The DOI matches its Crossref record; 221 of the 221 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dual coding theory and education
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Kuhn, T. S., & Schlegel, R. (1963) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3050879 · Cited by 35,538
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition
Kuhn, T. S., & Hacking, I. (2012) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226458144.001.0001 · Cited by 21,170
Hebb, D. O. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9781410612403 · Cited by 9,825
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407 · Cited by 8,141
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315836010 · Cited by 6,082
The psychology of sex differences
(1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80031-1 · Cited by 5,488
Strategies of Discourse Comprehension
Staczek, J. J., van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1985) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/326517 · Cited by 5,395
Toward a model of text comprehension and production.
Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.5.363 · Cited by 5,298
Novak, J. D., Gowin, D. B., & Kahle, J. B. (1984) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173469 · Cited by 5,199
Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach
Paivio, A. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,087
Self-citationThe Nature of Human Intelligence
Carroll, J. B., & Guilford, J. P. (1968) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161820 · Cited by 4,657
Principles of behavior modification
Bandura, A. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,631
Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness
Ford, M., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1985) · Language · doi:10.2307/414498 · Cited by 4,419
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Bower, G. H. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.2.129 · Cited by 4,154
Paivio, A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315798868 · Cited by 4,142
Self-citationThe nature of human intelligence
Fuilford, J. P. (1967) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · Cited by 3,864
Mezei, A., & Paivio, A. (1972) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1572599 · Cited by 3,246
Self-citationA schema theory of discrete motor skill learning.
Schmidt, R. A. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0076770 · Cited by 3,220
Gagné, R. M. (1965) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 3,016
Journal on Educational Psychology
Winston, J., Mandernach, J., Winsor, D. L., Sinnott, J. D., & Gujjar, A. A. (2014) · Cited by 2,947
McClelland, D. C., & Koestner, R. (1992) · Motivation and Personality · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527937.010 · Cited by 2,868
Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025327 · Cited by 2,827
Self-citationDual coding theory: Retrospect and current status.
Paivio, A. (1991) · Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0084295 · Cited by 2,175
Self-citationThe Representation of Meaning in Memory
Anderson, J. R., & Kintsch, W. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421786 · Cited by 2,062
Harvey, O. J., McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1954) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087929 · Cited by 1,803
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750 · cited 2×
“Similar verbal codes or their abstract equivalents are elements in other theories of emotion (e.g., Bandura, 1969; Craighead et al., 1976, pp. 145- 151; Lang, 1979a,b).”
BackgroundCorrelates, Causes, Effects, and Treatment of Test Anxiety
Hembree, R. (1988) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543058001047 · Cited by 1,723 · cited 3×
“…preexisting semantic structures, but even when prior schemata are not available, comprehension processes construct an organized hierarchy of statements using linguistic cues to integrate sentences that vary in importance or centrality (e.g., Halliday and Hasan 1976; Kintsch and van Dijk, 1978).”
BackgroundJOURNAL OF HUMAN MOVEMENT STUDIES
Simpson, J. A. (1976) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.7.717-b · Cited by 1,672
Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90009-4 · Cited by 1,574
Zinkus, P. W. (1987) · Textbook of Developmental Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1797-5_8 · Cited by 1,500
Yates, F. A. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,496
Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge
Marshall, S. P., Cotton, J. W., Anderson, R. C., Spiro, R. J., & Montague, W. E. (1978) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421522 · Cited by 1,460
Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.
Hyman, R. (1953) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056940 · Cited by 1,443 · cited 1×
“Just as picturenaming slows as the number of alternative labels increases (Paivio et al., 1989), the speed of motor responses similarly decreases with uncertainty (e.g., Fitts and Switzer, 1962; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundThe use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material.
Ausubel, D. P. (1960) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046669 · Cited by 1,389
Mental imagery in associative learning and memory.
Paivio, A. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0027272 · Cited by 1,358
Self-citationEmotions, cognition, and behavior
Izard, C. E., Kagan, J., & Zajonc, R. B. (1984) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 1,347
Dedre Gentner, C. (1983) · Cited by 1,329
The Psychology of Sex Differences
BRILL, N. Q. (1975) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.132.9.982 · Cited by 1,217
The Effects of Mental Practice on Motor Skill Learning and Performance: A Meta-analysis
Feltz, D. L., & Landers, D. M. (1983) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.5.1.25 · Cited by 1,164
(1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,076
High School Dropouts: A Review of Issues and Evidence
Rumberger, R. W. (1987) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170232 · Cited by 1,028
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2016) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27677-000 · Cited by 1,001
Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184242 · Cited by 967
The Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behavior
(1961) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-05275-9 · Cited by 960
The Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behaviour
(1962) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1962.tb89009.x · Cited by 928
The cognitive psychology of school learning
Gagné, E. D., Yekovich, C. W., & Yekovich, F. R. (1985) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 926
The Occurrence of Clustering in the Recall of Randomly Arranged Associates
Bousfield, W. A. (1953) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1953.9710088 · Cited by 920
Mandler, G. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 897
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 17)
D., C. P., & Bower, G. H. (1985) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422448 · Cited by 830
Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress
Mandler, G. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 766
Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315271644 · Cited by 748
Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension
Glenberg, A. M., Meyer, M., & Lindem, K. (1987) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(87)90063-5 · Cited by 736
Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching
Witte, S. P., Larson, R. L., & Hillocks, G. (1987) · College Composition and Communication · doi:10.2307/357721 · Cited by 691
Mayer, R. E. (1989) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170446 · Cited by 671
Handbook of Semantic Word Norms
Underwood, B. J., Toglia, M. P., & Battig, W. F. (1979) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421579 · Cited by 669
Assessment in special and remedial education
Kratochwill, T. R., & Cancelli, A. A. (1979) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(79)90042-6 · Cited by 667
Speed of Information-Processing and Intelligence:
Vernon, P. A. (1988) · Cited by 658
Effective Teaching in Higher Education
Betjemann, A., Brown, G., & Atkins, M. (1989) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121364 · Cited by 657
Metacognition, cognition, and human performance
Forrest-Pressley, D.-L., MacKinnon, G. E., & Waller, T. G. (1985) · Cited by 609
MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE LEFT HEMISPHERE
KIMURA, D., & ARCHIBALD, Y. (1974) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/97.1.337 · Cited by 589
Assessment in special and remedial education
Salvia, J. A., & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 579
Sex Differences in Mathematical Reasoning Ability: More Facts
Benbow, C. P., & Stanley, J. C. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6648516 · Cited by 578
The role of experience in spatial test performance: A meta-analysis
Baenninger, M., & Newcombe, N. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287729 · Cited by 545
How large are cognitive gender differences? A meta-analysis using !w² and d..
Hyde, J. S. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.8.892 · Cited by 529
The measurement of readability: useful information for communicators
Klare, G. R. (2000) · ACM Journal of Computer Documentation · doi:10.1145/344599.344630 · Cited by 504
Teaching students with learning problems
Mercer, C. D., & Mercer, A. R. (1981) · Cited by 468
Mnemotechnics in second-language learning.
Atkinson, R. C. (1975) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0077029 · Cited by 447
Gender, Mathematics, and Science
Linn, M. C., & Hyde, J. S. (1989) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.2307/1176462 · Cited by 438
Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance.
Paivio, A. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 431
Self-citationKintsch, W., & Keenan, J. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90036-4 · Cited by 430
Klare, G. R. (1963) · Cited by 399
Teacher behavior and its effects.
Brophy, J. E. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.71.6.733 · Cited by 398
Klare, G. R. (1974) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747086 · Cited by 398
Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., & Goleman, D. J. (1978) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197806000-00004 · Cited by 393
Imagery as a relational organizer in associative learning
Bower, G. H. (1970) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80096-2 · Cited by 378
Learning and Instruction: An Examination of Four Research Perspectives in Science Education
Eylon, B.-S., & Linn, M. C. (1988) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170256 · Cited by 371
A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions.
Storm, C., & Storm, T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.4.805 · Cited by 357
Strategies for Increasing Text-Based Interest and Students' Recall of Expository Texts
Hidi, S., & Baird, W. (1988) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747644 · Cited by 343
Daydreaming : an introduction to the experimental study of inner experience
Singer, J. L. (1966) · Random House eBooks · Cited by 340
Simultaneous and successive synthesis: An alternative model for cognitive abilities.
Das, J. P., Kirby, J., & Jarman, R. F. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076163 · Cited by 338
Lips, H. M., & Colwill, N. L. (1978) · Cited by 336
The nature and limits of psychological knowledge: Lessons of a century qua "science."
Koch, S. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.3.257 · Cited by 333
Cognition in emotion: Concept and action.
Lang, P. J. (1985) · Cited by 320
Autonomic feedback: The perception of autonomic activity.
Mandler, G., Mandler, J. M., & Uviller, E. T. (1958) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048083 · Cited by 319
de Groot, A. M. B. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.5.824 · Cited by 318
Abstractness, imagery, and meaningfulness in paired-associate learning
Paivio, A. (1965) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(65)80064-0 · Cited by 315
Self-citationEducational and Psychological Research
Patten, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315266497 · Cited by 315
Attitudes to Science: an update
Schibeci, R. A. (1984) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057268408559913 · Cited by 314
The Challenges of Classroom Strategy Instruction
Pressley, M., Goodchild, F., Fleet, J., Zajchowski, R., & Evans, E. D. (1989) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/461578 · Cited by 312
Low-inference classroom teaching behaviors and student ratings of college teaching effectiveness.
Murray, H. G. (1983) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.75.1.138 · Cited by 311
Individual differences in the Hick paradigm.
Jensen, A. R. (1987) · Cited by 304
Educational Psychology: A Cognitive Approach
Mayer, R. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 303
Davitz, J. R. (1969) · Cited by 301
Development of a Self-Report Inventory for Assessing Individual Differences in Learning Processes
Schmeck, R. R., Ribich, F., & Ramanaiah, N. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100310 · Cited by 301
Strategies That Improve Children's Memory and Comprehension of Text
Pressley, M., Johnson, C. J., Symons, S., McGoldrick, J. A., & Kurita, J. A. (1989) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/461599 · Cited by 281
Are men's and women's brains really different?
Kimura, D. (1987) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0079885 · Cited by 279
Behavior Modification: Principles, Issues, and Applications
Craighead, W. E., Kazdin, A. E., & Mahoney, M. J. (1976) · Cited by 275
Philosophy of Science, Science and Science Education
Hodson, D. (1985) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057268508559922 · Cited by 275
Visual learning, thinking, and communication
Randhawa, B. S., & Coffman, W. E. (1978) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 269
Methods for examining representations of A subject‐matter structure in a student's memory
Shavelson, R. J. (1974) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660110307 · Cited by 264
Teacher Anxiety: A Review with Recommendations
Coates, T. J., & Thoresen, C. E. (1976) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170037 · Cited by 254
Attentional overload and writing performance: Effects of rough draft and outline strategies.
Kellogg, R. T. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.2.355 · Cited by 251
Student Ratings of Instruction
Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. C. (1974) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/009862837400100201 · Cited by 234
Can you squeeze a tomato? The role of motor representations in semantic sensibility judgments
Klatzky, R. L., Pellegrino, J. W., McCloskey, B. P., & Doherty, S. (1989) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90028-4 · Cited by 233
Test anxiety: Deficits in information processing.
Naveh‐Benjamin, M., McKeachie, W. J., Lin, Y.-G., & Holinger, D. P. (1981) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.6.816 · Cited by 225
Role of kinesthetic and spatial-visual abilities in perceptual-motor learning.
Fleishman, E. A., & Rich, S. (1963) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046677 · Cited by 219
Lateralized Facial Muscle Response to Positive and Negative Emotional Stimuli
Schwartz, G. E., Ahern, G. L., & Brown, S. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01521.x · Cited by 217
Feminist Criticism of the Social Sciences
Westkott, M. (1979) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.49.4.b103114415055218 · Cited by 214
Development and evaluation of a learning strategy training program.
Dansereau, D. F., Collins, K. W., McDonald, B. A., Holly, C. D., Garland, J. C., Diekhoff, G. M., & Evans, S. H. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.71.1.64 · Cited by 213
Research in teacher education: A symposium
Smith, B. O., & Clarke, S. C. T. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 206
The laboratory in higher science education: Problems, premises and objectives
Kirschner, P. A., & Meester, M. A. M. (1988) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf00130901 · Cited by 202
A dual-coding approach to bilingual memory.
Paivio, A., & Desrochers, A. (1980) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0081101 · Cited by 201
Self-citationMnemonic Devices: Classification, Characteristics, and Criteria
Bellezza, F. S. (1981) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543051002247 · Cited by 201
Generation and precision of elaboration: Effects on intentional and incidental learning.
Pressley, M. G., McDaniel, M. A., Turnure, J. E., & Wood, E. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.2.291 · Cited by 198
Imagery ability and the acquisition and retention of movements
Goss, S., Hall, C. R., Buckolz, E., & Fishburne, G. J. (1986) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202518 · Cited by 198
Perception, Theory and Commitment: The New Philosophy of Science.
English, J., & Brown, H. I. (1978) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184472 · Cited by 196
The future of testing: A research agenda for cognitive psychology and psychometrics.
Glaser, R. A. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.9.923 · Cited by 193
Imagery, Memory and Cognition: Essays in Honor of Allan Paivio
D., C. P., & Yuille, J. C. (1984) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422533 · Cited by 183
Dual coding and bilingual memory
Paivio, A., & Lambert, W. (1981) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90156-0 · Cited by 179
Self-citationSpatial visualization and sex differences in quantitative ability
Burnett, S. A., Lane, D. M., & Dratt, L. M. (1979) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(79)90003-5 · Cited by 172
Uncertainty effects on time to access the internal lexicon.
Lachman, R. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034633 · Cited by 171
Concreteness and imagery in sentence meaning
Begg, I. M., & Paivio, A. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80049-6 · Cited by 169
Self-citationDeep dyslexia, imageability, and ease of predication
Jones, G. V. (1985) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(85)90094-x · Cited by 166
Coding Distinctions and Repetition Effects in Memory
Paivio, A. (1975) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60271-6 · Cited by 166
Self-citationFactor analysis of a questionnaire on imagery and verbal habits and skills.
Paivio, A., & Harshman, R. A. (1983) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0080749 · Cited by 161
Self-citation(1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-02822-0 · Cited by 160
A factor-analytic study of word attributes and verbal learning
Paivio, A. (1968) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(68)80161-6 · Cited by 158
Self-citationIntegrated versus modular theories of number skills and acalculia
Clark, J. M., & Campbell, J. I. D. (1991) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(91)90075-j · Cited by 158
Self-citationNorms for 204 Literary and 260 Nonliterary Metaphors on 10 Psychological Dimensions
Katz, A. N., Paivio, A., Marschark, M. C., & Clark, J. M. (1988) · Metaphor and Symbolic Activity · doi:10.1207/s15327868ms0304_1 · Cited by 153
Self-citationCognitive and Affective Learning Strategies
Braun, I., Gurlitt, J., & Nückles, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_292 · Cited by 148
Validity of students' evaluations of college teaching: A multitrait-multimethod analysis.
Marsh, H. W. (1982) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.74.2.264 · Cited by 145
Object‐naming deficits in developmental dyslexia
Snowling, M. J., van Wagtendonk, B., & Stafford, C. (1988) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.1988.tb00152.x · Cited by 144
Paivio, A. (1963) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0083277 · Cited by 144
Self-citationDifferences in approaches to learning: An overview.
Bransford, J. D., Stein, B. S., Vye, N. J., Franks, J. J., Auble, P. M., Mezynski, K. J., & Perfetto, G. A. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.111.4.390 · Cited by 144
Generation of Summaries and Analogies and Analytic and Holistic Abilities
Wittrock, M. C., & Alesandrini, K. L. (1990) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312027003489 · Cited by 144
Validity of student evaluation of teaching and the characteristics of successful instructors.
Sullivan, A. M., & Skanes, G. R. (1974) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036929 · Cited by 143
Pictures in sentences: Understanding without words.
Potter, M. C., Kroll, J. F., Yachzel, B., Carpenter, E., & Sherman, J. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.3.281 · Cited by 143
Student Ratings of Instruction: Validation Research
Frey, P. W., Leonard, D. W., & Beatty, W. W. (1975) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312012004435 · Cited by 142
Perception, Theory and Commitment: The New Philosophy of Science
Brown, H. I., & Park, J. L. (1979) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.11594 · Cited by 141
Bilingual dual-coding theory and semantic repetition effects on recall.
Paivio, A., Clark, J. M., & Lambert, W. E. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.1.163 · Cited by 137
Self-citationThe Dominant Action System: An Information-Processing Approach to Consciousness
Shallice, T. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2466-9_6 · Cited by 135
The Mentally Retarded Child—A Psychological Approach
Williams, T. (1966) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196604000-00013 · Cited by 131
Mental comparisons involving abstract attributes
Paivio, A. (1978) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197447 · Cited by 130
Self-citationPersistence in children's reading behavior as a function of N length and attribution retraining.
Chapin, M., & Dyck, D. G. (1976) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.85.5.511 · Cited by 130
Integrative processing of concrete and abstract sentences
Marschark, M. C., & Paivio, A. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80048-0 · Cited by 128
Self-citationScientific Attitudes: a Review
Gauld, C. F., & Hukins, A. A. (1980) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057268008559877 · Cited by 128
Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 7)
Kline, P. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90297-5 · Cited by 124
Knowledge About Hand Shaping and Knowledge About Objects
Klatzky, R. L., McCloskey, B., Doherty, S., Pellegrino, J. W., & Smith, T. R. (1987) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1987.10735407 · Cited by 121
The Commonwealth Teacher-Training Study.
Speer, R. K., Charters, W. W., & Waples, D. (1930) · Journal of Educational Sociology · doi:10.2307/2960971 · Cited by 120
Survey of study habits and attitutes
Brown, W. F., & Holtzman, W. H. (1965) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 117
Arthur Jensen: Consensus and controversy
Lynn, R. (1988) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90114-6 · Cited by 115
The Mentally Retarded Child: A Psychological Approach.
Robinson, H. B., & Robinson, N. M. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 112
Mapping cognitive structure: A comparison of methods.
PREECE, P. E. (1976) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.68.1.1 · Cited by 112
Spatial learning strategies : techniques, applications, and related issues
Holley, C. D., & Dansereau, D. F. (1984) · Cited by 111
Testing and cognitive psychology.
Sternberg, R. J. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.10.1181 · Cited by 111
Inferring students' cognitive structures and their development using the "ordered tree technique."
Naveh‐Benjamin, M., McKeachie, W. J., Lin, Y.-G., & Tucker, D. G. (1986) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.78.2.130 · Cited by 109
Social Class, Language, and Education.
Fisher, B. M., & Lawton, D. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093422 · Cited by 109
Bugelski, B. R. (1970) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0030150 · Cited by 106
The Effects of Reader and Text Characteristics on Imagery Reported During and After Reading
Long, S. A., Winograd, P. N., & Bridge, C. A. (1989) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747774 · Cited by 105
Do cooperating teachers influence the attitudes of student teachers?
Yee, A. H. (1969) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027843 · Cited by 104
Cognitive aspects of information processing: I. The familiarity of S-R sets and subsets.
Fitts, P. M., & Switzer, G. (1962) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047838 · Cited by 103
Cognitive and emotional determinants of speech.
Reynolds, A. G., & Paivio, A. (1968) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082757 · Cited by 99
Self-citationInfluence of spatial organization in prose learning.
Dean, R. S., & Kulhavy, R. W. (1981) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.73.1.57 · Cited by 99
The Psychology of Written Language: Developmental and Educational Perspectives
Frawley, W., & Martlew, M. (1985) · Language · doi:10.2307/413469 · Cited by 96
Reconceptualizing research on teaching.
Winne, P. H., & Marx, R. W. (1977) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.69.6.668 · Cited by 95
Mnemonic techniques in second-language learning.
Paivio, A., & Desrochers, A. (1981) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.6.780 · Cited by 93
Self-citationThe Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes: a New Instrument for the Prediction of Academic Success
Holtzman, W., Brown, W., & Farquhar, W. (1954) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316445401400420 · Cited by 92
A reexamination of the role of imagery in learning and memory.
Marschark, M. C., & Hunt, R. R. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.4.710 · Cited by 92
The role of imagery in memory: On shared and distinctive information.
Marschark, M. C., Richman, C. L., Yuille, J. C., & Hunt, R. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.102.1.28 · Cited by 92
The Relationship Between Mental Preparation Strategies and Motor Performance: A Review and Critique
Weinberg, R. S. (1981) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483754 · Cited by 90
Academic Achievement and Individual Differences in Learning Processes
Schmeck, R. R., & Grove, E. K. (1979) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167900300106 · Cited by 90
Measuring the level of abstraction.
Flesch, R. F. (1950) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058980 · Cited by 89
Begg, I. M. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80024-0 · Cited by 88
Sadoski, M. (1983) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747341 · Cited by 88
A Dual Coding Perspective on Encoding Processes
Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4676-3_1 · Cited by 80
Self-citationRiding, R., & Calvey, I. (1981) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1981.tb02161.x · Cited by 80
Imagery and synchronic thinking.
Paivio, A. (1975) · Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0081801 · Cited by 78
Self-citationThe effectiveness of four mnemonics in ordering recall.
Roediger, H. L. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.5.558 · Cited by 77
Imaging while reading text: A study of individual differences
Denis, M. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202436 · Cited by 76
Memory for pictures and words as a function of level of processing: Depth or dual coding?
D’Agostino, P. R., O’Neill, B. J., & Paivio, A. (1977) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197370 · Cited by 76
Self-citationGuri‐Rozenblit, S. (1989) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747866 · Cited by 76
Toward a Cognitive Theory of Self-Control
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2568-0_6 · Cited by 74
Paivio, A., & Begg, I. M. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 73
Self-citationSimmons, D. C., Griffin, C. C., & Kameenui, E. J. (1988) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1988.10885859 · Cited by 71
The mind's eye in arts and science
Paivio, A. (1983) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/0304-422x(83)90002-5 · Cited by 70
Self-citationKnowledge and the university curriculum
Donald, J. G. (1986) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf00129216 · Cited by 70
Construct Validation of the Inventory of Learning Processes
Schmeck, R. R., & Ribich, F. D. (1978) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167800200410 · Cited by 65
Imagery and language acquisition
Moeser, S. D., & Bregman, A. S. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80064-7 · Cited by 62
Behavior Research and Technology in Higher Education
Pritchard, D. F. L., & Johnston, J. M. (1976) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3119921 · Cited by 62
Classroom teaching behaviors related to college teaching effectiveness
Murray, H. G. (1985) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.37219852305 · Cited by 62
Effects of concreteness and semantic relatedness on composite imagery ratings and cued recall
Paivio, A., Clark, J. M., & Khan, M. (1988) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03214222 · Cited by 59
Self-citationA factorial experiment on teacher structuring, soliciting, and reacting.
Clark, C. M., Marx, R. W., Stayrook, N., Gage, N. L., Peterson, P. L., & Winne, P. H. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.71.4.534 · Cited by 59
Ebmeier, H., & Good, T. L. (1979) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162398 · Cited by 58
Organization and information retrieval.
Rabinowitz, M., & Mandler, J. M. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.3.430 · Cited by 57
Imagery and verbal associative latencies as a function of imagery ability.
Ernest, C. H., & Paivio, A. (1971) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082371 · Cited by 57
Self-citationImagery and comprehension latencies as a function of sentence concreteness and structure
Paivio, A., & Begg, I. M. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210323 · Cited by 56
Self-citationComprehension of abstract and concrete sentences
Klee, H., & Eysenck, M. W. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80032-5 · Cited by 54
Tests that discriminate between dyslexic and other learning-disabled boys
DENCKLA, M. B., Rudel, R. G., & Broman, M. (1981) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(81)90133-4 · Cited by 54
Cited by
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning
Mayer, R. E. (2014) · The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.005 · Cited by 1,976
A meta-analysis of the cognitive and motivational effects of serious games.
Wouters, P., van Nimwegen, C., van Oostendorp, H., & van der Spek, E. D. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031311 · Cited by 1,864
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning
Mayer, R. E. (2005) · The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.004 · Cited by 1,602
Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?
Mayer, R. E. (1997) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3201_1 · Cited by 1,533
Mayer, R. E. (2003) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(02)00016-6 · Cited by 1,337
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A.
- Venue
- Educational Psychology Review
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 149-210
- ISSN
- 1040-726X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-336X
- OpenAlex
- W1963996086
- Cited by
- 2,108
- References
- 221
- FWCI
- 7.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.