Differential expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors across excitatory and inhibitory cells in visual cortical areas V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey
Abstract
Cholinergic neuromodulation, a candidate mechanism for aspects of attention, is complex and is not well understood. Because structure constrains function, quantitative anatomy is an invaluable tool for reducing such a challenging problem. Our goal was to determine the extent to which m1 and m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are expressed by inhibitory vs. excitatory neurons in the early visual cortex. To this end, V1 and V2 of macaque monkeys were immunofluorescently labelled for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and either m1 or m2 mAChRs. Among the GABA-immunoreactive (ir) neurons, 61% in V1 and 63% in V2 were m1 AChR-ir, whereas 28% in V1 and 43% in V2 were m2 AChR-ir. In V1, both mAChRs were expressed by fewer than 10% of excitatory neurons. However, in V2, the population of mAChR-ir excitatory neurons was at least double that observed in V1. We also examined m1 and m2 AChR immunoreactivity in layers 2 and 3 of area V1 under the electron microscope and found evidence that GABAergic neurons localize mAChRs to the soma, whereas glutamatergic neurons expressed mAChRs more strongly in dendrites. Axon and terminal labelling was generally weak. These data represent the first quantitative anatomical study of m1 and m2 AChR expression in the cortex of any species. In addition, the increased expression in excitatory neurons across the V1/V2 border may provide a neural basis for the observation that attentional effects gain strength up through the visual pathway from area V1 through V2 to V4 and beyond.
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Cholinergic receptors are expressed by inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurons and on the terminals of thalamocortical neurons.
“Cholinergic receptors are expressed by inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurons119,124,158–164, as well as on the terminals of thalamocortical neurons165–169.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [160]
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Cholinergic suppression of visual responses in primate V1 is mediated by GABAergic inhibition
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The elephant in the room: understanding the pathogenesis of Charles Bonnet syndrome
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“We have shown previously, by electron micros- copy, that m1 AChRs are rarely expressed in distal processes (dendrites or axons) of any neurons in V1 of the macaque (Disney and Aoki, 2008; Disney et al., 2006).”
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Modulatory compartments in cortex and local regulation of cholinergic tone
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Structure and function of dual‐source cholinergic modulation in early vision
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is mediated by GABAergic inhibition Cholinergic suppression of visual responses in primate V1
Disney, A., Aoki, C. J., & Hawken, M. J. (2012)
Self-citationprimary visual cortex of the macaque Cholinergic modulation of response gain in the
Shimegi, S., Osaki, H., & Sato, H. (2012)
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Neuromodulation in Cortical Circuits
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Disney, A. A., Domakonda, K. V., & Aoki, C.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Disney, Anita A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 499
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-63
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- OpenAlex
- W2060037718
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (P30 EY-13079, R01EY013145, R01EY13145, P30EY013079)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS41091, R01NS041091)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- muscarinic receptors, M1 receptor, M2 muscarinic receptor, cholinergic modulation, visual cortex, primary visual cortex, secondary visual cortex, GABAergic neurons, excitatory neurons, attention, macaque
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Count, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Immunohistochemistry, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Neural Inhibition, Neurons, Receptors, Muscarinic, Visual Cortex, Blotting, Western, Gene Expression, Microscopy, Immunoelectron
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