Mindfulness and Self-Compassion: Exploring Pathways to Adolescent Emotional Well-Being
Open accessAbstract
Adolescents today are confronted with the compounded stressors of life in our high-pressured society and the cognitive, physiological, and emotional changes characteristic of this stage of development. To explore ways to promote well-being in this population, mindfulness, defined as paying attention in the moment in an intentional and purposeful way, was examined in terms of its associations with aspects of emotional well being. It has been reported to have positive effects on emotional well-being in adults, and shows promise for similar results in research with youth. Moreover, the mechanisms through which being mindful may influence positive outcomes have only recently been explored, and have not been investigated with adolescents. Self-compassion, defined by the three components of self-kindness, sensing oneself as part of a common humanity, and maintaining perspective in challenging circumstances, was examined as a potential mediator of the relationship of mindfulness to various outcome measures. Measures assessing mindfulness, self-compassion, and aspects of emotional well-being comprised an online survey that was administered to 67 adolescents in an urban high school. Path analysis was utilized to explore relationships among the variables. An alternate model with self-compassion as the predictor and mindfulness as the mediator was also investigated. Results suggested that both mindfulness and self-compassion functioned as mediators in the pathway to emotional well-being. A theorized model is presented which depicts a reciprocal relationship between mindfulness and self-compassion and describes an iterative process that takes place between these two constructs, promoting emotional well-being. Implications for research and practice include conducting longitudinal studies, which assess constructs at three time points to definitively establish mediation, and developing a self-compassion program tailored for adolescents to facilitate improvements in emotional well-being.
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The mechanisms through which being mindful can influence positive outcomes have only recently been explored.
“some studies stated that the mechanisms through which being mindful can influence positive outcomes have only recently been explored; hence, it is necessary to explore these mechanisms [13].”
Over-reliance on Western student samples, particularly Psychology undergraduates, reduces the external validity of the findings of many of these papers.
“Over-reliance on the use of Western student samples, particularly Psychology undergraduates, reduces the external validity of the findings of many of these papers (e.g. Bluth and Blanton 2014; Marks et al. 2010).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Bluth and Blanton 2014
Increasing self-compassion and mindfulness have been shown to mediate the effect of meditation programs on stress in a variety of populations.
“constructs such as increasing self-compassion and mindfulness have been shown to mediate the effect of meditation programs on stress in a variety of populations [34-36].”
From Efficacy of the Mindfulness Meditation Mobile App “Calm” to Reduce Stress Among College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-compassion often improves with increasing mindfulness in students, but the sustained effects after the intervention period are unclear.
“Despite these findings, our study and others demonstrate that self-compassion often improves with increasing mindfulness in students [29,36,70], but the sustained effects after the intervention period are unclear.”
From Efficacy of the Mindfulness Meditation Mobile App “Calm” to Reduce Stress Among College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Existing research has reported that self-compassion and mindfulness may have different (Bluth et al. 2016a; Galla 2016) and complementary (Bluth and Blanton 2014; Edwards et al. 2014) roles in reducing psychological distress symptoms and elevating well-being in youth; findings which echo those in…”
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“For instance, some studies stated that the mechanisms through which being mindful can influence positive outcomes have only recently been explored; hence, it is necessary to explore these mechanisms [13].”
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- Authors
- Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bluth, Karen
- ORCID
- Bluth, Karen
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Family Studies
- Published
- 2013-09-19
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1298-1309
- ISSN
- 1062-1024 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2843
- PMC
- PMC4198323
- OpenAlex
- W1992293673
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 10.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-10-20)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Family Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- mindfulness, self-compassion, adolescent emotional well-being, mediation, bidirectional relationship, self-kindness, common humanity, perspective taking, adolescent stress, self-compassion interventions
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