Cited by 2,499Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

Khachaturian, Z. S.·1985·Archives of Neurology

DOI 10.1001/archneur.1985.04060100083029

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Abstract

Early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a major impact on the progress of research on dementia. To address the problems involved in diagnosing AD in its earliest stages, the National Institute on Aging, the American Association of Retired Persons, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, and the National Institute of Mental Health jointly sponsored a workshop for planning research. The purpose of the meeting was to identify the most important scientific research opportunities and the crucial clinical and technical issues that influence the progress of research on the diagnosis of AD. The 37 participants included some of the most knowledgeable and eminent scientists and physicians actively involved in the study of AD. The participants were divided among six panels representing the disciplines of neurochemistry, neuropathology, neuroradiology, neurology, neuropsychology, and psychiatry. Within each of the panels, participants discussed specific areas of research requiring further

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Method
Neurofibrillary Tangles and Alzheimer’s Disease
Brion, J. (1998) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000007969 · Cited by 208
GLUT-1 Expression in the Cerebra of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
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Cortical areas abundant in extracellular matrix chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans are less affected by cytoskeletal changes in Alzheimer's disease
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“In the first criterion, commonly referred to as the Khachaturian criterion, the neuropathologic determination of Alzheimer's disease in elderly persons is based on the number of neocortical senile plaques (Khachaturian , 1985).”
Background
Pathologic Accumulation of α-Synuclein and Aβ in Parkinson Disease Patients With Dementia
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“The clinical diagnosis was confirmed pathologically for all patients using CERAD criteria ( Khachaturian 1985 ; M irra et al. 1991).”
Method
Posterior Cortical Atrophy: Neuropathologic Correlations
Victoroff, J., Ross, G., Benson, D., Verity, M., & Vinters, H. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540150063018 · Cited by 169
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Dickson, D. W. (1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00065-1 · Cited by 168
No global neocortical nerve cell loss in brains from patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
Regeur, L., Jensen, G. B., Pakkenberg, H., Evans, S. M., & Pakkenberg, B. (1994) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(94)90030-2 · Cited by 165
DNA strand breaks in Alzheimer’s disease
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Rapid Degeneration of Cultured Human Brain Pericytes by Amyloid β Protein
Verbeek, M. M., de Waal, R. M. W., Schipper, J. J., & Nostrand, W. E. V. (1997) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68031135.x · Cited by 167
“Senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid are two of the characteristic pathologic lesions in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’ s disease (Mandybur, 1975; Glenner et al., 1981; Khachaturian, 1985).”
Background
Optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer in Alzheimer's disease
Tsai, C. S. (1991) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080020045040 · Cited by 163
Is aging part of Alzheimer's disease, or is Alzheimer's disease part of aging?
Swerdlow, R. H. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.021 · Cited by 154
“[97] Khachaturian ZS.”
Background
Alterations in the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel correlate with Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary and β-amyloid pathologies
Kelliher, M., Fastbom, J., Cowburn, R. F., Bonkale, W., Ohm, T. G., Ravid, R., Sorrentino, V., & O'Neill, C. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00042-1 · Cited by 129
Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: A link between development and aging
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Evidence for an Alzheimer Disease Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 12 and for Further Locus Heterogeneity
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Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences not only cerebral senile plaque load but also Alzheimer-type neurofibrillary tangle formation
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Advanced glycation endproducts co-localize with inducible nitric oxide synthase in Alzheimer’s disease
Wong, A. O., Lüth, H., Deuther‐Conrad, W., Dukić-Stefanović, S., Gasic‐Milenkovic, J., Arendt, T., & Münch, G. W. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02872-4 · Cited by 160
Expression of αB-crystallin in Alzheimer's disease
Renkawek, K., Voorter, C., Bosman, G. C. G. M., van Workum, F. V., & de Jong, W. D. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00296185 · Cited by 157
“Neuropathological criteria of AD generally corresponded to the Khachaturian classification [ 15 ].”
Background
Chronic Inflammation and Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease -- Role of Spirochetes1
Miklossy, J. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-13404 · Cited by 168
Diagnostic Accuracy of Dementia With Lewy Bodies
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Role of the neuropathology of Alzheimer disease in dementia in the oldest-old
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Clinical Correlates of Cortical and Nucleus Basalis Pathology in Alzheimer Dementia
Samuel, W., Terry, R. D., DeTeresa, R. M., Butters, N., & Masliah, E. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540200048015 · Cited by 142
Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease: A comparative clinicopathological study
Lippa, C. F., Smith, T. W., & Swearer, J. M. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410350113 · Cited by 148
The Relative Frequency of "Dementia of Unknown Etiology" Increases With Age and Is Nearly 50% in Nonagenarians
Crystal, H. A., Dickson, D., Davies, P., Masur, D., Grober, E., & Lipton, R. B. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.5.713 · Cited by 152
A new brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcript and decrease inbrain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcripts 1, 2 and 3 in Alzheimer's disease parietal cortex
Garzon, D. J., Yu, G., & Fahnestock, M. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01030.x · Cited by 152
Activation of MKK6, an upstream activator of p38, in Alzheimer's disease
Zhu, X.-W., Rottkamp, C., Hartzler, A., Sun, Z., Takeda, A., Boux, H., Shimohama, S., Perry, G., & Smith, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00597.x · Cited by 151
“The tissue used in this study was obtained from AD (n 21) and control (n 18) patients (see Table 1 for details), as assessed on clinical and pathological criteria established by CERAD and an NIA consensus panel (Khachaturian 1985; Mirra et al. 1991).”
Method
Modeling the Relation Between Neurofibrillary Tangles and Intellectual Status
Duyckaerts, C. (1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)80306-5 · Cited by 150
Differential clinicopathologic and genetic features of late-onset amnestic dementias
Murray, M. E., Cannon, A. D., Graff‐Radford, N. R., Liesinger, A. M., Rutherford, N. J., Ross, O. A., Duara, R., Carrasquillo, M. M., Rademakers, R., & Dickson, D. W. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1302-2 · Cited by 146
βA4 deposits are constant in the brain of the oldest old: An immunocytochemical study of 20 french centenarians
Delaère, P., He, Y., Fayet, G., Duyckaerts, C., & Hauw, J.-J. (1993) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(93)90096-t · Cited by 149
Neurons express proteins of the classical complement pathway in Alzheimer disease.
Terai, K., Walker, D., Mcgeer, E., & McGeer, P. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00849-4 · Cited by 149
Fallacies in the pathological confirmation of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Bowler, J. V., Muñoz, D. G., Merskey, H., & Hachinski, V. (1998) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.1.18 · Cited by 132
“These have evolved from earlier criteria for Alzheimer’s disease”
Background
Coexistence of Alzheimer-type neuropathology in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Hainfellner, J., Wanschitz, J., Jellinger, K., Liberski, P., Gullotta, F., & Budka, H. (1998) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010050870 · Cited by 146
“For the assessment of AD, current neuropathological protocols are those of Khatchaturian, CERAD and Tierney, which are all based on assessment of plaques and/or neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex [ 16 , 20, 25].”
Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Carr, D. B., Goate, A., Phil, D., & Morris, J. C. (1997) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00262-3 · Cited by 143
The Neuropathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical-Pathological Studies
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Late-onset vs nonmendelian early-onset Alzheimer disease
Reitz, C., Rogaeva, E. A., & Beecham, G. W. (2020) · Neurology Genetics · doi:10.1212/nxg.0000000000000512 · Cited by 184
Continuous fluorometric assays for acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibition with conjugated polyelectrolytes.
Feng, F., Tang, Y.-L., Wang, S., Li, Y.-L., & Zhu, D.-B. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/anie.200701724 · Cited by 145
Detection of Proteins in Normal and Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid with a Sensitive Sandwich Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Neurofibrillary Pathology—Correlation With Hippocampal Formation Atrophy in Alzheimer Disease
Bobinski, M., Węgiel, J., Wı́sniewski, H. M., Tarnawski, M. J., Bobinski, M., Reisberg, ‌., de Leon, M. J., & Miller, D. C. (1996) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)85095-6 · Cited by 138
Differences in the fatty acid composition of the grey and white matter of different regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects
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Apolipoprotein E and β-amyloid levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease subjects are disease-related and apolipoprotein E genotype dependent
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In vivo brain concentrations of N-acetyl compounds, creatine, and choline in Alzheimer disease.
Pfefferbaum, A., Adalsteinsson, E., Spielman, D., Sullivan, E., & Lim, K. O. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.2.185 · Cited by 141
“Patients met National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke– Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for probable Alzheimer disease.(61,62) Controls were recruited from the local community.”
Method
Neuropathology in controls and demented subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Troncoso, J. C., Martin, L. J., Dal Forno, G., & Kawas, C. H. (1996) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(96)00028-0 · Cited by 138
Brain aluminum, magnesium and phosphorus contents of control and Alzheimer-diseased patients
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Neural membrane phospholipids in alzheimer disease
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Clinical-neuropathologic findings in multi-infarct dementia: A report of six autopsied cases
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Neuropathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease differ significantly from neurofibrillary tangle-predominant dementia
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Aβ as a bioflocculant: implications for the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease
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Mapping Histology to Metabolism: Coregistration of Stained Whole-Brain Sections to Premortem PET in Alzheimer's Disease
Mega, M. S., Chen, S. S., Thompson, P. M., Woods, R. P., Karaca, T. J., Tiwari, A. S., Vinters, H. V., Small, G. W., & Toga, A. W. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0255 · Cited by 132
Alzheimer's Disease and the Eye☆
Armstrong, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Optometry · doi:10.3921/joptom.2009.103 · Cited by 101
Cl−-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities in Alzheimer's disease brains
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Neuronal expression of cycline dependent kinase inhibitors of the INK4 family in Alzheimer's disease
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Interaction of Presenilins with the Filamin Family of Actin-Binding Proteins
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Increased neuronal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and sulfhydryl levels indicate reductive compensation to oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease.
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Metabolic Risk Factors of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease: Implications in the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment
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Progressive supranuclear palsy diagnosis and confounding features: Report on 16 autopsied cases
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Cortical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease matches the pattern of neurons that retain their capacity of plastic remodelling in the adult brain
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Increased Concentrations of Presynaptic Proteins in the Cingulate Cortex of Subjects With Schizophrenia
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Microglial activation in early stages of amyloid β protein deposition
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Synaptic remodeling during aging and in Alzheimer's disease
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Immunotherapy for Alzheimer‘s Disease: From Anti-β-Amyloid to Tau-Based Immunization Strategies
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Correlations between mental state and quantitative neuropathology in the Vienna Longitudinal Study on Dementia
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Background
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Authors: Khachaturian, Z. S.
Corresponding author: Khachaturian, Z. S.
Venue: Archives of Neurology
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1985-11-01
Volume: 42
Issue: 11
Pages: 1097-1105
ISSN: 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1985.04060100083029
OpenAlex: W2171405125
Cited by: 2,499
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 40.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, early diagnosis, dementia, neurochemistry, neuropathology, neuroradiology, neuropsychology
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Humans

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