Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal Neuron and Prefrontal Function

Elston, G. N.

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg093

Cited by 440Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeural dynamics and brain functionMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal Neuron and Prefrontal Function

Elston, G. N.·2003·Cerebral Cortex

DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhg093

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Abstract

Arguably the most complex cortical functions are seated in human cognition, the how and why of which have been debated for centuries by theologians, philosophers and scientists alike. In his best-selling book, An Astonishing Hypothesis: A Scientific Search for the Soul, Francis Crick refined the view that these qualities are determined solely by cortical cells and circuitry. Put simply, cognition is nothing more, or less, than a biological function. Accepting this to be the case, it should be possible to identify the mechanisms that subserve cognitive processing. Since the pioneering studies of Lorent de Nó and Hebb, and the more recent studies of Fuster, Miller and Goldman-Rakic, to mention but a few, much attention has been focused on the role of persistent neural activity in cognitive processes. Application of modern technologies and modelling techniques has led to new hypotheses about the mechanisms of persistent activity. Here I focus on how regional variations in the pyramidal cell phenotype may determine the complexity of cortical circuitry and, in turn, influence neural activity. Data obtained from thousands of individually injected pyramidal cells in sensory, motor, association and executive cortex reveal marked differences in the numbers of putative excitatory inputs received by these cells. Pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex have, on average, up to 23 times more dendritic spines than those in the primary visual area. I propose that without these specializations in the structure of pyramidal cells, and the circuits they form, human cognitive processing would not have evolved to its present state. I also present data from both New World and Old World monkeys that show varying degrees of complexity in the pyramidal cell phenotype in their prefrontal cortices, suggesting that cortical circuitry and, thus, cognitive styles are evolving independently in different species.

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Cajal on the cerebral cortex
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A study of SMI 32‐stained pyramidal cells, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive chandelier cells, and presumptive thalamocortical axons in the human temproal neocortex
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The distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex of a New World monkey, the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
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Intrinsic lattice connections of macaque monkey visual cortical area V4
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Intrinsic connections in the macaque inferior temporal cortex
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Cortical dynamics of memory
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Neuronal activity of somatosensory cortex in a cross-modal (visuo-haptic) memory task
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Cortical columns as devices for maximizing neuronal diversity
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Improbable areas in the visual brain
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Targets and Quantitative Distribution of GABAergic Synapses in the Visual Cortex of the Cat
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Human Brain Evolution
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A reticular pattern of intrinsic connections in primate area V2 (area 18)
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Neuronal chemistry and functional organization in the primate visual system
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Parvalbumin immunoreactivity reveals layer IV of monkey cerebral cortex as a mosaic of microzones of thalamic afferent terminations
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Chapter 10 Spine distribution in cortical pyramidal cells: a common organizational principle across species
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Synaptic Connections of Calretinin-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Human Neocortex
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Patterns of inter- and intralaminar GABAergic connections distinguish striate (V1) and extrastriate (V2, V4) visual cortices and their functionally specialized subdivisions in the rhesus monkey
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Do humans see what monkeys see?
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DENDRITIC BRANCHING PATTERNS OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF THE NEW WORLD MARMOSET MONKEY, WITH COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE OLD WORLD MACAQUE MONKEY
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Pyramidal cell heterogeneity in the visual cortex of the nocturnal new world owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus)
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Specificity and non-specificity of synaptic connections within mammalian visual cortex
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Defelipe (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990927)412:3
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Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing
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Development and arealization of the cerebral cortex
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Neuronal Mechanisms of Cortical Alpha Oscillations in Awake-Behaving Macaques
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Self‐organized developmental patterning and differentiation in cerebral organoids
Renner, M., Lancaster, M. A., Bian, S., Choi, H., Ku, T., Peer, A., Chung, K., & Knoblich, J. A. (2017) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201694700 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Comparative connectomics
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Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification
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Normative brain size variation and brain shape diversity in humans
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Laminar analysis of slow wave activity in humans
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Spatial Organization of Neurons in the Frontal Pole Sets Humans Apart from Great Apes
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Alcohol and the prefrontal cortex
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A specialized NMDA receptor function in layer 5 recurrent microcircuitry of the adult rat prefrontal cortex
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Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: Implications for cognitive processing
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Authors: Elston, G. N.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Elston, G. N.
Venue: Cerebral Cortex
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2003-11-01
Volume: 13
Issue: 11
Pages: 1124-1138
ISSN: 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
1460-2199
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhg093
OpenAlex: W2149476775
Cited by: 440
References: 196
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 5.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: pyramidal neurons, prefrontal cortex, persistent activity, dendritic spines, cortical circuits, cognitive processes, excitatory synaptic input, primary visual cortex, primate evolution, cognitive style
MeSH terms: Animals, Cognition, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurons, Phenotype, Prefrontal Cortex, Pyramidal Cells

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Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal Neuron and Prefrontal Function

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