Cited by 1,645Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersInflammasome and immune disorders

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten·2002·Glia

DOI 10.1002/glia.10161

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Abstract

Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno‐ and neuromodulatory messengers that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and invading cells, microglial cyto‐ and chemokines regulate innate defense mechanisms, help the initiation and influence the type of immune responses, participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, and support attempts of tissue repair and recovery. Microglia can also receive cyto‐ and chemokine signals as part of auto‐ and paracrine communications with astrocytes, neurons, the endothelium, and leukocyte infiltrates. Strong responses and modulatory influences can be demonstrated, adding to the emerging view that microglial behavior is highly dependent on the (cytokine) environment and that reactions to a challenge may vary with the stimulation context. In principle, microglial activation aims at CNS protection. However, failed microglial engagement due to excessive or sustained activation could significantly contribute to acute and chronic neuropathologies. Dysregulation of microglial cytokine production could thereby promote harmful actions of the defense mechanisms, result in direct neurotoxicity, as well as disturb neural cell functions as they are sensitive to cytokine signaling. GLIA 40:140–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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BackgroundSelf-citation
Kainic acid-induced neurodegeneration and activation of inflammatory processes in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: treatment with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor does not prevent neuronal death.
Järvelä, J., Ruohonen, S., Kukko-Lukjanov, T., Plysjuk, A., López-Picón, F., & Holopainen, I. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.024 · Cited by 15
“Activated microglia, characterized by cytoskeletal rearrangements, retraction of processes, and secretion of cytotoxic and inflammatory mediators, are proposed to contribute to neurodegeneration (Hanisch, 2002; Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007).”
Background
Microglia signaling in health and disease – Implications in sex-specific brain development and plasticity
Pramanik, S., Harini Devi, M., Chakrabarty, S., Paylar, B., Pradhan, A., Thaker, M., Ayyadhury, S., Manavalan, A., Olsson, P., Pramanik, G., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105834 · Cited by 18
Nipah Virus Neurotropism: Insights into Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption
Al‐Obaidi, M. M. J., Muthanna, A., & Desa, M. N. M. (2024) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2305090 · Cited by 15
“The release of these cytokines can also occur from microglia that have been infected [50].”
Background
Microbiota-Accessible Boron-Containing Compounds in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Biță, C. E., Scorei, I. R., Vreju, F. A., Mușetescu, A. E., Mogoşanu, G. D., Biţă, A., Dinescu, V. C., Dinescu, Ș. C., Criveanu, C., Bărbulescu, A. L., et al. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59111965 · Cited by 15
“Activated microglia initiate various defense mechanisms, such as clearing toxic debris through phagocytosis, processing antigens for presentation purposes, and releasing multiple cytokines [77,78].”
Background
Depression, Estrogens, and Neuroinflammation: A Preclinical Review of Ketamine Treatment for Mood Disorders in Women
Gagne, C., Piot, A., & Brake, W. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.797577 · Cited by 18
Synthetic PreImplantation Factor (sPIF) reduces inflammation and prevents preterm birth
Spinelli, M., Boucard, C., Nicuolo, F. D., Haesler, V., Castellani, R., Pontecorvi, A., Scambia, G., Granieri, C., Barnea, E. R., Surbek, D., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232493 · Cited by 15
Evolutionary concept of inflammatory response and stroke
Duris, K., & Jurajda, M. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24392 · Cited by 15
“Stimulated microglia start to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines, activating endothelial cells, and leukocytes in the periphery (Atangana et al., 2017; Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Metformin on Neuro-inflammation and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in BV-2 Microglial Cells
Ha, J. S., Yeom, Y.-S., Jang, J.-H., Kim, Y., Im, J. I., Kim, I. S., & Yang, S.-J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental & Biomedical Sciences/Biomedical Science Letters · doi:10.15616/bsl.2019.25.1.92 · Cited by 16
“Furthermore, activated microglial cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 in chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
Estrogen Receptor-α is Involved in Tamoxifen Neuroprotective Effects in a Traumatic Brain Injury Male Rat Model.
Lim, S.-W., Tt, E. N., Hu, C.-Y., Chio, C., Wang, C.-C., & Kuo, J.-R. (2018) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.036 · Cited by 14
Neuron-Glia Crosstalk in the Autonomic Nervous System and Its Possible Role in the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome: A New Hypothesis
Río, R. D., Quintanilla, R. A., Orellana, J. A., & Retamal, M. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00350 · Cited by 18
“When homeostatic balance is altered, resting phenotype of microglia shift to a reactive one, with different degrees of activation depending on nature, intensity and duration of the stimuli (Hanisch, 2002; Block et al., 2007).”
Background
Effects of an aqueous extract of North American ginseng on MOG(35-55)-induced EAE in mice.
Bowie, L. E., Roscoe, W., Lui, E., Smith, R., & Karlik, S. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y2012-092 · Cited by 14
“Microglia become activated in response to tissue damage and further increase pro-inflammatory cytokine production (Hanisch 2002), including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (Saha and Pahan 2006).”
Background
Inhibitory role of kinins on microglial nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production
Ben-Shmuel, S., Gera, L., Danon, A., Ron, A., & Fleisher‐Berkovich, S. (2012) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.03.026 · Cited by 15
Differential Gene Expression in the Axotomized Facial Motor Nucleus of Presymptomatic SOD1 Mice
Mesnard, N., Sanders, V. M., & Jones, K. (2011) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22718 · Cited by 14
Role of Immune Cells in Brain Metastasis of Lung Cancer Cells and Neuron-Tumor Cell Interaction
Noda, M., Seike, T., Fujita, K., Yamakawa, Y., Kido, M. A., & Iguchi, H. (2011) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-011-9406-9 · Cited by 4
Targeting Microglia Extracellular Traps via an “Internal‐External” Synergistic Strategy to Reshape the Dysregulated Microglia‐Neuron Axis for Spinal Cord Injury Recovery
Fang, N., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Xiao, J., Zhang, H., Zhou, K., Li, Y., & Yang, L. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202519846 · Cited by 15
Mutant huntingtin confers cell-autonomous phenotypes on Huntington’s disease iPSC-derived microglia
Stöberl, N., Donaldson, J., Binda, C. S., McAllister, B., Hall‐Roberts, H., Jones, L., Massey, T. H., & Allen, N. D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46852-z · Cited by 15
“Cytokines are used to communicate to other cells and are released for auto-and paracrine signaling 26 .”
Background
Japanese Encephalitis virus infection in astrocytes modulate microglial function: Correlation with inflammation and oxidative stress
Mohapatra, S., Chakraborty, T., & Basu, A. (2023) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156328 · Cited by 14
Targeting the gp130/STAT3 Axis Attenuates Tumor Microenvironment Mediated Chemoresistance in Group 3 Medulloblastoma Cells
Sreenivasan, L., Li, L. V., Leclair, P., & Lim, C. J. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11030381 · Cited by 16
Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension
Trost, A., Motloch, K. A., Koller, A., Bruckner, D., Runge, C., Schroedl, F., Bogner, B., Kaser-Eichberger, A., Strohmaier, C., Ladek, A., et al. (2021) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2021.108806 · Cited by 15
Melamine exposure from the weaning period causes apoptosis, inflammation, and damage to the blood-brain barrier
Erişgin, Z. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101939 · Cited by 14
Reorganization of synaptic inputs to spinal dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic pain
Terayama, R., & Uchibe, K. (2021) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2021.1873980 · Cited by 13
Short-Term Environmental Enrichment is a Stronger Modulator of Brain Glial Cells and Cervical Lymph Node T Cell Subtypes than Exercise or Combined Exercise and Enrichment
Singhal, G., Morgan, J., Corrigan, F., Toben, C. G., Jawahar, M. C., Jaehne, E. J., Manavis, J., Hannan, A. J., & Baune, B. T. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-020-00862-x · Cited by 14
“Studies have shown that microglia and astrocytes, which are essential for the innate neuroimmune and tissue repair processes and the maintenance of neurobiological homeostasis (Hanisch 2002; Rothwell et al.”
Background
A Protective Role of Translocator Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain
Jung, M. E. (2020) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205017666200217105950 · Cited by 17
Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3 Kinase Inhibitors Regulate Peptidoglycan-Induced Myeloid Leukocyte Recruitment, Inflammation, and Neurotoxicity in Mouse Brain
Arroyo, D. S., Gaviglio, E. A., Ramos, J. M. P., Bussi, C., Avalos, M. P., Cancela, L. M., & Iribarren, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00770 · Cited by 13
“High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were found elevated in the brain tissue from patients with neurological diseases (56).”
BackgroundInfluential
The possible factors affecting microglial activation in cases of obesity with cognitive dysfunction
Chunchai, T., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0151-9 · Cited by 16
Biocompatibility of very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in murine organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and the role of microglia
Pohland, M., Glumm, R., Wiekhorst, F., Kiwit, J., & Glumm, J. (2017) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s127206 · Cited by 17
IFNGR2 genetic polymorphism associated with sex-specific paranoid schizophrenia risk
Jemli, A., Inoubli, O., Trifa, F., Mechri, A., Zaâfrane, F., Gaha, L., & Jrad, B. B. H. (2016) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2016.1216595 · Cited by 26
Differential Changes in Neuronal Excitability in the Spinal Dorsal Horn After Spinal Nerve Ligation in Rats
Terayama, R., Yamamoto, Y., Kishimoto, N., Tabata, M., Maruhama, K., Iida, S., & Sugimoto, T. (2016) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-016-2003-0 · Cited by 13
Evaluation of Injured Axons Using Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Microscopy after Spinal Cord Contusion Injury in YFP-H Line Mice
Horiuchi, H., Oshima, Y., Ogata, T., Morino, T., Matsuda, S., Miura, H., & Imamura, T. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms160715785 · Cited by 16
Transient ischemia-induced change of CCR7 immunoreactivity in neurons and its new expression in astrocytes in the gerbil hippocampus
Lee, J., Ahn, J. H., Kim, I. H., Park, J. H., Yan, B. C., Cho, G., Ohk, T. G., Park, C. W., Cho, J. H., Kim, Y., et al. (2013) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.10.041 · Cited by 11
“Upon activation, resident microglia transform into amoeboidmacrophage-like cells that produce various inflammatorymediators [51], and activated microglia are able to phagocytose damaged cells and debris and subsequently express surface proteins, like chemokine receptors [52,53].”
Background
Mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced in the developing brain of mice and rats by DNA-damaging chemicals
Doi, K. (2011) · The Journal of Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.2131/jts.36.695 · Cited by 14
“The respective genes play roles in the induction, proliferation and activation of microglia (Nakajima and Kohsaka, 2001; Hanisch, 2002), and their expression is also up-regulated by cyclophosphamide-induced injury to fetal brains (Hao et al., 2001a).”
Background
Long-Term Intrathecal Infusion of Outer Surface Protein C FromBorrelia burgdorferiCauses Axonal Damage
Tauber, S. C., Ribes, S., Ebert, S., Heinz, T. J., Fingerle, V., Bunkowski, S., Kugelstadt, D., Spreer, A., Jahn, O., Eiffert, H., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3182289acd · Cited by 14
“Tumor necrosis factor > (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and CXCL1 (KC, the mouse equivalent of GRO>) were chosen as representatives of the inducible spectrum of microglial cytokines and chemokines (30).”
Method
Suppression of Neuroinflammation by Coffee Component Pyrocatechol via Inhibition of NF-κB in Microglia
Murata, T., Tago, K., Miyata, K., Moriwaki, Y., Misawa, H., Kobata, K., Nakazawa, Y., Tamura, H., & Funakoshi‐Tago, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010316 · Cited by 17
“Via the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines, other immune cells are recruited to inﬂammatory regions and neuronal cell injury sites [5,6].”
Background
Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes
Ngwa, C., Mamun, A. A., Qi, S., Sharmeen, R., Conesa, M. P. B., Ganesh, B. P., Manwani, B., & Liu, F. (2023) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2 · Cited by 11
“Microglia and monocytes are the major sources of inflammatory cytokines in neuroinflammation [1, 39, 40].”
Uncovering neuroinflammation-related modules and potential repurposing drugs for Alzheimer's disease through multi-omics data integrative analysis
Li, S., Lu, C., Zhao, Z., Lu, D., & Zheng, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1161405 · Cited by 12
“Aβ cascade hypothesis supposes amyloid plaque is a major cause of neuron death and synapse dysfunction (Hardy and Higgins, 1992).”
Background
Isolation driven changes in Iba1-positive microglial morphology are associated with social recognition memory in adults and adolescents
Ferrara, N. C., Trask, S., Yan, L., Padival, M., Helmstetter, F. J., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2022) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107626 · Cited by 13
Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future
Soares, N. L., & Vieira, H. L. A. (2021) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1 · Cited by 14
CSF Diagnostics: A Potentially Valuable Tool in Neurodegenerative and Inflammatory Disorders Involving Motor Neurons: A Review
Krause, K., Wulf, M., Sommer, P., Barkovits, K., Vorgerd, M., Marcus, K., & Eggers, B. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11091522 · Cited by 17
FXTAS presents with upregulation of the cytokines IL12 and TNFα.
Dufour, B., Amina, S., & Martínez-Cerdeño, V. (2020) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.026 · Cited by 12
“Probert L, TNF and its receptors in the CNS: The essential, the desirable and the deleterious effects.”
BackgroundInfluential
A new mouse model to study restoration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in a Cre-dependent manner: microglial IL-6 regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Sanchís, P., Fernández‐Gayol, O., Comes, G., Aguilar, K., Escrig, A., Giralt, M., Palmiter, R. D., & Hidalgo, J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01969-0 · Cited by 16
Postmortem Study of Molecular and Histological Changes in the CA1 Hippocampal Region of Chronic Methamphetamine User.
Mahmoudiasl, G., Abbaszadeh, H., Rezaei–Tavirani, M., Abdollahifar, M., Sadeghi, Y., Khoramgah, M. S., Niknazar, S., & Darabi, S. (2019) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22037/ijpr.2019.15483.13123 · Cited by 12
Effect of naturally occurring α-synuclein-antibodies on toxic α-synuclein-fragments
Rabenstein, M., Agbo, D. B., Wolf, E., Dams, J., Nicolai, M., Roeder, A., Bacher, M., Dodel, R. C., & Noelker, C. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.004 · Cited by 13
Activation of hippocampal microglia in a murine model of cancer-induced pain
Miladinovic, T., Sharma, M., Phan, A., Geres, H., Ungard, R. G., Linher‐Melville, K., & Singh, G. (2019) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s191860 · Cited by 14
Decreased microglial numbers in Vav1-Cre + :dicer knock-out mice suggest a second source of microglia beyond yolk sac macrophages
Fehrenbach, M. K., Tjwa, M., Bechmann, I., & Krueger, M. (2018) · Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.004 · Cited by 14
Influence of fluvoxamine on plasma interleukin-6 or clinical improvement in patients with major depressive disorder
Yoshimura, R., Katsuki, A., Atake, K., Hori, H., Igata, R., & Konishi, Y. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s123121 · Cited by 12
Occlusion of retinal capillaries caused by glial cell proliferation in chronic ocular inflammation.
Bianchi, E., Ripandelli, G., Fehér, J., Plateroti, A., Plateroti, R., Kovács, I., Plateroti, P., Taurone, S., & Artico, M. (2015) · Folia Morphologica · doi:10.5603/fm.2015.0006 · Cited by 12
“adhesion and breakdown of the blood-tissue barrier [8, 21], neuronal death [44], and activation of micro- and macroglial cells [27].”
Background
The road to remyelination in demyelinating diseases: current status and prospects for clinical treatment
Wootla, B., Watzlawik, J. O., Đenić, A., & Rodriguez, M. (2013) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/eci.13.37 · Cited by 12
“110 Hanisch UK. Microglia as a source and target of cytokines. Glia 40(2), 140–155 (2002).”
Background
Diphenyleneiodonium protects preoligodendrocytes against endotoxin-activated microglial NADPH oxidase-generated peroxynitrite in a neonatal rat model of periventricular leukomalacia
He, Y., Chen, H., Qian, L.-H., He, L., & Buzby, J. S. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.017 · Cited by 12
Primary cortical cell tri-culture to study effects of amyloid-β on microglia function and neuroinflammatory response
Kim, H., Le, B., Goshi, N., Zhu, K., Grodzki, A. C., Lein, P. J., Zhao, M., & Şeker, E. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241291142 · Cited by 11
Advances in proteomic phenotyping of microglia in neurodegeneration
Sunna, S. N., Bowen, C. A., Ramelow, C. C., Santiago, J. V., Kumar, P., & Rangaraju, S. (2023) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202200183 · Cited by 13
Microglia-derived TNF-α inhibiting GABAergic neurons in the anterior lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis precipitates visceral hypersensitivity induced by colorectal distension in rats
Ji, N., Meng, Q., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z.-M., Song, Y., Hua, R., & Zhang, Y.-M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100449 · Cited by 12
Stress Response and Hearing Loss Differentially Contribute to Dynamic Alterations in Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Microglial Reactivity in Mice Exposed to Acute Noise Exposure
Li, Q., Li, H., Yao, X., Wang, C., Liu, H., Xu, D., Yang, C., Zhuang, H., Xiao, Y. M., Liu, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.749925 · Cited by 13
“…local neuronal activity caused by a disturbance of auditory input is a major contributor to hippocampal microglial overactivity in mice with acquired peripheral HL. Microglia are well-known major sources of proinflammatory cytokines and the principal target cells of cytokines (Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
Age-related changes in the inflammatory responses to viral infections in the central nervous system during childhood
Ygberg, S., Fowler, Å., & Wickström, R. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01423-8 · Cited by 11
Hippocampal neuroinflammation following combined exposure to cyclophosphamide and naproxen in ovariectomized mice
Pavlock, S., McCarthy, D. M., Kesarwani, A., Jean‐Pierre, P., & Bhide, P. G. (2021) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2021.1896508 · Cited by 12
Simultaneous Ca2+ Imaging and Optogenetic Stimulation of Cortical Astrocytes in Adult Murine Brain Slices
Balachandar, L., Montejo, K. A., Castano, E., Perez, M., Moncion, C., Chambers, J. W., Luján, J. L., & Riera, J. J. (2020) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/cpns.110 · Cited by 12
Porcine liver decomposition product-derived lysophospholipids promote microglial activation in vitro
Tsukahara, T., Haniu, H., Uemura, T., & Matsuda, Y. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60781-1 · Cited by 10
No evidence of abnormal metabolic or inflammatory activity in the brains of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a preliminary study using whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI)
Mueller, C., Lin, J. C., Thannickal, H. H., Daredia, A., Denney, T. S., Beyers, R. J., & Younger, J. (2020) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04923-5 · Cited by 13
“, IL1, IL-6, and TNF-α) as those seen in systemic circulation [11].”
Background
Protective effects of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing extracellular regulating kinase 1/2 against stroke in rats.
Gao, X.-Q., Wu, D.-D., Dou, L., Zhang, H., Huang, L., Zeng, J.-Q., Zhang, Y.-M., Yang, C.-X., Li, H.-H., Liu, L.-F., et al. (2019) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.006 · Cited by 11
GINS complex subunit 2 (GINS2) plays a protective role in alcohol-induced brain injury
Liu, C., Wang, R., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2018.1540425 · Cited by 13
Nerve cells developmental processes and the dynamic role of cytokine signaling
Guidolin, D., Fede, C., & Tortorella, C. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.003 · Cited by 13
“These functional findings show consistency with increasing evidence indicating microglia as a key target and a significant source of cytokine signaling (Hanisch, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Pifithrin‐μ modulates microglial activation and promotes histological recovery following spinal cord injury
Caponegro, M. D., Torres, L., Rastegar, C. T., Rath, N., Anderson, M. E., Robinson, J. K., & Tsirka, S. E. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13000 · Cited by 12
Social influences on microglial reactivity and neuronal damage after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Gaudier‐Diaz, M. M., Haines, A. H., Zhang, N., & DeVries, A. C. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.012 · Cited by 13
Associations between immunological function and memory recall in healthy adults
Wang, G., Taylor, T., Sumich, A. L., Mérien, F., Borotkanics, R., Wrapson, W., Krägeloh, C., & Siegert, R. J. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.002 · Cited by 17
“On-the-other-hand, excessive or sustained release of inflammatory cytokines produces neurotoxic effects on neurons and glial cells, at least in vitro (Allan & Rothwell, 2001; Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
The novel monoclonal antibody 9F5 reveals expression of a fragment of GPNMB/osteoactivin processed by furin‐like protease(s) in a subpopulation of microglia in neonatal rat brain
Kawahara, K., Hirata, H., Ohbuchi, K., Nishi, K., Maeda, A., Kuniyasu, A., Yamada, D., Maeda, T., Tsuji, A., Sawada, M., et al. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23034 · Cited by 14
“…stages may be associated with the need to phagocytose debris and apoptotic neurons after brain development and to deliver growth factors and cytokines to support cell proliferation and neuronal organization (Bessis et al., 2007; Cuadros and Navascues, 1998; Hanisch, 2002; Streit, 2001).”
Background
Microglial modulation as a mechanism behind the promotion of central nervous system well‐being by physical exercise
Jensen, S. K., & Yong, V. W. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12093 · Cited by 14
Attenuation of Dichlorvos-Induced Microglial Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis by 4-Hydroxy TEMPO
Sunkaria, A., Sharma, D. R., Wani, W. Y., & Gill, K. (2014) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8508-5 · Cited by 11
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Insulin Resistance
Bradley, D. B. E. A. (2014) · Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine · doi:10.4172/1747-0862.s1-015 · Cited by 12
Autophagy modulation by hADSCs and green light therapy alleviates inflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury
Chen, J., He, Q., Xie, H., Gu, B., Zhou, L., Jiang, D., Xie, H., Li, L., Zhou, Z., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04367-6 · Cited by 9
“After SCI, the injury site becomes a focal point for inflammation, involving the activation of local micro-glial cells, the recruitment of immune cells from the periphery, and the secretion of inflammatory mediators [21, 48, 49].”
Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk in Post-Stroke Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies
Shang, T., Kuang, B., Shang, Y., & Zou, W. (2025) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/011570159x350639250403072430 · Cited by 12
“Activated microglia also release interleukin, monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is crucial in the initial triggering and regulation of astrocytes during acute phases [75].”
Peptide discovery across the spectrum of neuroinflammation; microglia and astrocyte phenotypical targeting, mediation, and mechanistic understanding
Benita, B. A., & Koss, K. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1443985 · Cited by 12
Convergence of Pro-Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in the Central Noradrenergic System: Implications for Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Reyes, A. A., & Chandler, D. J. (2023) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia4020007 · Cited by 9
“Microglia can also recruit peripheral immune cells and other inflammatory effectors to the injury site through chemokine release [63].”
High-intensity swimming alleviates nociception and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of chronic post-ischemia pain by activating the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord
Jia, X., Li, Z., Shen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.371373 · Cited by 12
“RvE1 also exerted marked anti-neuroinflammatory effects, as indicated by reduced microglial activation and lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the bilateral spinal cord (Figure 8I–”
ResultInfluential
Mild Cognitive impairment Occurs in Rats During the Early Remodeling Phase of Myocardial Infarction
Jinawong, K., Apaijai, N., Piamsiri, C., Maneechote, C., Arunsak, B., Chunchai, T., Pintana, H., Nawara, W., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.018 · Cited by 10
Insights into the Impact of Gold Nanoclusters Au10SG10 on Human Microglia.
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“TNFα and ILs are involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity (Lewitus et al., 2016; Lim et al., 2013; Rizzo et al., 2018; Stellwagen & Malenka, 2006) but can also interfere with neuronal signaling, as observed in neurodegenerative cases (Hanisch, 2002).”
Background
The anti-inflammatory effects of sialic acid on the human glia cells by the upregulation of IL-4 and IL-10 genes' expressions
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Adjuvant Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonist Modulates the Polarization of Microglia Towards a Non-Inflammatory Phenotype in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
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“During infection, microglial cells are a major source of inflammatory cytokines (Hanisch, 2002), including IL-1b, IL-6-a, and TNF-a (Lee et al., 1993; Hanisch, 2002).”
Background

Authors: Hanisch, U.
Affiliations: Max Delbrück Center (DE)
Corresponding author: Hanisch, Uwe‐Karsten
Venue: Glia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-10-04
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 140-155
ISSN: 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
1098-1136
DOI: 10.1002/glia.10161
OpenAlex: W2090804892
Cited by: 1,645
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 4.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Glia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: microglia, cytokines, chemokines, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, astrocyte-microglia interaction, tissue repair, neurotoxicity, neuropathology, innate immunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Communication, Endocrine System, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Cytokines, Microglia

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Microglia as a source and target of cytokines

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