Neuronal correlates of spontaneous fluctuations in fMRI signals in monkey visual cortex: Implications for functional connectivity at rest
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies have demonstrated large amplitude spontaneous fluctuations in functional‐MRI (fMRI) signals in humans in the resting state. Importantly, these spontaneous fluctuations in blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal are often synchronized over distant parts of the brain, a phenomenon termed functional‐connectivity. Functional‐connectivity is widely assumed to reflect interregional coherence of fluctuations in activity of the underlying neuronal networks. Despite the large body of human imaging literature on spontaneous activity and functional‐connectivity in the resting state, the link to underlying neural activity remains tenuous. Through simultaneous fMRI and intracortical neurophysiological recording, we demonstrate correlation between slow fluctuations in BOLD signals and concurrent fluctuations in the underlying locally measured neuronal activity. This correlation varied with time‐lag of BOLD relative to neuronal activity, resembling a traditional hemodynamic response function with peaks at ∼6 s lag of BOLD signal. The correlations were reliably detected when the neuronal signal consisted of either the spiking rate of a small group of neurons, or relative power changes in the multi‐unit activity band, and particularly in the local field potential gamma band. Analysis of correlation between the voxel‐by‐voxel fMRI time‐series and the neuronal activity measured within one cortical site showed patterns of correlation that slowly traversed cortex. BOLD fluctuations in widespread areas in visual cortex of both hemispheres were significantly correlated with neuronal activity from a single recording site in V1. To the extent that our V1 findings can be generalized to other cortical areas, fMRI‐based functional‐connectivity between remote regions in the resting state can be linked to synchronization of slow fluctuations in the underlying neuronal signals. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Without sensory input, spontaneous BOLD fluctuations still correlate with underlying synaptic activity measured by LFP, ECoG, and EEG.
“In the absence of any sensory input, spontaneous BOLD fluctuations are still correlated with underlying synaptic activity observed with LFP (136, 137), ECoG (138), and EEG (139, 140).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [136]
Functional pathways critical to vision, motor function, audition, language, reading, and attention are detectable as enhanced FC computed from at rest inter-region oscillatory synchronization determined via fMRI.
“Functional pathways critical to vision, motor function, audition, language, reading, and attention are detectable as enhanced FC computed from at rest inter-region oscillatory synchronization determined via functional magnetic resonance imaging (34–42).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo‐planar mri
Biswal, B., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910340409 · Cited by 9,812 · see citing works
The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks
Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504136102 · Cited by 8,553 · see citing works
Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fox, M. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2201 · Cited by 6,700 · see citing works
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084005 · Cited by 6,542 · see citing works
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868 · Cited by 6,483 · see citing works
Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis
Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0135058100 · Cited by 6,358 · see citing works
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212 · see citing works
Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951 · Cited by 3,681 · see citing works
Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.1140 · Cited by 2,056 · see citing works
Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation
Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Hinks, R. S., Tikofsky, R. S., & Hyde, J. S. (1992) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910250220 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain
Vincent, J. L., Patel, G. H., Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Baker, J. T., Van Essen, D. C., Zempel, J. M., Snyder, L. H., Corbetta, M., & Raichle, M. E. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05758 · Cited by 1,786 · see citing works
Dynamics of ongoing activity: explanation of the large variability in evoked cortical responses
Arieli, A., Sterkin, A., Grinvald, A., & Aertsen, A. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5283.1868 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast-dependent oxygenation
Ogawa, S. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Birn, R. M., Diamond, J. B., Smith, M. A., & Bandettini, P. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.048 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Modeling the hemodynamic response to brain activation
Buxton, R. B., Uludaǧ, K., Dubowitz, D. J., & Liu, T. T. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.013 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Simultaneous EEG and fMRI of the alpha rhythm
Goldman, R. I., Stern, J. M., Engel, J., & Cohen, M. S. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200212200-00022 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity
Laufs, H., Kleinschmidt, A., Beyerle, A., Eger, E., Salek-Haddadi, A., Preibisch, C., & Krakow, K. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00286-6 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Simultaneous EEG and fMRI of the alpha rhythm
Stern (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000047685.08940.d0 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Shmuel, A., Augath, M., Oeltermann, A., & Logothetis, N. K. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1675 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Self-citationVery Slow Activity Fluctuations in Monkey Visual Cortex: Implications for Functional Brain Imaging
Leopold, D. A. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.4.422 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Self-citationWise, R. G., Ide, K., Poulin, M. J., & Tracey, I. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.025 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Zacks, J. M., & Raichle, M. E. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1616 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Shmuel, A., Yacoub, E. S., Pfeuffer, J., de Moortele, P. V., Adriany, G., Hu, X. P., & Uǧurbil, K. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01061-9 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelates of alpha rhythm in functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy
Moosmann, M., Ritter, P., Krastel, I., den Brink, A. M.-V., Thees, S., Blankenburg, F., Taskin, B., Obrig, H., & Villringer, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00344-6 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Where the BOLD signal goes when alpha EEG leaves
Laufs, H., Holt, J. L., Elfont, R. M., Krams, M., Paul, J. S., Krakow, K., & Kleinschmidt, A. K. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.002 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Mathiesen, C., Caesar, K., Akgören, N., & Lauritzen, M. (1998) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.555be.x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Cerebral Vasomotion: A 0.1-Hz Oscillation in Reflected Light Imaging of Neural Activity
Mayhew, J. E. W., Askew, S., Zheng, Y., Porrill, J., Westby, G. W. M., Redgrave, P., Rector, D. M., & Harper, R. M. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0069 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to neuronal inhibition
Stefanovic, B., Warnking, J. M., & Pike, G. B. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.036 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Reading vascular changes in brain imaging: is dendritic calcium the key?
Lauritzen, M. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1589 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Uludaǧ, K., Dubowitz, D. J., Yoder, E. J., Restom, K., Liu, T. T., & Buxton, R. B. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.013 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Nir, Y., Hasson, U., Levy, I., Yeshurun, Y., & Malach, R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.018 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Water diffusion, T2, and compartmentation in frog sciatic nerve
Peled, S., Cory, D. G., Raymond, S. A., Kirschner, D. A., & Jolesz, F. A. (1999) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199911)42:5 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Pasley, B. N., Inglis, B. A., & Freeman, R. D. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.015 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The effect of artifacts on dependence measurement in fMRI
Gretton, A., Belitski, A., Murayama, Y., Schölkopf, B., & Logothetis, N. K. (2006) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2005.12.036 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shmuel, A., Augath, M. A., Oeltermann, A., et al. (2007) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationVisualizing global brain networks in the monkey using combined fMRI and electrophysiology
Leopold, D. A., Augath, M. A., & Logothetis, N. (2002) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity
van den Heuvel, M. P., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008 · Cited by 3,326 · see citing works
Dynamic functional connectivity: Promise, issues, and interpretations
Hutchison, R. M., Womelsdorf, T., Allen, E. A., Bandettini, P. A., Calhoun, V. D., Corbetta, M., Della Penna, S., Duyn, J. H., Glover, G. H., Gonzalez-Castillo, J., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.079 · Cited by 2,962 · see citing works
Self-citationThe global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks
Fox, M. D., Zhang, D., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90777.2008 · Cited by 1,877 · see citing works
Evidence for a Frontoparietal Control System Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity
Vincent, J. L., Kahn, I., Snyder, A. Z., Raichle, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90355.2008 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
Spectral fingerprints of large-scale neuronal interactions
Siegel, M., Donner, T. H., & Engel, A. K. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3137 · Cited by 1,295 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., Tyacke, R. J., Leech, R., Malizia, A. L., Murphy, K., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1119598109 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Magnetoencephalography for Brain Electrophysiology and Imaging
Baillet, S. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4504 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity
Voss, M. W., Vivar, C., Kramer, A. F., & van Praag, H. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.001 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Neural basis of global resting-state fMRI activity
Schölvinck, M. L., Maier, A., Ye, F. Q., Duyn, J. H., & Leopold, D. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913110107 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Self-citationvan den Heuvel, M. P., Mandl, R. C. W., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20737 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Longitudinal Analysis of Neural Network Development in Preterm Infants
Smyser, C. D., Inder, T. E., Shimony, J. S., Hill, J. E., Degnan, A. J., Snyder, A. Z., & Neil, J. J. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq035 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of spontaneous MEG activity in brain networks
de Pasquale, F., Della Penna, S., Snyder, A. Z., Lewis, C., Mantini, D., Marzetti, L., Belardinelli, P., Ciancetta, L., Pizzella, V., Romani, G. L., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913863107 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Decoupling of the brain's default mode network during deep sleep
Horovitz, S. G., Braun, A. R., Carr, W. S., Picchioni, D., Balkin, T. J., Fukunaga, M., & Duyn, J. H. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0901435106 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq010 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Intrinsic Coupling Modes: Multiscale Interactions in Ongoing Brain Activity
Engel, A. K., Gerloff, C., Hilgetag, C. C., & Nolte, G. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.038 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Exploring the network dynamics underlying brain activity during rest
Cabral, J., Kringelbach, M. L., & Deco, G. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.005 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics
He, B., Sohrabpour, A., Brown, E., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-120853 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Maier (2010) · Frontiers in System Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00031 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Ketamine has distinct electrophysiological and behavioral effects in depressed and healthy subjects
Nugent, A. C., Ballard, E. D., Gould, T. D., Park, L. T., Moaddel, R., Brutsche, N. E., & Zarate, C. A. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0028-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Infraslow LFP correlates to resting-state fMRI BOLD signals
Pan, W.-J., Thompson, G. J., Magnuson, M. E., Jaeger, D., & Keilholz, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.035 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Gao, W., Gilmore, J. H., Shen, D., Smith, J. K., Zhu, H., & Lin, W. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs043 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Florin, E., & Baillet, S. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.054 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Blank, I., Kanwisher, N., & Fedorenko, E. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00884.2013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Network structure shapes spontaneous functional connectivity dynamics
Shen, K., Hutchison, R. M., Bezgin, G., Everling, S., & McIntosh, A. R. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4903-14.2015 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Hoffman, R. E., Fernandez, T., Pittman, B., & Hampson, M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.050 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Sambataro, F., Wolf, N. D., Pennuto, M., Vasic, N., & Wolf, R. C. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002596 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Advanced MRI techniques to improve our understanding of experience-induced neuroplasticity
Tardif, C. L., Gauthier, C. J., Steele, C. J., Bazin, P.-L., Schäfer, A., Schaefer, A., Turner, R., & Villringer, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.047 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ongoing physiological processes in the cerebral cortex
Leopold, D. A., & Maier, A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.059 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationFerrarelli, F., Smith, R., Dentico, D., Riedner, B. A., Zennig, C., Benca, R. M., Lutz, A., Davidson, R. J., & Tononi, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073417 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Hou, J., Wu, W., Lin, Y., Wang, J., Zhou, D., Guo, J., Gu, S., He, M., Ahmed, S., Hu, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.022 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The potential of infant fMRI research and the study of early life stress as a promising exemplar
Graham, A. M., Pfeifer, J. H., Fisher, P. A., Lin, W., Gao, W., & Fair, D. A. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.09.005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Atypical network connectivity for imitation in autism spectrum disorder
Shih, P., Shen, M., Öttl, B., Keehn, B., Gaffrey, M. S., & Müller, R.-A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.035 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Broadband Electrophysiological Dynamics Contribute to Global Resting-State fMRI Signal
Wen, H., & Liu, Z. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0187-16.2016 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Kang, J., Wang, L., Yan, C., Wang, J., Liang, X., & He, Y. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.033 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Kullmann, S., Frank, S., Heni, M., Ketterer, C., Veit, R., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. (2013) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000341406 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Infraslow Electroencephalographic and Dynamic Resting State Network Activity
Grooms, J. K., Thompson, G. J., Pan, W.-J., Billings, J., Schumacher, E. H., Epstein, C. M., & Keilholz, S. D. (2017) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2017.0492 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mash, L. E., Reiter, M. A., Linke, A. C., Townsend, J., & Müller, R. (2018) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22570 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Mechanisms and Meaning: Perspectives From the Cognitive Neuroscience of Addiction
McConnell, P. A., & Froeliger, B. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1076701 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tomiyama, H., Murayama, K., Nemoto, K., Hasuzawa, S., Mizobe, T., Kato, K., Matsuo, A., Ohno, A., Kang, M., Togao, O., et al. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110516 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Qiu, Y., Lv, X., Su, H., Jiang, G., Tian, J., Zhuo, F., Han, L., & Zhang, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078738 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shmuel, A., & Leopold, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-05-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 751-761
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6870786
- OpenAlex
- W2136838610
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 19.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Molecular Biology Organization
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- spontaneous fluctuations, resting-state functional connectivity, BOLD signal, neuronal activity, visual cortex, primary visual cortex, hemodynamic response function, local field potentials, gamma band, multi-unit activity, intracortical recording, neuronal synchronization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Rest, Visual Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
