Cited by 1,645Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersInflammasome and immune disorders

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten·2002·Glia

DOI 10.1002/glia.10161

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Abstract

Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno‐ and neuromodulatory messengers that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and invading cells, microglial cyto‐ and chemokines regulate innate defense mechanisms, help the initiation and influence the type of immune responses, participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, and support attempts of tissue repair and recovery. Microglia can also receive cyto‐ and chemokine signals as part of auto‐ and paracrine communications with astrocytes, neurons, the endothelium, and leukocyte infiltrates. Strong responses and modulatory influences can be demonstrated, adding to the emerging view that microglial behavior is highly dependent on the (cytokine) environment and that reactions to a challenge may vary with the stimulation context. In principle, microglial activation aims at CNS protection. However, failed microglial engagement due to excessive or sustained activation could significantly contribute to acute and chronic neuropathologies. Dysregulation of microglial cytokine production could thereby promote harmful actions of the defense mechanisms, result in direct neurotoxicity, as well as disturb neural cell functions as they are sensitive to cytokine signaling. GLIA 40:140–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Lipoxin A4 inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by β-amyloid in vitro and in vivo
Wu, J., Wang, A., Min, Z., Xiong, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, J., Xu, J., & Zhang, S. (2011) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.013 · Cited by 56
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Induces Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Microglial Morphological Changes in Mice
Mishima, T., Nagai, T., Yahagi, K., Akther, S., Oe, Y., Monai, H., Kohsaka, S., & Hirase, H. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0204-19.2019 · Cited by 70
“Brain inflammation activates microglia and leads to the production of proinflammatory molecules such as TNF- , IL-1 , and IL-6 (Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
Role of dietary phenols in mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation
Rangarajan, P., Karthikeyan, A., & Dheen, S. T. (2016) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-016-8430-x · Cited by 61
“Activated microglia secrete an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines (U. K. Hanisch 2002) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, NOS) (Dohi et al. 2010; Wilkinson and Landreth 2006; Huo et al. 2011), engulf and digest dying cells, infectious agents, toxic protein aggregates and…”
Background
Do not judge a cell by its cover—diversity of CNS resident, adjoining and infiltrating myeloid cells in inflammation
Brendecke, S. M., & Prinz, M. (2015) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-015-0520-6 · Cited by 68
Synergistic Actions of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
Bouvier, D. S., & Murai, K. K. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143156 · Cited by 52
Liposomal clodronate selectively eliminates microglia from primary astrocyte cultures
Kumamaru, H., Saiwai, H., Kobayakawa, K., Kubota, K., van Rooijen, N., Inoue, K., Iwamoto, Y., & Okada, S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-116 · Cited by 76
“Many authors have been concerned about the astrocyte culture system because microglial contamination, even though it was a small number of cells, could potentially affect astrocyte responses [52-54], confound the interpretation of results, and provide false information regarding astrocyte biology [6,11,12,55-58].”
Background
Sweepers in the CNS: Microglial Migration and Phagocytosis in the Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis
Noda, M., & Suzumura, A. (2012) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1155/2012/891087 · Cited by 52
“For detailed review of chemokines, pathogens, and factors associated with tissue damage recognized by microglia, refer to [19–21].”
Background
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Underlies Loss of Cortical Dendritic Spine Density in a Mouse Model of Congestive Heart Failure
Meissner, A., Visanji, N. P., Momen, M. A., Feng, R., Francis, B. M., Bolz, S., & Hazrati, L. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.115.001920 · Cited by 56
An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication
Stone, T. W., Clanchy, F. I. L., Huang, Y., Chiang, N., Darlington, L. G., & Williams, R. O. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004 · Cited by 57
“They produce a variety of cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF, and chemokines such as CCL1, CCL5, CCL12, some of which induce the migration of systemic immune system cells (Hanisch, 2002; Kettenmann et al., 2010; Kraft and Harry, 2011).”
Background
Midbrain microglia mediate a specific immunosuppressive response under inflammatory conditions
Abellanas, M. A., Zamarbide, M., Basurco, L., Luquin, E., García‐Granero, M., Clavero, P., Martín‐Úriz, P. S., Vilas‐Zornoza, A., Mengual, E., Hervás‐Stubbs, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1628-8 · Cited by 69
“As part of their activation process, microglia secrete a wide range of soluble factors that can modulate the local immune response [29].”
Background
The Effect of A 2A Receptor Antagonist on Microglial Activation in Experimental Glaucoma
Liu, X., Huang, P. C., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Huang, S., Luo, X., Qi, J., Shen, X. P., & Zhong, Y. (2016) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-18024 · Cited by 52
Curcumin Inhibits LPS-Induced CCL2 Expression via JNK Pathway in C6 Rat Astrocytoma Cells
Zhang, Z.-J., Zhao, L.-X., Cao, D.-L., Zhang, X., Gao, Y.-J., & Xia, C.-L. (2012) · Cellular and molecular neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-012-9816-4 · Cited by 55
Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3β: A Mediator of Inflammation in Alzheimer′s Disease?
Koıstınaho, J., Malm, T., & Goldsteins, G. (2011) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/129753 · Cited by 66
“Microglia serve as sensors for disturbed brain tissue homeostasis as they accumulate and proliferate locally in response to neuronal injury or penetration of foreign material in the brain [13, 14].”
Background
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Is a Regulator of Monocyte and Electroencephalographic Responses to Sleep Loss
Wisor, J. P., Clegern, W. C., & Schmidt, M. A. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1274 · Cited by 54
Dephosphorylated rather than hyperphosphorylated Tau triggers a pro-inflammatory profile in microglia through the p38 MAPK pathway
Perea, J. R., Ávila, J., & Bolós, M. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.007 · Cited by 54
Dual role of histamine on microglia-induced neurodegeneration
Barata‐Antunes, S., Cristóvão, A. C., Pires, J. P., Rocha, S. M., & Bernardino, L. I. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.12.016 · Cited by 73
Tracking Retinal Microgliosis in Models of Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage
Liu, S., Li, Z.-W., Weinreb, R. N., Xu, G., Lindsey, J. D., Ye, C., Yung, W., Pang, C., Lam, D. S. C., & Leung, C. K.-S. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9450 · Cited by 47
Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) in neuroinflammatory disorders and possible role in COVID-19 neurologic complications
Nazarinia, D., Behzadifard, M., Gholampour, J., Karimi, R., & Gholampour, M. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-022-01984-3 · Cited by 73
Microbes, microglia, and pain
Dworsky-Fried, Z., Kerr, B. J., & Taylor, A. M. W. (2020) · Neurobiology of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100045 · Cited by 64
“Activated microglia initiate a variety of innate defense mechanisms, including phagocytosis of toxic debris, antigen processing and presentation, and the release of a number of cytokines (Hanisch, 2002; Walter and Neumann, 2009).”
Background
Low cerebral blood flow is a non-invasive biomarker of neuroinflammation after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury
Sankar, S. B., Pybus, A. F., Liew, A. Y., Sanders, B., Shah, K. J., Wood, L. B., & Buckley, E. M. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.018 · Cited by 65
“6B) that in turn may activate microglia (Hanisch, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Inflammatory cytokine-induced changes in neural network activity measured by waveform analysis of high-content calcium imaging in murine cortical neurons
Clarkson, B. D. S., Kahoud, R. J., McCarthy, C. B., & Howe, C. L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09182-5 · Cited by 53
Connexins and Pannexins: New Insights into Microglial Functions and Dysfunctions
Gajardo‐Gómez, R., Labra, V. C., & Orellana, J. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00086 · Cited by 62
The secretome signature of reactive glial cells and its pathological implications
Jha, M. K., Seo, M., Kim, J., Kim, B., Cho, J., & Suk, K. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.006 · Cited by 56
Stilbenes and Anthocyanins Reduce Stress Signaling in BV-2 Mouse Microglia
Carey, A. N., Fisher, D. R., Rimando, A. M., Gomes, S. M., Bielinski, D. F., & Shukitt‐Hale, B. (2013) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf400342g · Cited by 60
Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibition Alleviates LPS-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury
Kumar, A., Henry, R. J., Stoica, B. A., Loane, D. J., Abulwerdi, G. A., Bhat, S. A., & Faden, A. I. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.118.253955 · Cited by 63
Osteopontin expression in acute immune response mediates hippocampal synaptogenesis and adaptive outcome following cortical brain injury
Chan, J. L., Reeves, T. M., & Phillips, L. L. (2014) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.015 · Cited by 54
“Such activation includes cell migration, shifts in functional status, and the synthesis of cytokines and MMPs capable of further stimulating neuroglia during synapse reformation (Kumar et al., 2013; Hanisch, 2002; del Zoppo et al., 2012; Lively and Schlichter, 2013).”
Background
Role of microglia in the process of inflammation in the hypoxic developing brain
Yi, Y. D. (2011) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Scholar · doi:10.2741/194 · Cited by 41
Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective
Agarwal, K., Manza, P., Chapman, M., Nawal, N., Biesecker, E., McPherson, K. L., Dennis, E., Johnson, A., Volkow, N. D., & Joseph, P. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863734 · Cited by 56
“The activated microglia initiate downstream processes involving cell migration to the site of injury and phagocytosis (12), the production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species that cause neuronal damage (13).”
Background
Acute Neuroinflammatory Response in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of Rats after a Local Injection of Lipopolysaccharide
Flores-Martinez, Y. M., Fernandez-Parrilla, M. A., Ayala-Dávila, J., Reyes-Corona, D., Blanco-Álvarez, V. M., Soto-Rojas, L. O., Luna-Herrera, C., González-Barrios, J. A., León‐Chávez, B. A., Gutiérrez-Castillo, M. E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2018/1838921 · Cited by 53
Bioinformatics Genes and Pathway Analysis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury
Zhang, G., & Yang, P. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/6423021 · Cited by 52
m-Trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide, a multi-target selenium compound, prevented mechanical allodynia and depressive-like behavior in a mouse comorbid pain and depression model
Brüning, C. A., Martini, F., Soares, S. M., Sampaio, T. B., Gai, B. M., Duarte, M. M. M. F., & Nogueira, C. W. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.011 · Cited by 60
Glial reactivity in resistance to methamphetamine‐induced neurotoxicity
Friend, D. M., & Keefe, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12201 · Cited by 49
Triggering ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases
Nguyen, T. P. M., Alves, F. M., Lane, D. J. R., Bush, A. I., & Ayton, S. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.06.008 · Cited by 53
Unilateral facial injection of Botulinum neurotoxin A attenuates bilateral trigeminal neuropathic pain and anxiety-like behaviors through inhibition of TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in mice
Chen, W., Niu, J.-Q., Chen, Y., Deng, W.-J., Xu, Y., Liu, J., Luo, W., & Liu, T. (2021) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01254-2 · Cited by 60
Gastrodin attenuates proliferation and inflammatory responses in activated microglia through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Yao, Y., Bian, L., Yang, P., Sui, Y., Li, R., Chen, Y.-L., Sun, L., Ai, Q., Zhong, L., & Lü, D. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.025 · Cited by 52
Brain TSPO imaging and gray matter volume in schizophrenia patients and in people at ultra high risk of psychosis: An [11C]PBR28 study
Selvaraj, S., Bloomfield, P. S., Cao, B., Veronese, M., Turkheimer, F., & Howes, O. D. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.063 · Cited by 55
“They are both activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and release them (Hanisch, 2002; Kreutzberg, 1996).”
Background
Microglia are crucial regulators of neuro-immunity during central nervous system tuberculosis
Spanos, J. P., Hsu, N., & Jacobs, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00182 · Cited by 46
“…et al., 1994), discretional phagocytosis of self or non-self constituents (Magnus et al., 2001; Rogers and Lue, 2001; Shams et al., 2003), cytokine and chemokine expression (Hanisch, 2002), and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS; Colton et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2004; Long et al., 2006).”
Background
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modulate BV2 microglia responses to lipopolysaccharide
Ooi, Y. Y., Ramasamy, R., Rahmat, Z., Subramaiam, H., Tan, S. W., Abdullah, M., Israf, D. A., & Vidyadaran, S. (2010) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.001 · Cited by 55
“The series of phenotypic changes that occur following microglia activation also include cell proliferation [25], morphological change [26], upregulation of activation markers such as CD80, CD86 and CD40 [21,27] and gain of antigen-presenting functions [28–30].”
Background
Microglial Activation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Martínez-Hernández, M. I., Acosta‐Saavedra, L. C., Hernández‐Kelly, L. C., Loaeza‐Loaeza, J., & Ortega, A. (2023) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2023/7389508 · Cited by 63
Energy restriction induced SIRT6 inhibits microglia activation and promotes angiogenesis in cerebral ischemia via transcriptional inhibition of TXNIP
Song, M., Yi, F., Xiao, H., Yin, J., Huang, Q., Xia, J., Yin, X., Wen, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-022-04866-x · Cited by 50
“Cytokines were released by activated microglia [18].”
Exploring the Promise of Flavonoids to Combat Neuropathic Pain: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications
Uddin, M. S., Mamun, A. A., Rahman, M. A., Kabir, M. T., Alkahtani, S. H., Alanazi, I. S., Perveen, A., Ashraf, G. M., Bin-Jumah, M. N., & Abdel‐Daim, M. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00478 · Cited by 49
“Additionally, synthesis of NO and PG through COX-2 as well as iNOS is increased in the microglia on account of peripheral nerve damage, leading to hypersensitization (Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
NADPH oxidases as potential pharmacological targets against increased seizure susceptibility after systemic inflammation
Huang, W.-Y., Lin, S., Chen, H.-Y., Chen, Y., Chen, T.-Y., Hsu, K., & Wu, H. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1186-5 · Cited by 54
“LPS, TNFα, and IL-1β stimulation In this scenario of systemic inflammation and ensuing neuroinflammation, many factors, including LPS and cytokines, may contribute to microglial activation, which in turn produce many proinflammatory factors [37, 38].”
Background
Neuronal Release of Cytokine IL-3 Triggered by Mechanosensitive Autostimulation of the P2X7 Receptor Is Neuroprotective
Lim, J. C.-S., Lu, W., Beckel, J. M., & Mitchell, C. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00270 · Cited by 59
“…Claire H. Mitchell chm@upenn.edu Received: 31 August 2016 Accepted: 07 November 2016 Published: 23 November 2016 Citation: Lim JC, Lu W, Beckel JM and Mitchell CH (2016) Neuronal Release of Cytokine IL-3 Triggered by Mechanosensitive Autostimulation of the P2X7 Receptor…”
BackgroundInfluential
Peripheral Inflammation and Cognitive Aging
Lim, A., Krajina, K., & Marsland, A. L. (2013) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000346362 · Cited by 57
Targeting Members of the Chemokine Family as a Novel Approach to Treating Neuropathic Pain
Pawlik, K., & Mika, J. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28155766 · Cited by 45
Spinal motor circuit synaptic plasticity after peripheral nerve injury depends on microglia activation and a CCR2 mechanism
Rotterman, T. M., Akhter, E. T., Lane, A. R., MacPherson, K. P., García, V. V., Tansey, M. G., & Álvarez, F. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2945-17.2019 · Cited by 51
“…is mediated via a signal from the MNs to the microglia, we deleted colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) from MNs by crossing ChatIRES-Cre mice (RRID:IMSR_JAX: 006410) with csf1flox/flox mice (Harris et al., 2012) generously donated by Dr. Jean X. Jiang (University of Texas, San Antonio, TX).”
Method
Resident Microglia Activate before Peripheral Monocyte Infiltration and p75NTR Blockade Reduces Microglial Activation and Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Xu, Z., Shi, W., Xu, L., Shao, M., Chen, Z.-P., Zhu, G.-C., & Hou, Q. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00298 · Cited by 59
Statins Reduce Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine and Inflammatory Mediator Release in an In Vitro Model of Microglial-Like Cells
McFarland, A. J., Davey, A. K., & Anoopkumar‐Dukie, S. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/2582745 · Cited by 48
Minocycline attenuates brain tissue levels of TNF-α produced by neurons after prolonged hypothermic cardiac arrest in rats
Drabek, T., Janata, A., Wilson, C. D., Stezoski, J., Janesko-Feldman, K., Tisherman, S., Foley, L., Verrier, J. D., & Kochanek, P. (2014) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.10.015 · Cited by 48
Minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, blocks spinal CCL2-induced heat hyperalgesia and augmentation of glutamatergic transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons
Huang, C.-Y., Chen, Y.-L., Li, A. H., Lu, J.-C., & Wang, H.-L. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-7 · Cited by 48
“An activated microglia in the spinal dorsal horn enhances nociceptive transmission by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α [27-29].”
BackgroundInfluential
Standard of care therapy for malignant glioma and its effect on tumor and stromal cells
Jones, T., & Holland, E. C. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2011.398 · Cited by 48
Bioactive lignans from the rhizomes of Acorus gramineus.
Kim, K. H., Kim, H., Choi, S.-U., Moon, E., Kim, S., & Lee, K. (2011) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np200541m · Cited by 48
Involvement of Kv1.3 and p38 MAPK signaling in HIV-1 glycoprotein 120-induced microglia neurotoxicity
Liu, J., Xu, C., Chen, L., Xu, P., & Xiong, H. (2012) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.140 · Cited by 47
Perceived Stress is Associated with Accelerated Monocyte/Macrophage Aging Trajectories in Clinically Normal Adults
Casaletto, K. B., Staffaroni, A. M., Elahi, F., Fox, E., Crittenden, P. A., You, M., Neuhaus, J., Glymour, M., Bettcher, B. M., Yaffe, K., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.05.004 · Cited by 47
Modulation of BV-2 microglia functions by novel quercetin pivaloyl ester
Mrvová, N., Škandík, M., Kuniaková, M., & Račková, L. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.005 · Cited by 50
“Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines were also found to play significant role in neurodegeneration (Hanisch, 2002).”
Early spatiotemporal characterization of microglial activation in the retinas of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
Chen, X., Zhou, H.-F., Gong, Y., Wei, S., & Zhang, M.-N. (2015) · Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-014-2727-y · Cited by 47
“[24].”
Chronic Variable Stress Alters Inflammatory and Cholinergic Parameters in Hippocampus of Rats
Tagliari, B., Tagliari, A. P., Schmitz, F., da Cunha, A. A., Dalmaz, C., & Wyse, A. T. S. (2011) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-010-0367-0 · Cited by 46
“Consistent with this view, there are studies indicating that in addition to infiltration or indirect signaling from the periphery, cytokines (including IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a), as well as their receptors, are constitutively produced in the CNS itself [ 49 , 50].”
Background
Effects of Catalpol on Mitochondrial Function and Working Memory in Mice after Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Systemic Inflammation
Zhang, A., Hao, S., Bi, J., Bao, Y., Zhang, X., An, L., & Jiang, B. (2009) · Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.etp.2008.10.010 · Cited by 46
Inflammation mediates depression and generalized anxiety symptoms predicting executive function impairment after 18 years
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.077 · Cited by 48
“…Received 3 January 2021; Received in revised form 28 July 2021; Accepted 25 August 2021 Journal of Affective Disorders 296 (2022) 465–475 IL-6, CRP, and fibrinogen have been shown to form one latent construct of inflammatory allostatic load (Hostinar et al., 2015).”
Background
Systems and Circuits Linking Chronic Pain and Circadian Rhythms
Warfield, A. E., Prather, J. F., & Todd, W. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.705173 · Cited by 49
“NLRP3 is crucial to the maturation and secretion of IL-1 β and IL-18 (Cowie et al., 2019; Chan and Schroder, 2020; Pourcet and Duez, 2020), and as such, NLRP3 activation is associated with neuropathic (Ji et al., 2021; Jia et al., 2017), postoperative (Cowie et al., 2019), neurodegenerative (Ahmed et al., 2021; de Ara…”
BackgroundInfluential
IL-4 and IL-10 promotes phagocytic activity of microglia by up-regulation of TREM2
Yi, S., Jiang, X., Tang, X., Li, Y., Xiao, C., Zhang, J., & Zhou, T. (2020) · Cytotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10616-020-00409-4 · Cited by 49
“Studies have shown that microglia exhibit clear stimulation-dependent phenotypic and functional consequences (Hanisch 2002).”
Background
Clozapine reduces Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses through inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent Akt activation in microglia
Jeon, S., Kim, S. H., Shin, S. Y., & Lee, Y. H. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.012 · Cited by 46
Time-dependent retinal ganglion cell loss, microglial activation and blood-retina-barrier tightness in an acute model of ocular hypertension
Trost, A., Motloch, K. A., Bruckner, D., Schroedl, F., Bogner, B., Kaser-Eichberger, A., Runge, C., Strohmaier, C., Klein, B., Aigner, L., et al. (2015) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.010 · Cited by 45
“The transformation of microglia into their reactive state leads to the expression or secretion of different inflammatory proteins like TNF, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), which in turn leads to the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
Oligodendroglia are limited in type I interferon induction and responsiveness in vivo
Kapil, P., Butchi, N. B., Stohlman, S. A., & Bergmann, C. C. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22375 · Cited by 41
Susceptibility of juvenile and adult blood–brain barrier to endothelin-1: regulation of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein expression and transport activity
Harati, R., Villégier, A.-S., Banks, W. A., & Mabondzo, A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-273 · Cited by 45
“and once activated they release numerous inflammatory molecules, particularly pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [47] (Proinflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) [48-50], chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1) [51,52], proteases [53…”
Background
Sex differences in prefrontal cortex microglia morphology: Impact of a two-hit model of adversity throughout development
Gildawie, K. R., Orso, R., Peterzell, S., Thompson, V., & Brenhouse, H. C. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135381 · Cited by 46
Activating Autophagy in Hippocampal Cells Alleviates the Morphine-Induced Memory Impairment
Pan, J., He, L., Li, X., Li, M., Zhang, X., Venesky, J. P., Li, Y., & Peng, Y. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9735-3 · Cited by 47
IL-1 receptor antagonist improves morphine and buprenorphine efficacy in a rat neuropathic pain model.
Pilat, D., Rojewska, E., Jurga, A., Piotrowska, A., Makuch, W., Przewłocka, B., & Mika, J. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.058 · Cited by 45
Prenatal Exposure to the Viral Mimetic Poly I:C Alters Fetal Brain Cytokine Expression and Postnatal Behaviour
Ratnayake, U., Quinn, T., LaRosa, D. A., Dickinson, H., & Walker, D. W. (2014) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000362205 · Cited by 49
Pharmacological Effects of Active Compounds on Neurodegenerative Disease with Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction, a Commonly Used Poststroke Decoction
Chik, S. C. C., Or, T. C. T., Luo, D., Yang, C. L.-H., & Lau, A. S. Y. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/896873 · Cited by 41
Cytokines and neuronal channels: A molecular basis for age-related decline of neuronal function?
Viviani, B., & Boraso, M. (2010) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.008 · Cited by 46
EAAC1 Gene Deletion Alters Zinc Homeostasis and Exacerbates Neuronal Injury after Transient Cerebral Ischemia
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Authors: Hanisch, U.
Affiliations: Max Delbrück Center (DE)
Corresponding author: Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten
Venue: Glia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-10-04
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 140-155
ISSN: 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
1098-1136
DOI: 10.1002/glia.10161
OpenAlex: W2090804892
Cited by: 1,645
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 4.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Glia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: microglia, cytokines, chemokines, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, astrocyte-microglia interaction, tissue repair, neurotoxicity, neuropathology, innate immunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Communication, Endocrine System, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Cytokines, Microglia

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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