Demaria, S., Formenti, S. C., & Galluzzi, L. (2018) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.013 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy in stem cells: repair, remodelling and metabolic reprogramming
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Self-citationSystematic analysis of ribophagy in human cells reveals bystander flux during selective autophagy
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Self-citationAutophagy in hepatic adaptation to stress
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Self-citationThe Link between Chronic Stress and Accelerated Aging
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“Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy) can also function selectively, when it promotes degradation of a precise substrate by specific autophagy receptors, such as NDP52, NBR1 and p62/SQSTM1 [2] and by involving the fine coupling of numerous kinases (i.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIntegrating the DNA damage and protein stress responses during cancer development and treatment
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Crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways
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Apoptosis and autophagy in polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
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Self-citationComprehensive autophagy evaluation in cardiac disease models
Kaludercic, N., Maiuri, M. C., Kaushik, S., Fernández, Á. F., de Bruijn, J., Castoldi, F., Chen, Y., Ito, J., Mukai, R., Murakawa, T., et al. (2020) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvz233 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Oleuropein Induces AMPK-Dependent Autophagy in NAFLD Mice, Regardless of the Gender
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The contribution of altered neuronal autophagy to neurodegeneration
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The interplay of autophagy and non-apoptotic cell death pathways
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Self-citationThe link between Mitochondria and Sarcopenia
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NIBAN1, Exploring its Roles in Cell Survival Under Stress Context
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- Authors
- Galluzzi, L., Baehrecke, E. H., Ballabio, A., Boya, P., Bravo‐San Pedro, J. M., Cecconi, F., Choi, A. M., Chu, C. T., Codogno, P., Colombo, M. I., Cuervo, A. M., Debnath, J., Deretic, V., Dikic, I., Eskelinen, E., Fimia, G. M., Fulda, S., Gewirtz, D. A., Green, D. R., Hansen, M., Harper, J. W., Jäättelä, M., Johansen, T., Juhasz, G., Kimmelman, A. C., Kraft, C., Ktistakis, N. T., Kumar, S., Levine, B., Lopez‐Otin, C., Madeo, F., Martens, S., Martinez, J., Melendez, A., Mizushima, N., Münz, C., Murphy, L. O., Penninger, J. M., Piacentini, M., Reggiori, F., Rubinsztein, D. C., Ryan, K. M., Santambrogio, L., Scorrano, L., Simon, A. K., Simon, H., Simonsen, A., Tavernarakis, N., Tooze, S. A., Yoshimori, T., Yuan, J., Yue, Z., Zhong, Q., & Kroemer, G.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Danish Cancer Society (DK)
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of Graz (AT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (AT)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute (GB)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- University of Crete (GR)
- The Francis Crick Institute (GB)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- ORCID
- Galluzzi, Lorenzo
- Baehrecke, Eric H
- Ballabio, Andrea
- Boya, Patricia
- Cecconi, Francesco
- Choi, Augustine M
- Chu, Charleen T
- Codogno, Patrice
- Cuervo, Ana Maria
- Debnath, Jayanta
- Deretic, Vojo
- Dikic, Ivan
- Eskelinen, Eeva‐Liisa
- Fulda, Simone
- Gewirtz, David A
- Green, Douglas R
- Hansen, Malene
- Harper, J Wade
- Jäättelä, Marja
- Johansen, Terje
- Juhasz, Gabor
- Kimmelman, Alec C
- Kraft, Claudine
- Ktistakis, Nicholas T
- Kumar, Sharad
- Levine, Beth
- Madeo, Frank
- Martens, Sascha
- Martinez, Jennifer
- Mizushima, Noboru
- Münz, Christian
- Penninger, Josef M
- Piacentini, Mauro
- Reggiori, Fulvio
- Rubinsztein, David C
- Ryan, Kevin M
- Santambrogio, Laura
- Scorrano, Luca
- Simon, Anna Katharina
- Simon, Hans‐Uwe
- Simonsen, Anne
- Tavernarakis, Nektarios
- Tooze, Sharon A
- Yoshimori, Tamotsu
- Yuan, Junying
- Yue, Zhenyu
- Zhong, Qing
- Kroemer, Guido
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 2017-06-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1811-1836
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC5494474
- OpenAlex
- W2621728938
- Cited by
- 1,646
- References
- 381
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 143 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 49 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 22.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (103830/Z/14/Z)
- Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research (KENN161708)
- Cancer Research UK (22903, 15816)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/B/000C0432, BBS/E/B/000C0417, BBS/E/B/0000C341, BB/K019155/1, BB/H000631/1, BBS/E/B/000C0434, BBS/E/B/000C0413)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- National Institute on Aging (RF1AG054108, R01AG045223, R37AG021904, P01AG031782, P30AG038072, R01AG038664)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL114501)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R15GM102846, R01GM117466, R01GM116908, P20GM121176)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI040646, R01AI137198, R01AI146180, R37AI042999)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK041296)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Keywords
- autophagy, nomenclature, autophagy machinery, terminology standardization, autophagy-related proteins
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Drosophila melanogaster, Terminology as Topic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mice, Gene Regulatory Networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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