Mechanisms of Photoaging and Cutaneous Photocarcinogenesis, and Photoprotective Strategies with Phytochemicals
Open accessAbstract
Photoaging and photocarcinogenesis are primarily due to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which alters DNA, cellular antioxidant balance, signal transduction pathways, immunology, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The DNA alterations include UV radiation induced thymine-thymine dimers and loss of tumor suppressor gene p53. UV radiation reduces cellular antioxidant status by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resultant oxidative stress alters signal transduction pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB)/p65, the janus kinase (JAK), signal transduction and activation of transcription (STAT) and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). UV radiation induces pro-inflammatory genes and causes immunosuppression by depleting the number and activity of the epidermal Langerhans cells. Further, UV radiation remodels the ECM by increasing matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP) and reducing structural collagen and elastin. The photoprotective strategies to prevent/treat photoaging and photocarcinogenesis include oral or topical agents that act as sunscreens or counteract the effects of UV radiation on DNA, cellular antioxidant balance, signal transduction pathways, immunology and the ECM. Many of these agents are phytochemical derivatives and include polyphenols and non-polyphenols. The flavonoids are polyphenols and include catechins, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins, whereas the non-flavonoids comprise mono phenolic acids and stilbenes. The natural sources of polyphenols include tea, cocoa, grape/wine, soy, pomegranate, and Polypodium leucotomos. The non-phenolic phytochemicals include carotenoids, caffeine and sulphoraphance (SFN). In addition, there are other phytochemical derivatives or whole extracts such as baicalin, flavangenol, raspberry extract, and Photomorphe umbellata with photoprotective activity against UVB radiation, and thereby carcinogenesis.
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DNA photoproducts are considered as a molecular trigger for the induction of immunosuppression and initiation of photocarcinogenesis.
“DNA photoproducts are considered as a molecular trigger for the induction of immunosuppression and initiation of photocarcinogenesis”
From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Bosch et al. 2015
Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids derived from different plant species are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways.
“Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, derived from different plant species, are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways.”
From Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
Natural compounds used against photoaging comprise phenolic compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes derived from plants such as tea, grape, bergamot, fernblock, rooibos, grapefruit, and red orange.
“Natural compounds used against photoaging comprise phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (catechins, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins), phenolic acids (benzoic, gallic, and cinnamic acids), and stilbenes derived from plants such as tea, grape, bergamot, fernblock, rooibos, grapefruit, and red orange [4, 88, 90].”
From Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
Lycopene protects against various skin alterations induced by UV radiation.
“It has been demonstrated that lycopene protects against various skin alterations induced by UV radiation [90].”
From Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Bosch, R., Philips, N., Suárez-Pérez, J., Juarranz, A., Devmurari, A., Chalensouk-Khaosaat, J., & González, S.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (ES)
- Fairleigh Dickinson University (US)
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Biology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28903, Spain
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Philips, Neena
- Venue
- Antioxidants
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-03-26
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 248-268
- ISSN
- 2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4665475
- OpenAlex
- W2008820810
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion)
- Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (University of Málaga) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- photoaging, photocarcinogenesis, ultraviolet radiation, photoprotection, phytochemicals, polyphenols, flavonoids, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, DNA damage, thymine dimers, p53, signal transduction, NF-κB, Nrf2, matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular matrix, Langerhans cells, immunosuppression, sunscreen, carotenoids, caffeine, sulforaphane, Polypodium leucotomos, topical agents
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