Cited by 1,645Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersInflammasome and immune disorders

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten·2002·Glia

DOI 10.1002/glia.10161

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Abstract

Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno‐ and neuromodulatory messengers that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and invading cells, microglial cyto‐ and chemokines regulate innate defense mechanisms, help the initiation and influence the type of immune responses, participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, and support attempts of tissue repair and recovery. Microglia can also receive cyto‐ and chemokine signals as part of auto‐ and paracrine communications with astrocytes, neurons, the endothelium, and leukocyte infiltrates. Strong responses and modulatory influences can be demonstrated, adding to the emerging view that microglial behavior is highly dependent on the (cytokine) environment and that reactions to a challenge may vary with the stimulation context. In principle, microglial activation aims at CNS protection. However, failed microglial engagement due to excessive or sustained activation could significantly contribute to acute and chronic neuropathologies. Dysregulation of microglial cytokine production could thereby promote harmful actions of the defense mechanisms, result in direct neurotoxicity, as well as disturb neural cell functions as they are sensitive to cytokine signaling. GLIA 40:140–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Nasab, M. G., Heidari, A., Sedighi, M., Shakerian, N., Mirbeyk, M., Saghazadeh, A., & Rezaei, N. (2023) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2023-0047 · Cited by 9
Neurofibromatosis type 1-associated optic pathway gliomas: pathogenesis and emerging treatments.
Amato, A., Imbimbo, B., & Falsini, B. (2023) · European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.26355/eurrev_202306_32804 · Cited by 8
Variation along P2RX7 interacts with early traumas on severity of anxiety suggesting a role for neuroinflammation
Kristóf, Z., Gál, Z., Török, D., Eszlári, N., Sütöri, S., Erdelyi-Hamza, B., Petschner, P., Sperlágh, B., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, J. F. W., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34781-w · Cited by 12
Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD.
Vecchia, A. D., & Marazziti, D. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220407 · Cited by 10
“The chronic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines my induce neurotoxic effects by increasing production of reactive oxygen species, activating microglia, and altering neurotransmission (Hanisch, 2002; Hanisch & Gertig, 2014; Lively & Schlichter, 2018; Müller & Schwarz, 2007; Pacheco et al., 2007).”
Background
Birth triggers an inflammatory response in the neonatal periphery and brain
Castillo‐Ruiz, A., Cisternas, C. D., Sturgeon, H., & Forger, N. G. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.021 · Cited by 9
Infection of human microglial cell line CHME-3 to study neuropathogenesis of chikungunya virus
Qadri, S. W., Kumar, N., Santhoshkumar, R., Desai, A., Ravi, V., & Venkataswamy, M. (2022) · Journal of Neurovirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-022-01070-7 · Cited by 8
CNS Macrophages and Infant Infections
Oschwald, A., Petry, P., Kierdorf, K., & Erny, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02123 · Cited by 11
Microglial TLR9: Plausible Novel Target for Therapeutic Regime Against Glioblastoma Multiforme
Tiwari, R., Singh, S., Gupta, C. L., & Bajpai, P. (2020) · Cellular and molecular neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-020-00925-z · Cited by 8
“…the glioblastoma-associated microglial (GAMs) and macrophages are worth of special mention as they play a fundamental role in adopting pro-inflammatory state and providing cytotoxic responses against microbial intruders (Hanisch 2002), as well as participate in tumor surveillance (Jaiswal et al.”
Background
Jingshu Keli attenuates cervical spinal nerve ligation-induced allodynia in rats through inhibition of spinal microglia and Stat3 activation
Zheng, N., Liu, X., Zhang, R., Ho, I. H. T., Chen, S., Xu, J., Yao, H., Wang, J., Yue, J., Wang, X., et al. (2018) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.06.354 · Cited by 9
Endogenous Neuronal Replacement in the Juvenile Brain Following Cerebral Ischemia
Rodgers, K. M., Ahrendsen, J. T., Patsos, O. P., Strnad, F. A., Yonchek, J. C., Traystman, R. J., Macklin, W. B., & Herson, P. S. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.045 · Cited by 9
Nutritional and Nanotechnological Modulators of Microglia
Maysinger, D., & Zhang, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00270 · Cited by 11
Association of ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1 -2518 A>G gene polymorphism with brain abscess.
Mishra, P., Prasad, K., Singh, K., Sahu, R., & Ojha, B. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.01.021 · Cited by 8
Expression of Cyclon/CCDC86, a novel nuclear protein, in the hippocampus of adult non-human primates.
Shishkov, R., Chervenkov, T., Yamashima, T., & Tonchev, A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.02.016 · Cited by 8
“Currently, the best known cells of the central nervous system (CNS) performing immune functions are the glial cells (Raivich et al., 1999; Hanisch, 2002), while much less is known of the immune functions of other CNS cell types such as neurons (Tian et al.”
Background
D-β-hydroxybutyrate inhibits microglial activation in a cell activation model in vitro
Xu, X.-D., Zhang, Q., Tu, J., & Ren, Z. (2011) · 中国人民解放军军医大学学报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/s1000-1948(11)60042-7 · Cited by 8
Network structure of social withdrawal symptoms in Asian psychiatric patients at high risk of hikikomori: Findings from the REAP-AD3
Lee, S., Kim, H. S., Hong, J., Lee, E., Kim, E., Choi, T. Y., Moon, S. W., Sung-Won, J., Yoon, H., Kim, H.-S., et al. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104489 · Cited by 7
Butyrylcholinesterase activity in patients with postoperative delirium after cardiothoracic surgery or percutaneous valve replacement- an observational interdisciplinary cohort study
Schlake, K., Teller, J., Hinken, L., Laser, H., Lichtinghagen, R., Schäfer, A., Fegbeutel, C., Weissenborn, K., Jung, C., Worthmann, H., et al. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03580-9 · Cited by 7
“By crossing the blood– brain-barrier they bind to microglial cells, which in turn produce mediators that impair the cholinergic -metabo- lism and alter neurotransmission causing delirious symptoms [12, 14, 15].”
Background
Embers of the Past: Early Childhood Traumas Interact with Variation in P2RX7 Gene Implicated in Neuroinflammation on Markers of Current Suicide Risk
Kristóf, Z., Gál, Z., Török, D., Eszlári, N., Sütöri, S., Sperlágh, B., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, J. F. W., Bagdy, G., Juhász, G., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020865 · Cited by 7
“…the resident immune cells of the CNS, microglia, become activated, which leads to the release of neuroactive molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutamate, nitric oxide (NO), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1 β [18,19].”
Background
Mouse maternal odontogenic infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces cognitive decline in offspring
Ishida, E., Furusho, H., Renn, T., Shiba, F., Chang, H., Oue, H., Terayama, R., Ago, Y., Tsuga, K., & Miyauchi, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1203894 · Cited by 6
Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Cleistocalyx Nervosum VAR. Paniala Berry-Seed Extract in BV-2 Microglial Cells Via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Signaling Pathway
Janpaijit, S., Lertpatipanpong, P., Sillapachaiyaporn, C., Baek, S. J., Charoenkiatkul, S., Tencomnao, T., & Sukprasansap, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11869 · Cited by 6
“…prostaglandins (PGs), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), ultimately resulting in neurodegeneration (Hanisch, 2002; Iizumi et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2012). ao), monruedee.suk@mahidol.ac.th (M. Sukprasansap).”
Background
The Health Hazards of Volcanoes: First Evidence of Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus of Mice Exposed to Active Volcanic Surroundings
Navarro‐Sempere, A., Martínez-Peinado, P., Rodrigues, A., Garcia, P., Camarinho, R., Garcı́a, M., & Segovia, Y. (2021) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2021/5891095 · Cited by 8
Roles of Cytokines in the Temporal Changes of Microglial Membrane Currents and Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Efficacy in ATP-Induced Cortical Injury Model
Song, B., Lee, S.-J., & Kim, C.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136853 · Cited by 7
Clinical and biological markers of electroconvulsive therapy effectiveness: a narrative review
Zilles‐Wegner, D., von Mücke-Heim, I.-A., Yrondi, A., & Takamiya, A. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03900-2 · Cited by 7
Gut-brain-immune interactions: exploring probiotics as a drug delivery platform for neurological disease
Gudi, C. R., Wannemuehler, M. J., & Mansell, T. J. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115650 · Cited by 5
Microglial NFAT5 aggravates neuroinflammation via mediating NLRP6 inflammasome in experimental ischemic stroke
Gan, H. K., Zhang, M., Duan, Y., Palahati, A., He, Q., Tan, J., Li, Y., Zhai, X., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101614 · Cited by 4
“48 IL-1 b and IL-1 b antibodies have been reported to reduce cerebral edema and cerebral infarction in the mouse MCAO model.”
Oral administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis to mice with diet-induced obesity impairs cognitive function associated with microglial activation in the brain
Oue, K., Yamawaki, Y., Ouhara, K., Imado, E., Tamura, T., Doi, M., Shimizu, Y., Yoshida, M., Mizuno, N., Morioka, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2419155 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, they release bioactive substances such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that are protective to neurons and tissues; they also produce inflammatory factors including reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines that promote damage [51].”
The arrangements of the microvasculature and surrounding glial cells are linked to blood–brain barrier formation in the cerebral cortex
Shigemoto‐Mogami, Y., Nakayama-Kitamura, K., & Sato, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2024.1438190 · Cited by 5
“They also release cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, thereby affecting brain development (Hanisch, 2002; Kettenmann, 2006; Shigemoto-Mogami and Sato, 2021).”
Background
MPC-n (IgG) improves long-term cognitive impairment in the mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury
Zhang, C., Wei, C., Huang, X., Hou, C., Liu, C., Zhang, S., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhou, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02895-7 · Cited by 7
A Protocol for Simultaneous In Vivo Imaging of Cardiac and Neuroinflammation in Dystrophin-Deficient MDX Mice Using [18F]FEPPA PET
Tang, J. M., McClennan, A., Liu, L., Hadway, J. A., Ronald, J. A., Hicks, J. W., Hoffman, L., & Anazodo, U. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087522 · Cited by 7
“, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), it is possible that activated microglia may contribute to the dystrophic brain’s impairment [25,54,55].”
Background
Mitochondria-Targeted Human Catalase in the Mouse Longevity MCAT Model Mitigates Head-Tilt Bedrest-Induced Neuro-Inflammation in the Hippocampus
Rubinstein, L., Kiffer, F. C., Puukila, S., Lowe, M. G., Goo, B., Luthens, A., Schreurs, A., Torres, S. M., Steczina, S., Tahimic, C. G. T., et al. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12111838 · Cited by 7
Adenosine A2A Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Mania Like Symptoms in Rats: Signaling to PKC-α and Akt/GSK-3β/β-Catenin
Shalaby, H. N., Zaki, H. F., Ain-Shoka, A. A., & Mohammed, R. A. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-02977-2 · Cited by 6
Dysregulated Microglial Cell Activation and Proliferation Following Repeated Antigen Stimulation
Prasad, S., Sheng, W. S., Hu, S., Chauhan, P., & Lokensgard, J. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.686340 · Cited by 7
T11TS immunotherapy augments microglial and lymphocyte protective immune responses against Cryptococcus neoformans in the brain
Hazra, I., Sk, O. F., Datta, A., Mondal, S., Moitra, S., Singh, M. K., Chaudhuri, S., Das, P. K., Basu, A. K., Dhar, I., et al. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.12733 · Cited by 7
Role of Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Sobol, C. V. (2018) · Russian Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1134/s1062360418060061 · Cited by 7
“, 2010), since many proinflammatory agents are neurotoxic (Hanisch, 2002; Glass et al., 2010).”
Background
3D Astrogliosis Model with bFGF and GFAP Expression Profiles Corresponding to an MCAO-injured Brain
Min, S., Shim, H., & Shin, H. (2018) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-018-0207-7 · Cited by 6
Intrathecal Administration of CXCL1 Enhances Potassium Currents in Microglial Cells
Deftu, A., Ristoiu, V., & Suter, M. R. (2018) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000486865 · Cited by 6
Microglia in the Physiology and Pathology of Brain
Nagayach, A., Patro, N., & Patro, I. K. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40011-015-0585-y · Cited by 6
Safety of striatal infusion of siRNA in a transgenic Huntington's disease mouse model
Johnson, E. S., Chase, K., McGowan, S., Mondo, E., Pfister, E., Mick, E., Friedline, R. H., Kim, J. K., Sapp, E., DiFiglia, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Huntington's Disease · doi:10.3233/jhd-150163 · Cited by 6
Ribavirin shows immunomodulatory effects on activated microglia
Savic, D., Stojiljković, M., Lavrnja, I., Parabucki, A., Bjelobaba, I., Nedeljkovic, N., Herdegen, T., & Peković, S. (2014) · Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.971962 · Cited by 6
Cerebrospinal Fluid T-Regulatory Cells Recognize Borrelia Burgdorferi Napa in Chronic Lyme Borreliosis
Amedei, A., Codolo, G., Ozoliņš, D., Ballerini, C., Biagioli, T., Jaunalksne, I., Žilēvica, A., D'Elios, S., de Bernard, M., & D'Elios, M. (2013) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/039463201302600409 · Cited by 6
CSF Leukocytes in Intracranial Infections: Diagnostic, Mechanistic, and Therapeutic Insights for Neurocritical Care
Li, M., Guo, W., Zhu, Y., Fang, S., Zhang, T., & Shen, Y. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-026-01669-y · Cited by 5
“…is crucial for early pathogen control or injury response but can become maladaptive if sustained, leading to exacerbated tissue damage, chronic inflammation, and barrier dysfunction (Hanisch 2002 ; Kaur et al. 2010 ; Paolicelli et al. 2022; Rayasam et al. 2021; Rodríguez-Gómez et al. 2020 ).”
Silencing epileptic storms: targeting miRNA-lncRNA crosstalk in astrocytes and microglia to disarm neuroinflammatory triggers
Meng, J., Luo, W., Zhang, N., Yu, M., He, Y., Chen, C., Shu, H., & Yu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1616804 · Cited by 5
“Meng et al. 10.3389/fnmol.2025.1616804 Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 06 frontiersin.org 2002).”
Influential
Neuroinflammation as an Integral Component of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease
Sayfitdinkhuzhaev, Z. F., Zhukova, N., & Baidanova, A. N. (2024) · Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.52667/2712-9179-2024-4-4-26-33 · Cited by 6
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) regulates microglial activation in pseudorabies virus infection
Sun, X., Jin, X., Lin, Z., Liu, X., Yang, J., Li, L., Feng, H., Zhang, W., Gu, C., Hu, X., et al. (2024) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s13567-024-01416-5 · Cited by 6
Microglial morphology aligns with vigilance stage‐specific neuronal oscillations in a brain region‐dependent manner
Steffens, S. K., Mäkinen, H., Stenberg, D., & Wigren, H. (2024) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24617 · Cited by 7
“Prolonged wakefulness triggers the release of various cytokines, some of which are sleep-promoting (Rockstrom et al., 2018) and are also sensed by microglia (Hanisch, 2002).”
Suppression of HIV-TAT and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters
Cui, B. C., Aksenova, M. V., Sikirzhytskaya, A., Odhiambo, D. A., Korunova, E., Sikirzhytski, V., Ji, H., Altomare, D., Broude, E. V., Frizzell, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9 · Cited by 8
“The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines serves as a widely recognized indicator of the detrimental effects associated with microglia activation (Hanisch 2002).”
Migraine and the microbiota. Can probiotics be beneficial in its prevention? - a narrative review
Kiecka, A., & Szczepanik, M. (2024) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-024-00584-7 · Cited by 6
“Moens et al. [ 81 ] conducted an in vitro study on a human intestinal model and they tested the effect of Lactobacillus acidophi - lus NCIMB 30,175, L. plantarum NCIMB 30,173, Lactoba - cillus rhamnosus NCIMB 30,174, and E. faecium NCIMB [ 110 ].”
Common mechanisms involved in lung cancer and depression: The dominant role of interleukin-6-IDO pathway in the lung-brain axis
Tang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, S., & Song, C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100580 · Cited by 6
Extracellular Hsp90α stimulates a unique innate gene profile in microglial cells with simultaneous activation of Nrf2 and protection from oxidative stress
Okusha, Y., Lang, B. J., Murshid, A., Borges, T. J., Holton, K. M., Clark, J., Doshi, S., Ikezu, T., & Calderwood, S. K. (2022) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1007/s12192-022-01279-9 · Cited by 7
“Inflammation in the confined spaces of the CNS is a potential hazard and is generally kept under strict control (Hanisch 2002). eHsp90α appears to induce a desirable activation state in microglia, in which cytokines and phagocytosis are activated along with protective Nrf2 activation and…”
Background
Pan-Neuronal Expression of Human Mutant Huntingtin Protein in Drosophila Impairs Immune Response of HemocytesPreprint
Dhankhar, J., Agrawal, N., & Shrivastava, A. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0277.v1 · Cited by 1
“Activation of microglia can induce neuronal damage via several mechanisms 79 such as production of free radicals, caspase activation, and excitotoxicity (Crotti et al., 2014; 80 Hanisch, 2002; Kim & de Vellis, 2005; Wang et al., 2004).”
Background
The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System: Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions
Ramazi, S., آرانی, ف., Safaei, A., Abbasi, Z., Heidari, Z., Nafchi, H. G., Mohammadsadeghi, H., & Karimzadeh, F. (2021) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.9.2.119 · Cited by 5
Cell Surface Protein mRNAs Show Differential Transcription in Pyramidal and Fast-Spiking Cells as Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing
Ravasz, L., Kékesi, K. A., Mittli, D., Todorov, M. I., Borhegyi, Z., Ercsey-Ravasz, M., Tyukodi, B., Wang, J., Bartfai, T., Eberwine, J. H., et al. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa195 · Cited by 7
“…of receptors for cytokines, chemokines, and purinergic receptors, normally assumed to be expressed by microglia, astroglia, dendritic cells and to lesser extent by neurons in the PFC (Hanisch 2002; Ambrosini et al. 2005; Kataoka et al. 2009), were found evenly distributed in FS and Pyr neurons.”
Background
LXW7 attenuates inflammation via suppressing Akt/nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells
Peng, S., Jia, J., Sun, J., Xie, Q., Zhang, X., Deng, Y., & Li, Y. (2019) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105963 · Cited by 6
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neuroinflammation after Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Gashmardi, N., & Edalatmanesh, M. A. (2019) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.29252/shefa.7.4.89 · Cited by 4
Up-Regulation of TAB3 Is Involved in Neuronal Apoptosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Zhu, L., Cao, M.-H., Ni, Y., Han, L.-J., Dai, A.-H., Chen, R.-R., Ning, X.-J., Liu, X.-R., & Ke, K.-F. (2017) · Cellular and molecular neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-016-0397-5 · Cited by 5
“Scale bars 50 lm inflammation and neuronal death during stroke (Allan and Rothwell 2001; Hanisch 2002).”
Background
Forsythiae Fructus and Its Active Component, Arctigenin, Provide Neuroprotection by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation
Park, J.-H., Hong, Y.-J., Moon, E., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2011) · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.4.425 · Cited by 5
“However, in pathological conditions, microglia are over-activated and produce reactive proinfl ammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Minghetti and Levi, 1998; Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
Multi‐Target‐Directed Ligands ( MTDLs ) as Potential Therapeutic Candidates Targeting Multiple Pathogenic Factor of Alzheimer's Disease
Jung, J., Kim, Y., Cirunduzi, A. C., Yoon, S., Bang, S., & Yang, S. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.70919 · Cited by 5
Microglial, astrocytic, oligodendrocyte, B-/T-cell and neutrophil dysregulation in neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Singh, A. S., Naqvi, A. R., & Chanu, M. T. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.050 · Cited by 7
Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice develop neurodegeneration, age-dependent astrogliosis and obesity-induced changes in microglia immunophenotype which are partly reversed by complement component 5 neutralizing antibody
Seidel, F., Fluiter, K., Kleemann, R., Worms, N., van Nieuwkoop, A., Caspers, M. P. M., Grigoriadis, N., Kiliaan, A. J., Baas, F., Michailidou, I., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1205261 · Cited by 3
“Given that the activation state of microglial cells is highly influenced by the cytokine environment (Hanisch, 2002), anti-C5 treatmentmediated changes in IL-33 may be linked to the partial reversal effect of the treatment on the expression of microglia surface markers.”
Background
Toxic leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids caused by chemotherapeutic drugs other than methotrexate
Lim, K.-Y., Kim, S.-I., Kim, H., Kang, J., Park, J. W., Won, J., Shin, D., & Park, S.-H. (2022) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02818-8 · Cited by 4
Neuromodulatory Effect of Plant Metabolites
Barman, D., Dey, N., Sen, S., Kakoti, B. B., & Vanlalhriatpuii, C. (2022) · Sciences of Phytochemistry · doi:10.58920/sciphy01010047 · Cited by 4
Molecular Signature of Neuroinflammation Induced in Cytokine-Stimulated Human Cortical Spheroids
Kleijn, K. M. A. D., Straasheijm, K. R., Zuure, W. A., & Martens, G. J. M. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051025 · Cited by 4
“These findings are in line with the relatively high sensitivity of microglial populations to cytokines [28,29].”
Result
Dietary fats modulate neuroinflammation in mucin 2 knock out mice model of spontaneous colitis
Wenzel, T. J., Haskey, N., Kwong, E. H., Greuel, B. K., Gates, E. J., Gibson, D. L., & Klegeris, A. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166336 · Cited by 7
Synthesis of a Diapocynin Prodrug for Its Prolonged Release from Zwitterionic Biodegradable Nanoparticles
Auriemma, R., Sponchioni, M., Palmiero, U. C., Manfredini, N., Dinani, F. S. R., & Moscatelli, D. (2021) · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1002/macp.202100223 · Cited by 4
[Role of pyroptosis in bilirubin-induced microglial injury].
Huang, H., He, C.-M., Li, S.-Y., Zhang, Y., & Hua, Z.-Y. (2020) · Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2003175 · Cited by 4
“高胆红素血症是新生儿期常见的临床疾病, 胆红素脑病是其严重并发症 ([3-4]),危害患儿健康及生命,加重家庭和社会负担。目前胆红素脑病的发病机制尚不清楚,主要与氧化应激、内质网损伤、钙离子紊乱等相关,均伴有明显的神经炎症 ([18])。在胆红素脑病模型动物中,抑制炎症可改善模型动物预后,提示调控炎症对胆红素脑病的防治有积极作用 ([5])。通常认为,神经元对胆红素刺激最为敏感 ([18]),但胆红素引起的神经元损伤不伴明显的炎症因子释放 ([19])。小胶质细胞作为神经系统的天然免疫细胞,是炎症因子的主要来源 ([20]);小胶质细胞过度活化释放大量炎症因子,引起炎症级联反应,对神经炎症损伤起关键作用 ([…”
Iatrogenic Neuropathology of Systemic Therapies
Torre, M., & Feany, M. Β. (2020) · Surgical pathology clinics · doi:10.1016/j.path.2020.01.004 · Cited by 3
Generation of c-MycERTAM-transduced human late-adherent olfactory mucosa cells for potential regenerative applications
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“oxide synthase (iNOS) is enhanced in the microglia as a result of peripheral nerve injury leading to hyper sensitization (Hanisch, 2002).”
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“Activated microglial cells produce and release potentially toxic products, including interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), which could damage neighboring neurons (Hanisch 2002).”
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“The production of cytokines and other molecules by activated microglial cells with implications in cellular processes has been demonstrated in many studies based on in vitro models (Banati et al., 1993; Minghetti and Levi, 1998; Gebicke-Haerter et al., 2001; Hanisch, 2002; Hausler et al., 2002).”
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“Our data indicate that intraperitoneal injection of LPS markedly increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex likely through microglial activation, as microglia are a primary source of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain (Hanisch 2002 ).”
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Authors: Hanisch, U.
Affiliations: Max Delbrück Center (DE)
Corresponding author: Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten
Venue: Glia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-10-04
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 140-155
ISSN: 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
1098-1136
DOI: 10.1002/glia.10161
OpenAlex: W2090804892
Cited by: 1,645
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 4.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Glia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: microglia, cytokines, chemokines, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, astrocyte-microglia interaction, tissue repair, neurotoxicity, neuropathology, innate immunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Communication, Endocrine System, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Cytokines, Microglia

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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