Effects of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement on reward responsiveness and opioid cue-reactivity
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Dysregulated reward processing is a hallmark feature of drug addiction; however, scant research has evaluated restructuring reward processing in the context of addiction treatment.Objectives We examined effects of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) on reward responsiveness (RR) and opioid cue-reactivity in a sample of chronic pain patients with opioid use problems. We previously reported that MORE decreased pain, opioid misuse, and craving relative to a social support control group (SG). Here, we examined whether these outcomes were linked to changes in RR in a subset of participants.Methods Participants were chronic pain patients (71 % women, age 46.6 ± 13.9) who received MORE (n = 20) or SG (n = 29). RR was measured before and after 8 weeks of treatment via heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) responses during a dot probe task that included opioid-related, pain-related, and natural reward stimuli, as well as craving ratings.Results The MORE group, who reported decreased opioid misuse and opioid craving during treatment, evidenced less subjective opioid cue-reactivity, greater HR decelerations, and greater increases in HRV to all cues after treatment compared to the SG; HR and HRV effects were most pronounced for natural reward cues. Within the MORE group, HR deceleration to natural reward cues was correlated with increased subjective arousal to the cues, whereas HR deceleration to opioid cues was correlated with decreased subjective arousal. Effects of MORE on craving were mediated by enhanced RR.Conclusions Results suggest that during treatment with MORE, cardiac-autonomic responsiveness to non-drug reward increases, while reactivity to opioid reward decreases. Studies are needed to discern whether changes in RR were a result or a determinant of reductions in opioid misuse and craving. RR may play a role in addiction treatment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In mechanistic analyses from a RCT of MORE as a treatment for prescription opioid misuse among chronic pain patients, MORE produced significant increases in cardiac-autonomic and electrocortical responses to natural reward stimuli that were, in turn, associated with decreases in opioid craving.
“In mechanistic analyses from a RCT of MORE as a treatment for prescription opioid misuse among chronic pain patients, MORE produced significant increases in cardiac-autonomic and electrocortical responses to natural reward stimuli that were, in turn, associated with decreases in opioid craving [30, 31]”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
In an RCT, MORE significantly reduced attentional bias toward opioid cues and decreased subjective craving responses during an opioid cue-reactivity protocol.
“decreased cue-reactivity was observed in an RCT in which MORE was shown to significantly reduce attentional bias toward opioid cues [52] and decrease subjective craving responses during an opioid cue-reactivity protocol [30].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Increasing physiological responsiveness to natural rewards via mindful savoring predicts decreased prescription opioid misuse and craving.
“Similarly, evidence that increasing physiological responsiveness to natural rewards via mindful savoring predicts decreased prescription opioid misuse [75] and craving [30] has led to an enriched emphasis on mindful savoring practice in the MORE intervention.”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Taking part in MORE was linked to stronger cardiac markers of natural reward processing.
“enhanced cardiac46 and electrocortical indices of natural reward processing”
MORE's effects of raising autonomic and electroencephalographic responses to natural reward stimuli were linked to lower drug craving.
“MORE’s effects on increasing autonomic and electroencephalographic responses to natural reward stimuli were associated with reductions in drug craving,46,47”
Taking part in MORE was linked to better parasympathetically mediated heart rate variability while attending to emotional information.
“improved parasympathetically mediated HRV during attention to emotional information,46”
MORE seemed to lower reactivity to drug cues.
“reducing drug cue reactivity,46”
Study heterogeneity was investigated using Baujat plots together with Q and I2 statistics.
“Study heterogeneity was investigated using Baujat plots in conjunction with the Q and I 2 statistics.52,53”
From Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200 · see citing works
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
(1982) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(82)90076-5 · Cited by 9,148 · see citing works
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
BERNTSON, G. G., THOMAS BIGGER, J., ECKBERG, D. L., GROSSMAN, P., KAUFMANN, P. G., MALIK, M., NAGARAJA, H. N., PORGES, S. W., SAUL, J. P., STONE, P. H., et al. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x · Cited by 3,962 · see citing works
The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications
Khantzian, E. J. (1997) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229709030550 · Cited by 3,242 · see citing works
Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188 · see citing works
Drug Addiction, Dysregulation of Reward, and Allostasis
Koob, G. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00195-0 · Cited by 2,953 · see citing works
International Affective Picture System (IAPS) : Technical Manual and Affective Ratings
Lang, P. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,870 · see citing works
The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
Kalivas, P. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403 · Cited by 2,757 · see citing works
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224 · see citing works
Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain
Chou, R., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., Adler, J. A., Ballantyne, J. C., Davies, P., Donovan, M. I., Fishbain, D. A., Foley, K. M., Fudin, J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.10.008 · Cited by 2,192 · see citing works
Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers.
Ratcliff, R. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.510 · Cited by 2,142 · see citing works
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004 · Cited by 2,040 · see citing works
Zagrean, L. (2014) · Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) · doi:10.4183/aeb.2014.529 · Cited by 1,926 · see citing works
Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnsen, B. H. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z · Cited by 1,872 · see citing works
Meta‐analysis of cue‐reactivity in addiction research
Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x · Cited by 1,638 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, our findings accord with a meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research conducted by Carter and Tiffany (1999) which showed that physiological and subjective cue responses were largely uncorrelated.”
ResultMotivated attention : affect, activation, and action
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes
de Wit, H. (2009) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x · Cited by 1,415 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Self-citationLang, P. J., Simons, R. F., Balaban, M. T., & Simons, R. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203726457 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Clifasefi, S., Garner, M., Douglass, A., Larimer, M. E., et al. (2009) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897070903250084 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0094 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Prefrontal–striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving
Kober, H., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Kross, E. F., Weber, J., Mischel, W., Hart, C. L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1007779107 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion
Lane, R. D., Kateri Mcrae, A., Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Ahern, G. L., & Thayer, J. F. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure
Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fernandez, K. C., Houle, B., Benoit, C., Katz, N., & Jamison, R. N. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.014 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction
Goldstein, R. Z., Craig, A. D. (., Bechara, A., Garavan, H., Childress, A. R., Paulus, M. P., & Volkow, N. D. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.004 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G.-J. (2004) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.019 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Implicit cognition and addiction: a tool for explaining paradoxical behavior
Stacy, A. W., & Wiers, R. W. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131444 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Heart rate variability reflects self-regulatory strength, effort, and fatigue
Segerstrom, S. C., & Nes, L. S. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01888.x · Cited by 606 · see citing works
The clinical significance of drug craving
Tiffany, S. T., & Wray, J. M. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06298.x · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Weiss, R. D. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.121 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., Telang, F., & Baler, R. (2010) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201000042 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Rosenzweig, S., Greeson, J. M., Reibel, D. K., Green, J. S., Jasser, S. A., & Beasley, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.03.010 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Drukker, M., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024595 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Manusov, E. G., Froeliger, B., Kelly, A., Williams, J. M., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035798 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationHeinz, A., Siessmeier, T., Wrase, J., Hermann, D., Klein, S., Grüsser-Sinopoli, S. M., Flor, H., Braus, D. F., Buchholz, H. G., Gründer, G., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1783 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Lee, B., London, E. D., Poldrack, R. A., Farahi, J., Nacca, A., Monterosso, J. R., Mumford, J. A., Bokarius, A. V., Dahlbom, M., Mukherjee, J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3765-09.2009 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Denver, J. W., Reed, S. F., & Porges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.09.005 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., Boettiger, C. A., & Howard, M. O. (2010) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2010.10400690 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationGaylord, S. A., Palsson, O. S., Garland, E. L., Faurot, K. R., Coble, R. S., Mann, D. J., Frey, W., Leniek, K., & Whitehead, W. E. (2011) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.184 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Froeliger, B., Zeidan, F., Partin, K., & Howard, M. O. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationCephalic phase responses, craving and food intake in normal subjects
Nederkoorn, C., Smulders, F. T. Y., & Jansen, A. (2000) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0328 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173 · Cited by 268 · cited 5× · see citing works
“9) from a previously published study of MORE versus a SG for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse (Garland et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAlcaro, A., & Panksepp, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Reinstatement of nicotine seeking is mediated by glutamatergic plasticity
Gipson, C. D., Reissner, K. J., Kupchik, Y. M., Smith, A. C. W., Stankeviciute, N. M., Hensley-Simon, M. E., & Kalivas, P. W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1220591110 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., Palsson, O., Faurot, K., Douglas Mann, J., & Whitehead, W. E. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9391-z · Cited by 210 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The motivation to allay the resultant dysphoria manifests as craving, an attentional bias (AB) towards opioid-related cues (Garland et al. 2012b), and ultimately, compulsive opioid use.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDavidson, L., & White, W. (2007) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-007-9053-7 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Lubman, D. I., Yücel, M., Kettle, J. W. L., Scaffidi, A., MacKenzie, T., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.522 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Cue-elicited heart rate variability and attentional bias predict alcohol relapse following treatment
Garland, E. L., Franken, I. H. A., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2618-4 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationConceptual Complexity and Construct Validity
McGrath, R. E. (2005) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8502_02 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Methamphetamine craving induced in an online virtual reality environment
Culbertson, C. S., Nicolas, S., Zaharovits, I., London, E. D., Garza, R. D. L., Brody, A. L., & Newton, T. F. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.07.005 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Craving of Prescription Opioids in Patients With Chronic Pain: A Longitudinal Outcomes Trial
Wasan, A. D., Ross, E. L., Michna, E., Chibnik, L. B., Greenfield, S. F., Weiss, R. D., & Jamison, R. N. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.010 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lubman, D. I., Allen, N. B., PETERS, L. A., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107083846 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Attentional bias for prescription opioid cues among opioid dependent chronic pain patients
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., Passik, S. D., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9455-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPeak provoked craving: an alternative to smoking cue‐reactivity
Sayette, M. A., & Tiffany, S. T. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04013.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Electrophysiological evidence of the motivational salience of drug cues in opiate addiction
Lubman, D. I., Allen, N. B., Peters, L., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707009932 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lintas, A., Chi, N., Lauzon, N. M., Bishop, S. F., Sun, N., Tan, H., & Laviolette, S. R. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07943.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Attentional Bias Toward Pictorial Representations of Pain in Individuals With Chronic Headache
Schoth, D. E., & Liossi, C. (2010) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181bed0f9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Initial development of a survey tool to detect issues of chemical coping in chronic pain patients
Kirsh, K. L., Jass, C., Bennett, D. S., Hagen, J. E., & Passik, S. D. (2007) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951507000387 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Exposure to smoking cues: Cardiovascular and autonomic effects
Erblich, J., Bovbjerg, D. H., & Sloan, R. P. (2011) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.02.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Motivational and Addictive States
Kirstein, C. L. (2007) · xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference · doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60318-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Diggs, H. A., Froeliger, B., Carlson, J. M., & Gilbert, D. G. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.06.009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationUdo, T., Weinberger, A. H., Grilo, C. M., Brownell, K. D., Dileone, R., Lampert, R. J., Matlin, S. L., Yanagisawa, K., & McKee, S. A. (2013) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2013.05.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Changes in Autonomic Control of Heart Associated with Classical Appetitive Conditioning in Rats
Inagaki, H., Kuwahara, M., & Tsubone, H. (2005) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim.54.61 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peak‐provoked craving deserves a seat at the research table
Sayette, M. A., & Tiffany, S. T. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12087 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Garland EL 2013 Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement for Addiction, Stress, and Pain NASW Press Washington, D.C
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Self-citationInteroception, contemplative practice, and health
Farb, N., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Gard, T., Kerr, C., Dunn, B. D., Klein, A. C., Paulus, M. P., & Mehling, W. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., Jenkins, Z. M., & Ski, C. F. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.008 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology
Wielgosz, J., Goldberg, S. B., Kral, T. R. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2018) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Farb, N. A., Goldin, P. R., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1092493 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., & Wichers, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00015 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationMind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Garland, E. L., Brintz, C. E., Hanley, A. W., Roseen, E. J., Atchley, R. M., Gaylord, S. A., Faurot, K. R., Yaffe, J., Fiander, M., & Keefe, F. J. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, W., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., O’Brien, J. E., Tronnier, C. D., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000269 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Tronnier, C. D., Graves, R., & Kelley, K. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Riquino, M. R., Reese, S. E., Baker, A. K., Salas, K., Yack, B. P., Bedford, C. E., Bryan, M. A., Atchley, R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000390 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Nakamura, Y., Barrett, J. W., Baker, A. K., Reese, S. E., Riquino, M. R., Froeliger, B., & Donaldson, G. W. (2022) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0033 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13034 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9607-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.004 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationKirk, U., & Axelsen, J. L. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243488 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Kline, A., & Cooperman, N. A. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.007 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPriddy, S. E., Howard, M. O., Hanley, A. W., Riquino, M. R., Friberg-Felsted, K., & Garland, E. L. (2018) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s145201 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationEdwards, R. R., Schreiber, K. L., Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Baron, R., Freeman, R. L., Jensen, T. S., Latrémolière, A., Markman, J. D., Rice, A. S. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.08.010 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Atchley, R., Hanley, A. W., Zubieta, J.-K., & Froeliger, B. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1569 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationFroeliger, B., Mathew, A. R., McConnell, P. A., Eichberg, C., Saladin, M. E., Carpenter, M. J., & Garland, E. L. (2017) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2017/7018014 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, M. J., Black, D. S., & Garland, E. L. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.027 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Kiken, L. G., Faurot, K., Palsson, O., & Gaylord, S. A. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9768-y · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Bryan, C. J., Nakamura, Y., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4494-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.019 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Bryan, C. J., Finan, P. H., Thomas, E. A., Priddy, S. E., Riquino, M. R., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.033 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationAnhedonia in chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse
Garland, E. L., Trøstheim, M., Eikemo, M., Ernst, G., & Leknes, S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002010 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSensor Technologies to Manage the Physiological Traits of Chronic Pain: A Review
Naranjo-Hernández, D., Reina‐Tosina, J., & Roa, L. M. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20020365 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Role of Heart Rate Variability in Mindfulness-Based Pain Relief
Adler-Neal, A. L., Waugh, C. E., Garland, E. L., Shaltout, H. A., Diz, D. I., & Zeidan, F. Z. (2019) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.07.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness and cognitive functions: Toward a unifying neurocognitive framework
Raffone, A., & Srinivasan, N. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0654-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Witkiewitz, K. A., Stein, E., Votaw, V. R., Wilson, A. D., Roos, C. R., Gallegos, S. J., Clark, V. P., & Claus, E. D. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14053 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Parisi, A. B., Roberts, R. L., Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01964-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationBiobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017711912 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationCooperman, N. A., Hanley, A. W., Kline, A., & Garland, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108468 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hanley, A. W., de Vibe, M., Solhaug, I., Farb, N., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Garland, E. L. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3035 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness in Treatment Approaches for Addiction — Underlying Mechanisms and Future Directions
Rosenthal, A., Levin, M. E., Garland, E. L., & Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00372-w · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/694324 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Fix, S. T., Hudak, J., Bernat, E. M., Nakamura, Y., Hanley, A. W., Donaldson, G. W., Marchand, W. R., & Froeliger, B. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003834 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationZamboni, L., Centoni, F., Fusina, F., Mantovani, E., Rubino, F., Lugoboni, F., & Federico, A. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001381 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders
Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Griskaitis, M., Willutzki, R., Skoetz, N., Thönes, S., Zgierska, A. E., & Rösner, S. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011723.pub2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Reed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A unifying conceptual framework of factors associated to cardiac vagal control
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Mertgen, A. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Warth, M., Keßler, J., Hillecke, T. K., & Bardenheuer, H. J. (2016) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.01.008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Reese, S. E., Bedford, C. E., & Baker, A. K. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000622 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Hudak, J., Hanley, A. W., & Nakamura, Y. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000638 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cooperman, N. A., Lu, S.-E., Hanley, A. W., Puvananayagam, T., Dooley-Budsock, P., Kline, A., & Garland, E. L. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5138 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationConsidering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.01.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Schneider, T. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Galimov, A., & Black, D. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.027 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of “Food Addiction”
Davis, C., & Mason, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.023 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Human Neurobiological Approaches to Hedonically Motivated Behaviors
Burger, K. S., Shearrer, G. E., & Sadler, J. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Feedback Models for Gambling Control: The Use and Efficacy of Online Responsible Gambling Tools
Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.034 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a potential measure in substance use treatment–outcome studies
Price, C., & Crowell, S. E. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13232 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions for addictive behaviors: implementation issues on the road ahead
Wilson, A. D., Roos, C. R., Robinson, C. S., Stein, E. R., Manuel, J. A., Enkema, M. C., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000319 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Garland, E. L. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001988 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Thomas, E. A., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.03.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness, Mechanisms and Meaning: Perspectives From the Cognitive Neuroscience of Addiction
McConnell, P. A., & Froeliger, B. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1076701 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, E. A., Mijangos, J. L., Hansen, P. A., White, S., Walker, D., Reimers, C., Beck, A. C., & Garland, E. L. (2019) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735419855138 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Recent Developments and New Perspectives
Rosenthal, A., Ebrahimi, C., Wedemeyer, F., Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N., & Beck, A. (2022) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000525268 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dutcher, J. M., Boyle, C. C., Eisenberger, N. I., Cole, S. W., & Bower, J. E. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105114 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gaertner, J., Boehlke, C. S., Simone, C. B., & Hui, D. (2019) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm.2019.08.01 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Gullapalli, B. T., Prince, K. C., Hanley, A. W., Sanyer, M., Tuomenoksa, M., & Rahman, T. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02137-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Bryan, M. A., Priddy, S. E., Riquino, M. R., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay096 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationTreating chronic pain: the need for non-opioid options
Garland, E. L. (2014) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.928587 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMcConnell, P. A., Garland, E. L., Zubieta, J., Newman‐Norlund, R., Powers, S. E., & Froeliger, B. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12743 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHoward, M. O., & Garland, E. L. (2015) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/681099 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPain Management in the Era of the Opioid Crisis
Bruera, E. D., & Fabbro, E. D. (2018) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_208563 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Riquino, M. R., Priddy, S. E., Howard, M. O., & Garland, E. L. (2018) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-018-0088-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationArdi, Z., Golland, Y., Shafir, R., Sheppes, G., & Levit‐Binnun, N. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000994 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Enhancing cardiac vagal activity: Factors of interest for sport psychology
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Ueberholz, L. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Frimerman, L., Verner, M., Sirois, A., Scott, K., Bruneau, A., Pérez, J., Shir, Y., & Martel, M. O. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002220 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Finan, P. H., Remeniuk, B., & Dunn, K. E. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.029 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Russell, K. C., Gillis, H. L. “., & Heppner, W. L. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0441-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Riquino, M. R., Priddy, S. E., & Bryan, C. J. (2017) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2016.1220800 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBorges, U., Lobinger, B., Javelle, F., Watson, M., Mosley, E., & Laborde, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624655 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wang, W., Zhornitsky, S., Le, T. M., Zhang, S., & Li, C.-S. R. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Feruglio, S., Panasiti, M. S., Crescentini, C., Aglioti, S. M., & Ponsi, G. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02233-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2018) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/697685 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBaker, A. K., & Garland, E. L. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000225 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart Rate Variability in Adults With Substance Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Narrative Review
Moon, S. J. E., Schlenk, E. A., & Lee, H. (2023) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903221145142 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Smoking cue reactivity in current smokers, former smokers and never smokers
Balter, L. J. T., Good, K. P., & Barrett, S. P. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Priddy, S. E., Hanley, A. W., Riquino, M. R., Platt, K. A., Baker, A. K., & Garland, E. L. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.040 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, E. A., & Garland, E. L. (2017) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000379 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSalivary measurement and mindfulness-based modulation of prescription opioid cue-reactivity
Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108351 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16147 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders
Rösner, S., Willutzki, R., & Zgierska, A. E. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011723 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garland, Eric L.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2014-03-05
- Volume
- 231
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 3229-3238
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC4111972
- OpenAlex
- W2064924323
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 17.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Fahs-Beck Fund for Research and Experimentation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 032517, R03DA032517, R34DA037005, DA037005)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement, reward responsiveness, opioid use disorder, chronic pain, opioid misuse, opioid craving, heart rate variability, natural reward, addiction treatment, mindfulness-based interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Arousal, Attention, Cues, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders, Reward, Self Report, Chronic Pain, Prescription Drug Misuse, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
