Cited by 1,645Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersInflammasome and immune disorders

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten·2002·Glia

DOI 10.1002/glia.10161

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Abstract

Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno‐ and neuromodulatory messengers that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and invading cells, microglial cyto‐ and chemokines regulate innate defense mechanisms, help the initiation and influence the type of immune responses, participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, and support attempts of tissue repair and recovery. Microglia can also receive cyto‐ and chemokine signals as part of auto‐ and paracrine communications with astrocytes, neurons, the endothelium, and leukocyte infiltrates. Strong responses and modulatory influences can be demonstrated, adding to the emerging view that microglial behavior is highly dependent on the (cytokine) environment and that reactions to a challenge may vary with the stimulation context. In principle, microglial activation aims at CNS protection. However, failed microglial engagement due to excessive or sustained activation could significantly contribute to acute and chronic neuropathologies. Dysregulation of microglial cytokine production could thereby promote harmful actions of the defense mechanisms, result in direct neurotoxicity, as well as disturb neural cell functions as they are sensitive to cytokine signaling. GLIA 40:140–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Transplantation of Hypoxia Preconditioned Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis after Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
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Microglia mediate postoperative hippocampal inflammation and cognitive decline in mice
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Neurodegeneration and Inflammation—An Interesting Interplay in Parkinson’s Disease
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Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity
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Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia especially focused on the role of microglia
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Microglia amplify inflammatory activation of astrocytes in manganese neurotoxicity
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Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Loss Precede Aβ Plaque Deposition in the hAPP-J20 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
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The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Neurodevelopment
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Microglia Activation as a Biomarker for Traumatic Brain Injury
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“Likewise, endogenous inducers act as inflammatory mediators, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), lipids, serum proteins, or complement factors; additionally, disturbances in ATP and [K+] levels may cause microglia activation (Hanisch, 2002).”
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The Pathophysiological Role of Microglia in Dynamic Surveillance, Phagocytosis and Structural Remodeling of the Developing CNS
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Puberty and adolescence as a time of vulnerability to stressors that alter neurobehavioral processes
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Central Nervous System Targets: Glial Cell Mechanisms in Chronic Pain
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Neuroprotective function for ramified microglia in hippocampal excitotoxicity
Vinet, J., van Weering, H. R., Heinrich, A., Kälin, R. E., Wegner, A., Brouwer, N., Heppner, F. L., van Rooijen, N., Boddeke, H. W., & Biber, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-27 · Cited by 274
Early correlation of microglial activation with enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression specifically within the entorhinal cortex of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice
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Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring How Genetics and Phenotype Influence Risk
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The changing phenotype of microglia from homeostasis to disease
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Long-Term Neuroinflammation Induced by Influenza A Virus Infection and the Impact on Hippocampal Neuron Morphology and Function
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The Ischemic Environment Drives Microglia and Macrophage Function
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“This feature together with the lack of a lymphatic system, low constitutive levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, local production of suppressive factors, and limited numbers of cerebral artery; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (also known as CCL2); MCSF, macrophage colony…”
BackgroundInfluential
Current status of chemokines in the adult CNS
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“In the CNS, CCL2 is also produced by glial cells (Barna et al., 1994; Berman et al., 1996; Glabinski et al., 1996; Hanisch, 2002).”
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Microglia-neuron crosstalk: Signaling mechanism and control of synaptic transmission
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Absence of CX3CR1 impairs the internalization of Tau by microglia
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Chronic Neuron-Specific Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Expression Enhances the Local Inflammatory Environment Ultimately Leading to Neuronal Death in 3xTg-AD Mice
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“In response to infections, stress, degenerative diseases or any changes in the nervous system both activated astrocytes and microglia produce cytokines that modulate a large variety of physiological and pathological processes (Hanisch, 2002; Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007; Sofroniew, 2013).”
Background
Microglia: An Interface between the Loss of Neuroplasticity and Depression
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“These findings are consistent with the previously published reviews and may be associated with the hyperactivity of microglia in the brain (Hanisch, 2002; Schroeter et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2012).”
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Evidence for a Dysregulated Immune System in the Etiology of Psychiatric Disorders
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WNT signaling in activated microglia is proinflammatory
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“Diverse signaling molecules—including growth factors, neurotransmitters, and morphogens—may instruct microglia functions (Hanisch, 2002; Pocock and Kettenmann, 2007), thus emphasizing that the temporal and spatial dynamics of communication between microglia and neurons, astrocytes or…”
Background
Gastrodin Inhibits Expression of Inducible NO Synthase, Cyclooxygenase-2 and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cultured LPS-Stimulated Microglia via MAPK Pathways
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Poly I:C-induced activation of the immune response is accompanied by depression and anxiety-like behaviours, kynurenine pathway activation and reduced BDNF expression
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Microglia of Prefrontal White Matter in Suicide
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“Microglia are the immunologic sentinel cells of the CNS and its main producers of cytokines (10, 11).”
Microglia in the healthy and degenerating retina: Insights from novel mouse models
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Interleukin-1β overproduction is a common cause for neuropathic pain, memory deficit, and depression following peripheral nerve injury in rodents
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Role of Microglia in CNS Autoimmunity
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“In addition to cytokines, microglia are also activated by and are able to release diverse chemoattractant chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL10, and/or CCL12 [47, 48, 52, 62, 63] (Figure 1).”
Microglial Activation in the Visual Pathway in Experimental Glaucoma: Spatiotemporal Characterization and Correlation with Axonal Injury
Ebneter, A., Casson, R. J., Wood, J. P. M., & Chidlow, G. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5284 · Cited by 198
Pharmacological Modulation of Functional Phenotypes of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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“Microglia can promote neurotoxicity via the release of several pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (Hanisch, 2002; Block et al., 2007).”
Background
Functional diversity of microglia – how heterogeneous are they to begin with?
Hanisch, U.-K. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00065 · Cited by 195
“…endogenous and especially CNS-intrinsic (homeostatic and damageor degeneration-related) factors takes influences on the activity state and activity recruitment of microglia, as listed previously (Hanisch, 2002; Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Hanisch, 2012, 2013).”
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Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer’s Disease
Singhrao, S. K., Harding, A., Poole, S., Kesavalu, L., & Crean, S. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/137357 · Cited by 195
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Roles of Activated Microglia in Hypoxia Induced Neuroinflammation in the Developing Brain and the Retina
Kaur, C., Rathnasamy, G., & Ling, E. (2012) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-012-9347-2 · Cited by 208
Prenatal infection leads to ASD-like behavior and altered synaptic pruning in the mouse offspring
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Low-Grade Inflammation as a Predictor of Antidepressant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Response in MDD Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature in Combination With an Analysis of Experimental Data Collected in the EU-MOODINFLAME Consortium
Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Simon, M. S., Burger, B., Weidinger, E., Wijkhuijs, A. J. M., Arolt, V., Birkenhäger, T. K., Musil, R., Müller, N., & Drexhage, H. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00458 · Cited by 222
Microglia and Spinal Cord Synaptic Plasticity in Persistent Pain
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“, 2011), or vice versa microglial activation can induce astrogliosis (Balasingam et al., 1996; Hanisch, 2002; Rohl et al., 2007).”
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment
Singhal, G., Jaehne, E. J., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00097 · Cited by 186
“…their overexpression or sustained stimulation can result in enhanced production of cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α; Sawada et al., 1989; Hanisch, 2002), as well as in the expression of class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigens as seen in a RCT in rodents and in the…”
Background
Extracellular caspase-6 drives murine inflammatory pain via microglial TNF-α secretion
Berta, T., Park, C., Xu, Z., Xie, R.-G., Liu, T., Lü, N., Liu, Y., & Ji, R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci72230 · Cited by 196
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Cerebral ischemic damage in diabetes: an inflammatory perspective
Shukla, V., Shakya, A. K., Pérez‐Pinzón, M. A., & Dave, K. R. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0774-5 · Cited by 210
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MiRNA-424 protects against permanent focal cerebral ischemia injury in mice involving suppressing microglia activation
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“change into an amoeboid shape, increased phagocytosis, and release of cytokines.(22,23) Our in vivo study exhibited that ICV”
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Dysregulated neuronal–microglial cross-talk during aging, stress and inflammation
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Nanoscale laminin coating modulates cortical scarring response around implanted silicon microelectrode arrays
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Molecular mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS
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Neuroinflammation and Parkinson’s Disease—From Neurodegeneration to Therapeutic Opportunities
Araújo, B., Caridade-Silva, R., Soares-Guedes, C., Martins‐Macedo, J., Gomes, E. D., Monteiro, S., & Teixeira, F. G. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11182908 · Cited by 209
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Immortalization of primary microglia: a new platform to study HIV regulation in the central nervous system
García‐Mesa, Y., Jay, T. R., Checkley, M. A., Luttge, B. G., Dobrowolski, C. N., Valadkhan, S., Landreth, G. E., Karn, J., & Alvarez-Carbonell, D. (2016) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0499-3 · Cited by 184
“Upon administration of pro-inflammatory stimuli, microglia may release different combinations of cytokines that include interferons, interleukins, TGF-β, GM-CSF, PDGF, EGF, FGF, IGF, NGF, neurotrophins, and BDNF (Hanisch 2002).”

Authors: Hanisch, U.
Affiliations: Max Delbrück Center (DE)
Corresponding author: Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten
Venue: Glia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-10-04
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 140-155
ISSN: 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
1098-1136
DOI: 10.1002/glia.10161
OpenAlex: W2090804892
Cited by: 1,645
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 4.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Glia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: microglia, cytokines, chemokines, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, astrocyte-microglia interaction, tissue repair, neurotoxicity, neuropathology, innate immunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Communication, Endocrine System, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Cytokines, Microglia

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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