An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact
Open accessAbstract
Human muscle undergoes constant changes. After about age 50, muscle mass decreases at an annual rate of 1–2%. Muscle strength declines by 1.5% between ages 50 and 60 and by 3% thereafter. The reasons for these changes include denervation of motor units and a net conversion of fast type II muscle fibers into slow type I fibers with resulting loss in muscle power necessary for activities of daily living. In addition, lipids are deposited in the muscle, but these changes do not usually lead to a loss in body weight. Once muscle mass in elderly subjects falls below 2 standard deviations of the mean of a young control cohort and the gait speed falls below 0.8 m/s, a clinical diagnosis of sarcopenia can be reached. Assessment of muscle strength using tests such as the short physical performance battery test, the timed get‐up‐and‐go test, or the stair climb power test may also be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Sarcopenia is one of the four main reasons for loss of muscle mass. On average, it is estimated that 5–13% of elderly people aged 60–70 years are affected by sarcopenia. The numbers increase to 11–50% for those aged 80 or above. Sarcopenia may lead to frailty, but not all patients with sarcopenia are frail—sarcopenia is about twice as common as frailty. Several studies have shown that the risk of falls is significantly elevated in subjects with reduced muscle strength. Treatment of sarcopenia remains challenging, but promising results have been obtained using progressive resistance training, testosterone, estrogens, growth hormone, vitamin D, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Interesting nutritional interventions include high‐caloric nutritional supplements and essential amino acids that support muscle fiber synthesis.
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Sarcopenia may affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older.
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
From Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- von Haehling, S., Morley, J. E., & Anker, S. D.
- Affiliations
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 2190-5991 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-6009
- PMC
- PMC3060646
- OpenAlex
- W2110839189
- Cited by
- 888
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 17.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength decline, aging, frailty, fall risk, sarcopenia prevalence, sarcopenia diagnosis, muscle strength assessment, walking speed, denervation, muscle fiber type shift, sarcopenia treatment, resistance training, testosterone, growth hormone, vitamin D, ACE inhibitors, dietary supplements, essential amino acids
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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