The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases.
Abstract
The study of free radical reactions is not an isolated and esoteric branch of science. A knowledge of free radical chemistry and biochemistry is relevant to an understanding of all diseases and the mode of action of all toxins, if only because diseased or damaged tissues undergo radical reactions more readily than do normal tissues. However it does not follow that because radical reactions can be demonstrated, they are important in any particular instance. We hope that the careful techniques needed to assess the biological role of free radicals will become more widely used.
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Fe2+ can generate damaging reactive oxygen species via Fenton/Haber Weiss chemistry.
“Fe2+ also has the potential to generate damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) via Fenton/Haber Weiss chemistry [5]”
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Winterbourn, C. C., Gutteridge, J. M. C., & Halliwell, B. B. (1985) · Journal of Free Radicals in Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0748-5514(85)90028-5 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Self-citationOxygen-dependence of chromosomal aberrations in Fanconi's anaemia
Joenje, H., Arwert, F., Eriksson, A. W., de Koning, H., & Oostra, A. B. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290142a0 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Mutagenicity of oxygen free radicals.
Moody, C. S., & Hassan, H. M. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.9.2855 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
OCULAR TOXICITY OF HIGH-DOSE INTRAVENOUS DESFERRIOXAMINE
Davies, S., Hungerford, J. L., Arden, G. B., Marcus, R. E., Miller, M. H., & Huehns, E. R. (1983) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90170-8 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Low-molecular-weight iron complexes and oxygen radical reactions in idiopathic haemochromatosis
Gutteridge, J. M. C., Rowley, D. A., Griffiths, E., & Halliwell, B. B. (1985) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0680463 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalytical Applications of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
Chappelle, E. W., & Picciolo, G. L. (1975) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Winterbourn, C. C. (1979) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1820625 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
LIPID PEROXIDATION AND FLUORESCENT MOLECULAR DAMAGE TO MEMBRANES
Tappel, A. L. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-701501-9.50008-8 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Siderophore mediated absorption of iron
Hider, R. C. (2007) · Structure and Bonding · doi:10.1007/bfb0111310 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Mutation Caused by Human Phagocytes
Weitzman, S. A., & Stossel, T. P. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6259738 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Stimulated Human Phagocytes Produce Cytogenetic Changes in Cultured Mammalian Cells
Weitberg, A. B., Weitzman, S. A., Destrempes, M. M., Latt, S. A., & Stossel, T. P. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198301063080107 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Tauber, A. I., Borregaard, N., Simons, E. R., & Wright, J. (1983) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-198309000-00003 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Aldehydes in biological systems
Schauenstein, E. (1977) · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Lipid peroxidation: its measurement, occurrence, and significance in animal tissues.
Barber, A. A., & Bernheim, F. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the iron-binding protein lactoferrin
Gutteridge, J. M. C., Paterson, S., Segal, A. W., & Halliwell, B. B. (1981) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1990259 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of Tumor Promotion by a Biomimetic Superoxide Dismutase
Kensler, T. W., Bush, D. M., & Kozumbo, W. J. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6857269 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
DNA Strand Breakage in Human Leukocytes Exposed to a Tumor Promoter, Phorbol Myristate Acetate
Birnboim, H. C. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6276978 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Ingelman‐Sundberg, M., & Johansson, I. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(20)82163-2 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Weiss, S. J., & REGIANI, S. R. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111332 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY: XENOBIOTICS, CANCER, AND AGING*
Pryor, W. A. (1982) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31228.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Hydroxyl radical production in body fluids Roles of metal ions, ascorbate and superoxide
Winterbourn, C. C. (1981) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1980125 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Copper salt-dependent hydroxyl radical formation
Gutteridge, J. M. C., & Wilkins, S. (1983) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(83)90186-1 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Oxygen-free Radicals in Ischemic Tissue Injury in Island Skin Flaps
Manson, P. N., Anthenelli, R. M., IM, M. J. C., Bulkley, G. B., & Hoopes, J. E. (1983) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-198307000-00017 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Unusual copper-induced sensitization of the biological damage due to superoxide radicals.
Samuni, A. M., Chevion, M., & Czapski, G. (1981) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42937-7 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Thiobarbituric acid test for detecting lipid peroxides
Asakawa, T., & Matsushita, S. (1979) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02533425 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The thiobarbituric acid test for lipid peroxidation: Structure of the adduct with malondialdehyde
Nair, V., & Turner, G. A. (1984) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02534475 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION: A FUNCTION OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCUS
Cross, C. E., Halliwell, B. B., & Allen, A. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91822-1 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Iron in Enzymatic Lipid Peroxidation
Aust, S. D., & Svingen, B. A. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-566505-6.50008-9 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The requirement for ferric in the initiation of lipid peroxidation by chelated ferrous iron
Bucher, J. R., Tien, M., & Aust, S. D. (1983) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(83)91366-9 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Oxidant damage mediates variant red cell resistance to malaria
Friedman, M. J. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/280245a0 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Richmond, R., Halliwell, B. B., Chauhan, J., & Darbre, A. (1981) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(81)90590-x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationSterol metabolism. XXV. Cholesterol oxidation by singlet molecular oxygen
Kulig, M. J., & Smith, L. L. (1973) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo00960a050 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and lipoperoxidation in Oown's syndrome fetal brain
Brooksbank, B. W. L., & Balázs, R. (1984) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(84)90060-9 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Rowley, D. A., Gutteridge, J. M. C., Blake, D. R., Farrs, M., & Halliwell, B. B. (1984) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0660691 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationGutteridge, J. M. C., Rowley, D. A., & Halliwell, B. B. (1982) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2060605 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationCaeruloplasmin: Physiological and Pathological Perspectives
Gutteridge, J. M. C., & Stocks, J. (1981) · CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408368109105866 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationCNS receptors: From molecular pharmacology to behavior
MandelDefeudis (1983) · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1986) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology · doi:10.1016/0167-4838(86)90286-4 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationTate, R. M., Morris, H. G., Schroeder, W. R., et al. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111458 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Briheim, G., Stendahl, O. I., & Dahlgren, C. (1984) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.45.1.1-5.1984 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Glutathione and Ascorbate During Ischemia and Postischemic Reperfusion in Rat Brain
Cooper, A. J. L., Pulsinelli, W. A., & Duffy, T. E. (1980) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb07882.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
THE QUENCHING OF SINGLET OXYGEN BY AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
Matheson, I. B. C., Etheridge, R. D., Kratowich, N., & Lee, J. (1975) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1975.tb06647.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Superoxide‐dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals in the presence of thiol compounds
Rowley, D. A., & Halliwell, B. B. (1982) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(82)80388-8 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of surgically induced ischemia/reperfusion injury by oxygen free radical scavengers
Stewart, J. R., Blackwell, W. H., Crute, S. L., et al. (1983) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(19)39185-8 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Survival and desferrioxamine in thalassaemia major.
Modell, B., Letsky, E. A., Flynn, D. M., Peto, R., & Weatherall, D. J. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6322.1081 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lung homogenates
Freeman, B. Α., Topolosky, M. K., & Crapo, J. D. (1982) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(82)90236-3 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The Toxicology of Molecular Oxygen
Diguiseppi, J., Fridovich, I., & McCord, J. M. (1984) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408448409044213 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Orjih, A. U., Banyal, H. S., Chevli, R., & Fitch, C. D. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7027441 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Fong, K.-L., McCay, P. B., Poyer, J. L., et al. (1976) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/0009-2797(76)90130-7 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Metabolism of Oxygen Derivatives in Down's Syndrome*
Sinet, P. M. (1982) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb26845.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Bhuyan, K. C., & Bhuyan, D. K. (1977) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(77)90284-7 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle injury and repair in marathon runners after competition.
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.17615/xk1r-e378 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Rowley, D. A., & Halliwell, B. B. (1983) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(83)90031-0 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationMalluche, H. H., Smith, A. J., Abreo, K., & Faugere, M.-C. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198407193110302 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Dix, T. A., & Marnett, L. J. (1985) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89028-7 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) in the intestine and other organs of the rat
Battelli, M. G., Corte, E. D., & Stirpe, F. (1972) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1260747 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Inhibition of collagen gelation by action of the superoxide radical
Greenwald, R. A., & Moy, W. W. (1979) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780220307 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Ascorbic acid, metal ions and the superoxide radical
Halliwell, B. B., & Foyer, C. H. (1976) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1550697 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationReduction of myocardial ischemic injury with oxygen-derived free radical scavengers.
Gardner, T. J., Stewart, J. R., Casale, A. S., Downey, J. M., & De, C. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1982) · International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0020-711x(82)90050-7 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationHammond, B., Kontos, H. A., & Hess, M. L. (1985) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y85-034 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Iron Overload Disorders: Natural History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy
McLaren, G. D., Muir, W., Kellermeyer, R. W., & Jacobs, A. (1983) · CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408368309165764 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Till, G. O., Hatherill, J. R., Tourtellotte, W. W., Lutz, M. J., & Ward, P. A. (1985) · PubMed Central · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Stocks, J., Gutteridge, J. M. C., Sharp, R. J., & Dormandy, T. L. (1974) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0470223 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationIRON, COPPER, ZINC, AND MANGANESE IN MILK
Lönnerdal, B., Keen, C. L., & Hurley, L. S. (1981) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001053 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Oxygen
(1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-121-64380-5.x5001-4 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Oxygen Radical Dependent Lung Damage following Thermal Injury of Rat Skin
Till, G. O., Beauchamp, C., Menapace, D. P., et al. (1983) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-198304000-00001 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Cerebral and Ocular Toxicity Induced by Desferrioxamine
Blake, D. R., Winyard, P. G., Lunec, J., Williams, A. C., Good, P. A., Crewes, S. J., Gutteridge, J. M. C., ROWLEY, D., Halliwell, B. B., Cornish, A. L., et al. (1985) · QJM · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067880 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationWong, F. S., Halliwell, B. B., Richmond, R., & Skowroneck, W. R. (1981) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0162-0134(00)80033-1 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationIsoprene — The main hydrocarbon in human breath
Gelmont, D. M., Stein, R. A., & Mead, J. F. (1981) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(81)90782-8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Packer, J. E., Mahood, J. S., Mora-Arellano, V. O., Slater, T. F., WILLSON, R. L., & Wolfenden, B. S. (1981) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(81)91196-7 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Superoxide dismutase activity of low molecular weight Cu2+‐chelates studied by pulse radiolysis
Brigelius, R., Spöttl, R., Bors, W., Lengfelder, E., Sarán, M., & Weser, U. (1974) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(74)80428-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
MEASUREMENT OF AND PROTECTION FROM IN VIVO LIPID PEROXIDATION
Tappel, A. L. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-164380-5.50043-8 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Pathak, M. A., & Joshi, P. C. (1984) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(84)90018-7 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
van Asbeck, B. S., Hoidal, J. R., Vercellotti, G. M., Schwartz, B. A., Moldow, C. F., & Jacob, H. S. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2982213 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Lactoferrin Deficiency Associated with Altered Granulocyte Function
Boxer, L. A., Coates, T. D., Haak, R. A., Wolach, J. B., Hoffstein, S. T., & Baehner, R. L. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198208123070704 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Selenium, Vitamin E and the Response to Swimming Stress in the Rat
Brady, P. S., Brady, L. J., & Ullrey, D. E. (1979) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/109.6.1103 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Shinar, E., Navok, T., & Chevion, M. (1983) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43728-8 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Nienhuis, A. W. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198101153040311 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Gutteridge, J. M. C., & Quinlan, G. J. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationA non-transferrin-bound serum iron in idiopathic hemochromatosis
Batey, R. G., Fong, P. L. C., Shamir, S., & Sherlock, S. (1980) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01308057 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Green, M. R., Hill, H. A. O., Okolow-Zubkowska, M. J., et al. (1979) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(79)81123-0 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Moorhouse, C. P., Halliwell, B. B., Grootveld, M. C., et al. (1985) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(85)90147-3 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationUrinary malondialdehyde as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in the diet and in the tissues
Draper, H. H., Polensek, L., Hadley, M., & McGirr, L. G. (1984) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02534512 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Ethylene formation from methional
Pryor, W. A., & Tang, R. H. (1978) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(78)91562-0 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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[1] Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview
Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1990) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)86093-b · Cited by 4,994 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Beatty, S., Koh, H.-H., Phil, M., Henson, D., & Boulton, M. (2000) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00140-5 · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: Some problems and concepts
Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1986) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90305-x · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works
Self-citationOxygen radicals and human disease
CROSS, C. E., HALLIWELL, B., BORISH, E. T., PRYOR, W. A., AMES, B. N., SAUL, R. L., McCORD, J. M., & HARMAN, D. (1987) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-526 · Cited by 1,856 · see citing works
Self-citationDexter, D. T., Wells, F. R., Lee, A. J., Agid, F., Agid, Y., Jenner, P., & Marsden, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07264.x · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Cuzzocrea, S., Riley, D. P., Caputi, A. P., & Salvemini, D. (2001) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01484-4 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species, aging and antioxidative nutraceuticals
Lee, J., Koo, N., & Min, D. B. (2004) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00058.x · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1986) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80626-3 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Self-citationThe wanderings of a free radical
Halliwell, B. (2009) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.008 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Self-citationAutopsy Samples of Alzheimer's Cortex Show Increased Peroxidation In Vitro
Subbarao, K. V., Richardson, J. S., & Ang, L. C. (1990) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08858.x · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: a target and generator of oxidative stress
Tretter, L., & Adam-Vizi, V. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1764 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Nitric oxide as an antioxidant
Kanner, J., Harel, S., & Rina, G. (1991) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90452-o · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes
Clemens, M. R., & Waller, H. D. (1987) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/0009-3084(87)90068-5 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Copper in Microbial Pathogenesis: Meddling with the Metal
Samanovic, M. I., Ding, C., Thiele, D. J., & Darwin, K. H. (2012) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.009 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Mechanism of action of some inhibitors of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
Moncada, S., Palmer, R. M., & Gryglewski, R. J. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.23.9164 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Skin Inflammation: Reactive Oxygen Species and the Role of Iron
Trenam, C. W., Blake, D. R., & Morris, C. J. (1992) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12613740 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Increased basal ganglia iron levels in Huntington disease
Bartzokis, G., Cummings, J., Perlman, S., Hance, D. B., & Mintz, J. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.5.569 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Cryptococcus neoformans copper detoxification machinery is critical for fungal virulence
Ding, C., Festa, R. A., Chen, Y.-L., Espart, A., Palacios, Ò., Espín, J., Capdevila, M., Atrian, S., Heitman, J., & Thiele, D. J. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.002 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Iron and 8-isoprostane levels in acute and chronic wounds
Yeoh-Ellerton, S., & Stacey, M. C. (2003) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12471.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Ghio, A. J., Carter, J. D., Richards, J. H., Richer, L. D., Grissom, C. K., & Elstad, M. R. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000050284.35609.97 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Walther, M., De Caul, A., Aka, P., Njie, M., Amambua-Ngwa, A., Walther, B., Predazzi, I. M., Cunnington, A., Deininger, S., Takem, E. N., et al. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002579 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Nevitt, T., & Thiele, D. J. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001322 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“species (ROS) via Fenton/Haber Weiss chemistry [5] and, as a”
MethodIron, copper and zinc concentrations in human sweat and plasma; the effect of exercise
Aruoma, O. I., Reilly, T., MacLaren, D., & Halliwell, B. (1988) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(88)90310-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationReflections of an aging free radical
Halliwell, B. (2020) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationHaque, M. M., Im, H., Seo, J., Hasan, M., Woo, K., & Kwon, O. (2013) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.2775 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Song, I.-B., Gu, H., Han, H.-J., Lee, N.-Y., Cha, J.-Y., Son, Y.-K., & Kwon, J. (2018) · Toxicological Research · doi:10.5487/tr.2018.34.2.103 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Weerathunga, W. A. M. T., & Rajapaksa, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/s12983-019-0348-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Halliwell, Barry
- Venue
- Molecular Aspects of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 89-193
- ISSN
- 0098-2997 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2069471046
- Cited by
- 941
- References
- 602
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Aspects of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- free radicals, catalytic metal ions, radical reactions, human disease, toxins, tissue damage, oxidative stress
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Autoimmune Diseases, Brain Ischemia, Copper, Coronary Disease, Disease, Physical Exertion, Free Radicals, Humans, Intestines, Iron, Ischemia, Joint Diseases, Lipid Peroxides, Malaria, Metals, Neoplasms, Nervous System Diseases, Respiratory Distress Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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