The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 23 of the 84 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems
Open accessAbstract
Beef cattle have been identified as the largest livestock-sector contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using life cycle analysis (LCA), several studies have concluded that grass-finished beef systems have greater GHG intensities than feedlot-finished (FL) beef systems. These studies evaluated only one grazing management system – continuous grazing – and assumed steady-state soil carbon (C), to model the grass-finishing environmental impact. However, by managing for more optimal forage growth and recovery, adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing can improve animal and forage productivity, potentially sequestering more soil organic carbon (SOC) than continuous grazing. To examine impacts of AMP grazing and related SOC sequestration on net GHG emissions, a comparative LCA was performed of two different beef finishing systems in the Upper Midwest, USA: AMP grazing and FL. We used on-farm data collected from the Michigan State University Lake City AgBioResearch Center for AMP grazing. Impact scope included GHG emissions from enteric methane, feed production and mineral supplement manufacture, manure, and on-farm energy use and transportation, as well as the potential C sink arising from SOC sequestration. Across-farm SOC data showed a 4-year C sequestration rate of 3.59 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 in AMP grazed pastures. After including SOC in the GHG footprint estimates, finishing emissions from the AMP system were reduced from 9.62 to −6.65 kg CO2-e kg carcass weight (CW)−1, whereas FL emissions increased slightly from 6.09 to 6.12 kg CO2-e kg CW−1 due to soil erosion. This indicates that AMP grazing has the potential to offset GHG emissions through soil C sequestration, and therefore the finishing phase could be a net C sink. However, FL production required only half as much land as AMP grazing. While the SOC sequestration rates measured here were relatively high, lower rates would still reduce the AMP emissions relative to the FL emissions. This research suggests that AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration and challenges existing conclusions that only feedlot-intensification reduces the overall beef GHG footprint through greater productivity.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This comparative partial LCA found that adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing finishing in the Upper Midwest could be a net GHG sink after including on-farm soil C sequestration, whereas feedlot (FL) finishing remained a net source. AMP required about twice as much land as FL, but its estimated net emissions were −6.65 vs 6.12 kg CO₂-e kg carcass weight (CW)⁻¹.
Key findings
- Across-farm SOC data showed a 4-year C sequestration rate of 3.59 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in AMP grazed pastures; after including SOC, AMP finishing emissions changed from 9.62 to −6.65 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹, while FL emissions increased slightly from 6.09 to 6.12 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ due to soil erosion.
- FL required half as much land as AMP: 0.30 vs 0.67 ha to produce 500 kg beef CW, and FL produced 1655 vs AMP 751 kg CW ha feed⁻¹.
- Enteric CH₄ was the largest source for AMP (53%) and intermediate for FL (31%); feed emissions were the largest FL source (37% vs 19% for AMP); manure emissions represented 30% of FL and 26% of AMP emissions.
- Sensitivity analysis: using on-farm SF₆ data instead of IPCC default Yₘ reduced AMP enteric CH₄ footprint by 36% and overall GHG footprint by 1.81 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ (19% decrease); reducing Yₘ from 6.5 to 5.5 reduced AMP enteric CH₄ by 15%.
Methods
- ISO-compliant partial LCA limited to the finishing phase, comparing FL and AMP grazing in the Upper Midwest; functional unit was 1 kg CW; a deterministic Excel model summed CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O from enteric fermentation, manure, feed production, on-farm energy/transportation, plus soil C sequestration and erosion.
- AMP data: 5 years (2012–2016) of on-farm data at MSU Lake City AgBioResearch Center, Red Angus steers (n = 210), finished at 530 kg live weight in 200 days; FL data: 2 years (2015–2016) at MSU Beef Center, n = 16 steers, with 90-day observed data simulated to 170 days; soil C sampled in 2012 and 2016 at 0–30 cm, with 2016 sampling at nine transects across sandy, sandy loam, and clay loam soils.
- Analysis used IPCC Tier 2 methods for enteric CH₄ and manure CH₄/N₂O, the Farm Energy Analysis Tool for feed production emissions, and soil C stock via elemental combustion and bulk density; net GHG flux summed production emissions, soil erosion, and SOC sequestration.
Limitations
- Stated: locational variation between 2012 and 2016 soil sampling sites could influence results; FL 90-day data were simulated to 170 days because 90 days is not representative, a trade-off lacking complete 170-day field data; uncertainty remains about soil C change over time and how long high sequestration rates continue, so the authors caution against extrapolating rates for extended periods and note different regions likely show different outcomes.
- Stated: enteric CH₄ accounting using IPCC default Yₘ has high uncertainty, motivating the SF₆ and lower-Yₘ sensitivity analyses.
- Evident from the text: system boundaries exclude cow-calf and backgrounding, so results apply only to the finishing phase; on-farm energy use was taken from Ryan and Tiffany (1998) in the absence of current data; land-use change and irrigation were excluded; FL soil erosion relied on literature values and AMP assumed zero soil erosion.
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Claims the paper makes
23 of 84 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, there remains substantial uncertainty about soil C change over time in managed grasslands”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Desjardins et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions section says uncertainty in soil carbon change remains, estimating it at ±20% nationally and likely higher at smaller spatial scales. But this discussion concerns land management and agricultural soils generally, not specifically managed grasslands; Section 3.1 says the impact of grazing on soil carbon sequestration was not included. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites Olson et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘Management of Intensified Cropping Systems and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks’ describes soil-carbon changes after perennial grassland was converted to cropping, but does not say that change over time in managed grasslands remains substantially uncertain. Searches for uncertainty and long-term soil-carbon change in grasslands found no passage addressing that claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Supportedcites Paustian et al., 2016 source
The “Quantifying uncertainties” section says estimates of soil C stock changes will always have uncertainty because of gaps in process understanding, parameterization, and model inputs. The “Soil C sequestration via improved management” section discusses managed grasslands and identifies further knowledge gaps affecting estimates of sequestration. The paper does not quantify that uncertainty specifically for grasslands, but it supports the broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“These studies evaluated only one grazing management system continuous grazingand assumed steady-state soil carbon (C), to model the grass-finishing environmental impact.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“In previous beef LCA literature, grass-fed (over the entire life cycle) or grass-finished (referring exclusively to the finishing stage) systems are often modeled using simplified grazing parameters typically representative of continuous grazing, a simplistic management strategy in which cattle graze the same pasture continuously through an entire grazing season”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crosson et al., 2011 source
- Could not verifycites de Vries et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available Abstract (no page given) says the review examined 14 beef life-cycle assessment studies, but cuts off before describing their methods. Searches for continuous grazing, grass-finishing, and steady-state soil carbon found no passage addressing those modeling assumptions; the decisive part of the paper is not present in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Using life cycle analysis (LCA), several studies have concluded that grass-finished beef systems have greater GHG intensities than feedlot-finished (FL) beef systems.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“Many studies indicate that feedlot finishing systems have lower cradle-to-gate GHG emissions per kg of carcass weight because grass-fed systems have greater enteric methane (CH 4 ) emissions (due to microbial ruminal fermentation), attributed to the more fibrous diet and longer finishing times, and lower overall carcass weights”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Capper, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report a 67.5% higher carbon footprint per unit of beef for the grass-fed system than for the conventional feedlot-finished system. The same section cites one earlier partial life-cycle assessment with a similar grass-versus-feedlot conclusion. Our copy does not establish that several LCA studies reached that specific GHG-intensity conclusion; the paper describes its own analysis as a deterministic whole-system model. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Desjardins et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2 says grass-finished cattle's lower feed-input footprint is usually offset by slower weight gain and longer methane-producing periods than for feedlot-finished cattle. The Introduction describes carbon-footprint estimation as based on LCA guidelines, but the cited passages do not establish that several comparative LCA studies reached the stated conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lupo et al., 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies using AMP grazing indicate that it can result in more ideal pasture species composition (more digestible forages with greater digestible energy content) due to prevention of consistent species selection and overgrazing, providing pasture recovery, and re-grazing before lignification”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.1. Animal production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oates et al., 2011 source
- Partly supportedcites Teague et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teague et al., 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, our 4-year AMP animal performance and days to finish were considerably different than that of previous studies”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.1. Animal production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nguyen et al., 2010 source
- Could not verifycites Picasso et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available indexed passages contain bibliographic details and keywords for grazing-system sustainability, but no findings about adaptive multi-paddock grazing, animal performance, or days to finish. Searches for those terms and for a four-year comparison with previous studies found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, when converting degraded cropland to AMP grazing, Machmuller et al. (2015) reported mean sequestration values as great as 8.0 ± 0.85 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 in the top 30 cm of soil for a 7-year duration.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Machmuller et al. (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Rapid soil C accumulation” section reports a peak gain of 8.0 ± 0.85 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the upper 30 cm after conversion to intensively grazed pasture. It places that peak 2–6 years after establishment; the Abstract describes a 7-year chronosequence, not seven years sustained at that rate. The claimed 7-year duration of sequestration at 8.0 ± 0.85 is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, Teague et al. (2016) estimated that AMP grazing could induce SOC sequestration rates 10 times greater than the commonly used default value of 0.41 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 proposed by Conant et al. (2003).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Teague et al. (2016) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the discussion accompanying Table 2 (page not available in our copy), Teague et al. estimate that AMP grazing sequestered 3 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ more than heavy continuous grazing in the comparison they describe. Our copy does not give the claimed Conant et al. default of 0.41 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or make a tenfold comparison with it; 3 divided by 0.41 is about 7.3, not 10. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conant et al. (2003) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on the 3.53 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 of C sequestered over a 9-year period in Wang et al. (2015), we expect that our soils could continue to sequester at this rate for several years.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.4. Soil C sequestration
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wang et al. (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 4 reports 3,530 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (3.53 Mg) for a modeled 10-year transition from heavy continuous to multi-paddock grazing. Section 2.3.2 describes 10-, 15-, and 20-year scenarios, not an observed nine-year period. The expectation for the citing authors’ own soils is their inference, not a finding attributed to Wang et al. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This is also demonstrated by Wang et al. (2015) where AMP grazing lands sequestered 3 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 more than land under continuous grazing.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wang et al. (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 reports greater carbon sequestration after conversion from heavy continuous (HC) to multi-paddock (MP) grazing, supporting the comparison in direction. But the rate depends on the assumed transition period: it gives 1.765 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the 20-year scenario, not an unqualified 3 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Section 2.3.2 explains that these rates are estimates calculated from differences in soil-carbon stocks, rather than directly measured annual rates. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After including SOC in the GHG footprint estimates, finishing emissions from the AMP system were reduced from 9.62 to -6.65 kg CO 2 -e kg carcass weight (CW) -1”
- Also stated in: § 3.5. Net GHG flux · plain
“Combined with 9.62 kg CO 2 -e kg CW -1 in emissions, this resulted in a net GHG sink of -6.65 kg CO 2 -e kg CW -1”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Soil carbon sequestration was linear over the 4-year interval.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Carbon sequestration was possible for all the land in the adaptive multi-paddock grazing finishing scenario.
- Also stated in: § 3.5. Net GHG flux · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 47
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Soil C sequestration is a critical ecosystem service of grasslands, which can be maximized using best management practices for livestock grazing”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Griscom et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results and Discussion, under “Specific Pathway Contributions” (page unavailable), the paper says two improved livestock-grazing pathways—Optimal Intensity and Legumes—increase soil carbon. It supports the value of grazing management for carbon sequestration, but does not establish that best management practices maximize sequestration in grasslands. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liebig et al., 2010 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McSherry and Ritchie, 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“By managing for more optimal forage growth and recovery, adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing can improve animal and forage productivity, potentially sequestering more soil organic carbon (SOC) than continuous grazing.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“Potential AMP grazing benefits include reductions in overgrazing and soil erosion, improved forage utilization and animal productivity, and increased soil carbon (C) sequestration, which might reduce net GHG emissions”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conant et al., 2003 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teague and Barnes, 2017 source
- Supportedcites Teague et al., 2016 source
The Table 1 passage describes AMP grazing as adjusting forage recovery periods and says regenerative grazing supports efficient pasture-based ruminant production. The Table 2 passage reports increased forage productivity and calculates greater soil-carbon sequestration under AMP than under heavy continuous grazing in a Texas comparison. The copy provides section labels but no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This need for on-farm SOC data was discussed by Griscom et al. (2017), who identified AMP grazing as a potentially important climate change mitigation strategy, but were unable to include it in their analysis due to lack of robust data.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Griscom et al., 2017 source
In Results and Discussion, under “NCS Contribution to a <2 °C Pathway” (page not provided), Griscom et al. explicitly say they excluded adaptive multipaddock grazing because they included only activities with data sufficiently robust for global extrapolation. They add that future research may provide an empirical basis for including it, supporting the claim that it was a potential mitigation option not included in their analysis. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Average finishing weights for the FL steers (Table 2) were similar to those reported by others”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.1. Animal production
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Capper, 2012 source
Table 1 in Section 2.2 reports finishing weights for calf-fed and yearling-fed beef in feedlots. The citing authors use those reported weights as a comparator for their own FL steers; the similarity is their comparison, not a finding attributed to Capper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lupo et al., 2013 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pelletier et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Utilization of AMP grazing as a regenerative agriculture management system can improve soil ecological function, lessening damage from tillage and inorganic fertilizers and can improve biodiversity and wildlife habitat (Teague et al., 2016).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.2. Land occupation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Teague et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Table 1 passage says regenerative AMP grazing aims to restore the ecological function of degraded grasslands, and the Conclusions say appropriate grazing management can improve biodiversity and wildlife habitat. The Table 2 passage links eliminating tillage damage and reducing nitrogen fertilizer use to broader soil-management practices, not to AMP grazing alone. The claim therefore overattributes those benefits to AMP grazing by itself. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“If adopted, these practices may also promote soil C sequestration (Chambers et al., 2016).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.4. Soil C sequestration
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chambers et al., 2016 source
Section 2 states that NRCS soil-health conservation practices can sequester carbon when properly managed. The paper also identifies cover crops, reduced tillage, and no-till as carbon-beneficial practices, supporting the hedged claim. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Assuming management similar to that in our study, for pastures transitioned from heavy continuous grazing to AMP grazing in northern Texas, U.S., Wang et al. (2015) reported 3.53 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 of C sequestration, a value close to our rate (3.59 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.4. Soil C sequestration
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wang et al. (2015) source
Table 4 reports 3,530 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (3.53 Mg) of sequestration for the heavy-continuous-to-multi-paddock transition under its 10-year scenario. The Introduction places the grazing strategies on ranches in north Texas and describes multi-paddock grazing as adaptively managed rotational grazing. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Management similar to that in our study for pastures transitioned from heavy continuous grazing to AMP grazing in northern Texas, U.S. (Wang et al. 2015).
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although soil erosion contributed negligibly (< 0.5%) to net GHG emissions of FL finishing, soil erosion magnified by intensive cropping systems, such as under conventional feed production in the FL scenario, has important negative impacts on other ecosystem services that are vital to food production, water quality, nutrient cycling and habitat support (Olson et al., 2017).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Olson et al., 2017 source
The Abstract links degradation in intensified cropping systems to diminished ecosystem services, including food production, fresh water, nutrient cycling, and habitat support. The ‘SOIL PROPERTY CHANGE EFFECTS’ section says accelerated erosion has adverse on-site and off-site effects, including reduced nutrient availability and agricultural productivity. The FL scenario is the citing authors’ example, not a finding attributed to Olson et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, because soils that are further from C saturation will accumulate C faster than soils near saturation, and because our estimated soil C sequestration rate is much greater than the 0.41 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 indicated by Conant et al. (2003), we expect continued sequestration, likely to diminish over time (Minasny et al., 2017;Stewart et al., 2007).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.4. Soil C sequestration
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conant et al. (2003) source
- Supportedcites Minasny et al., 2017 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stewart et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, studies indicate that in general, well-managed grasslands continue to sequester C at greater rates than improved cropland, and transitions from cropland to grassland show some of the greatest rates of C sequestration, ranging from 0.22 to 8.0 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 (Machmuller et al., 2015;Mathew et al., 2017;Minasny et al., 2017;Powlson et al., 2011).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.4. Soil C sequestration
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Machmuller et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mathew et al., 2017 source
- Partly supportedcites Minasny et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After accounting for the 31.4% fertilizer offset (the percentage of synthetic fertilizer N that was replaced by land-applied manure) in FL finishing, estimated GHG emissions associated with FL and AMP finishing were 6.09 and 9.62 kg CO 2 -e kg CW -1 , respectively.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.3. GHG emissions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feed GHG emissions were the largest source in the FL, 77% greater than those in AMP finishing and a greater percentage of total emissions (37% and 19%, respectively).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.3. GHG emissions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enteric CH 4 was the largest source for AMP and intermediary for FL finishing, contributing 53% and 31%, respectively.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.3. GHG emissions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average daily gain was 100% greater and DMI 10% lower for steers in the FL than those in the AMP grazing scenario.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.1. Animal production
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total C sequestration was 3.59 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , equally -17.54 kg CO 2 -e CW -1 , assuming this C sequestration was possible for all the land in the AMP grazing finishing scenario.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.5. Net GHG flux
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Carbon sequestration was possible for all the land in the adaptive multi-paddock grazing finishing scenario.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our sensitivity analysis indicates that using the on-farm SF 6 tracer gas data instead of IPCC default Y m would reduce the enteric CH 4 footprint in the AMP grazing scenario by 36%, representing a decrease from 42 to 27 kg CH 4 steer -1 , and a reduction in overall GHG footprint of 1.81 kg CO 2 -e kg CW -1 (19% decrease)”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.6. Enteric CH 4 sensitivity analysis
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, 0.30 and 0.67 ha was required to produce 500 kg beef CW in the FL and AMP grazing systems, respectively.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.2. Land occupation
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Manure emissions (comprised of both N 2 O and CH 4 ) represented 30% of FL emissions and 26% of AMP emissions.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.3. GHG emissions
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When compared to the 2012 baseline soil C stock of the SL soil (33.97 ± 0.71 Mg C ha -1 in the top 30 cm), 2016 soil C stocks were 15.18, 8.16, and 19.75 Mg C ha -1 greater in SL, S, and CL soils, respectively.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.4. Soil C sequestration
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FL and AMP finishing produced 1655 and 751 kg CW ha feed -1 , respectively.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.2. Land occupation
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average dressing percentage calculated from carcass data was 53% among all 5 years.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.2. Finishing systems 2.2.1. Adaptive multi-paddock grazing
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, cattle in the FL finished in 29 less days with CWs 45% greater than those of AMP grazed cattle.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.1. Animal production
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In the paper
“Our AMP-grazed steers finished in 150 days shorter and 99 kg heavier than the continuously grazed steers in Lupo et al. (2013).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.1. Animal production
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lupo et al., 2013 source
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In the paper
“Application of manure produced in the FL in the present study offset 31.4% of N fertilizer application, which is lower than the 69% used in the study of Lupo et al. (2013).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Mineral Emissions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lupo et al. (2013) source
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emissions from on-farm energy use and transportation and mineral supplement production represented small percentages of total GHG emissions (< 2.5% and < 0.05%, respectively).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Mineral Emissions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We demonstrated this based on measurements of soil C and cattle productivity at the Lake City AgBioResearch Center from 2012 to 2016, which indicates a sink during the finishing phase of -6.65 kg CO 2 -e kg CW -1 which is similar to the results of Beauchemin et al. (2011).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauchemin et al. (2011) source
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In the paper
“A majority of GHG emissions are attributed to the cow-calf sector”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauchemin et al., 2010 source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This research suggests that AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration and challenges existing conclusions that only feedlot-intensification reduces the overall beef GHG footprint through greater productivity.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Abstract
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In the paper
“However, as noted above, many of these studies did not consider the potential for soil C sequestration in well-managed grasslands, and emissions from feedlot finishing might be underestimated due to a lacking representation of soil changes during feed production, such as soil erosion”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Janzen, 2011 source
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because soil organic matter (SOM) consists of 40-75% C, erosion constitutes a significant loss of soil fertility and water-holding capacity and can contribute to GHG emissions.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“This grazing management approach, while still the most common, can negatively impact plant regrowth and recovery, as well as plant communities, and has low productivity”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oates et al., 2011 source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that AMP grazing has the potential to offset GHG emissions through soil C sequestration, and therefore the finishing phase could be a net C sink.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Abstract
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In the paper
“Mean modeled finishing weight was 654 kg, similar to the 2015 average reported by USDA (2016a).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.2.2. Feedlot
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites USDA, 2016a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity of enteric CH 4 emissions to a reduction of IPCC default Y m from 6.5 to 5.5. to represent an increase in forage quality, was also considered”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.4. Enteric CH 4 , manure CH 4 and N 2 O emissions
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To be conservative for the purposes of the LCA, we used this lower sequestration rate for the AMP grazing scenario.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 3.4. Soil C sequestration
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies have identified these gaps and have called for more robust research and inclusion of soil C in future LCA models”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because 90 days is not a representative timeline for FL finishing, the observed data were used to simulate an extension from 90 to 170 days on-feed (Table A.3.1), a more common time-to-finish in the Upper Midwest and in FLs”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.2.2. Feedlot
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Academies of Sciences, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As Pelletier et al. (2010) did, on-farm energy use per head of cattle was taken from Ryan and Tiffany (1998) in the absence of current or on-farm data.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.6. On-farm fuel use and transportation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pelletier et al., 2010 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Tiffany, 1998
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The permanent pastures (grasslands) were established approximately 30 years ago and were continuously grazed and hayed until 2010 when AMP management was initiated.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.7.1. Sample collection and C analysis
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We acknowledge the locational variation between sampling sites could influence the results.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.7.1. Sample collection and C analysis
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Calculated DMI, ADG, and feed conversion ratio were within 0.1 kg of the values observed by Cassady et al. (2016), indicating that the simulation method was sound.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.2.2. Feedlot
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cassady et al., 2016 source
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In the paper
“Because emissions data from cultivation of feed ingredients and manufacture of feed were not available for our study region (except for DDGS), we used the Farm Energy Analysis Tool, an open-source database GHG emission model calibrated with an extensive crop production literature database”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.4. Enteric CH 4 , manure CH 4 and N 2 O emissions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Camargo et al., 2013 source
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, to estimate SOC sequestration conservatively, we averaged mean soil C stock from all 2016 sites before comparing them to the 2012 (SL) mean soil C stock.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.7.1. Sample collection and C analysis
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a sensitivity analysis was conducted comparing the impact of IPCC default methods to results based on SF 6 tracer gas data from the Lake City AgBioResearch Farm.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.4. Enteric CH 4 , manure CH 4 and N 2 O emissions
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it was a trade-off not to have complete 170-day field data, we chose to use the partial data from these animals because they represent actual on-farm data from animals of the same genetic background.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.2.2. Feedlot
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In lieu of on-farm data for soil erosion and SOM from cropland used to grow feed ingredients, representative literature values were used.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.7.2. Soil erosion
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the distance in monitoring sites, the soil types were consistent and reflective in soil C change overtime.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.7.1. Sample collection and C analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tertiary emissions, including those from manufacture of machines, equipment, and infrastructure were excluded, based on their assumed minor contributions”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 2.1. System boundaries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lupo et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, in the western U.S., where irrigation is more predominant, irrigation might represent an important source of GHG emissions not included in this model.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.3. GHG emissions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, for the AMP grazing system to produce comparable amounts of beef, either more cows would be needed to produce additional animals for the system, or the cattle would have to remain in the system for a longer period of time.Either scenario would increase the overall emissions and land requirement.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.2. Land occupation
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In the paper
“According to Stewart et al. (2009), reduction in fertilizer use resulted in the largest decrease (30%) in modeled overall emissions from beef production.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.3. GHG emissions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stewart et al. (2009) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, in a closed system, this implies somewhat lower per capita beef consumption, but greater environmental benefits from what is consumed.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.2. Land occupation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This emphasizes the major benefits of utilizing more highly digestible, higher energy feeds, and a shorter finishing phase, resulting in productivity gains in our FL model.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Mineral Emissions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was most likely due to their longer finishing time, lower animal productivity, and high application rate of fertilizer on pasture.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.3. GHG emissions
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In the paper
“According to Sloggett (1992), 23% of the on-farm energy used for crop production in the U.S. was for on-farm pumping of water.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.3. GHG emissions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sloggett (1992) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This overestimation has also been reported in other studies (Rowntree et al., 2016;Stackhouse-Lawson et al., 2012) and reflects the uncertainty embedded in the use of IPCC methodology to represent a wide variety of diets and different management strategies in beef finishing systems.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Mineral Emissions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rowntree et al., 2016
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stackhouse-Lawson et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In beef LCA studies from the Northern Great Plains and the Upper Midwest in which soil C dynamics were estimated, hypothetical C sequestration rates of 0.41 and 0.12 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 reduced emissions from continuous grass-fed beef production by 24% and 30%, respectively (Lupo et al., 2013;Pelletier et al., 2010).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these studies were models generated from the literature, our model used 5 years of on-farm finishing data and 4 years of comparative soil C data from paddocks under AMP grazing.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, our results differ from many of those in the current literature, reflecting the importance of considering emissions and sinks from the entire system in a geographically localized area, including the soil ecosystem, when modeling beef production systems.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, producing the same amount of cattle using land that is less productive would yield lower C sequestration per ha, but also lower stocking rates and reduce beef production (and associated emissions) per ha.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is likely due to use of the IPCC Tier 2 methods in the current study instead of the Tier 1 methodology used in prior studies, greater precipitation in our study area than in those of the others, and handling manure in the FL as a liquid instead of a solid.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Mineral Emissions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, the LCA model of Camargo et al. (2013) included production of inputs and processes not included in conventional beef production LCAs, such as feed-associated pest management and transportation of inputs.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > Mineral Emissions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Camargo et al. (2013) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at a minimum, our analyses and results reflect the key importance of geographically localized LCAs to more accurately estimate impacts of grazing on C sequestration rates.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that soil C dynamics are directly linked to both land potential and the productivity of both pasture and cattle, and that both stocking rates and productivity influence the net GHG footprints estimated here.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.5. Net GHG flux
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The high rate of C sequestration observed in our study may be the result of the recent management intervention from continuous grazing to AMP in 2010 (Smith, 2014).”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 4.4. Soil C sequestration
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smith, 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This does imply less overall beef production in the region, albeit with greater environmental benefits from what is produced.”
§ Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems > 5. Conclusions, implications and future projections
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Soil nitrogen dynamics for the pasture itself do not significantly change in response to animal production.
“Soil N dynamics for the pasture itself were not modeled, under the assumption that these emissions do not significantly change in response to animal production.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Feed crops were produced on existing cropland and grass-fed cattle were grazed on existing pasture or grassland in Michigan or other regions of the Upper Midwest.
“Additionally, GHG emissions associated with land-use change, either for feed production or grazing land, were not considered, under the assumption that feed crops were produced on existing cropland and that grass-fed cattle were grazed on existing pasture/grassland in Michigan or other regions of the Upper Midwest.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Soil carbon was at a steady state on the land used to grow hay.
“We assumed that soil C was at a steady state on the land used to grow hay.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For the feedlot scenario, an intensive cropping system with no soil carbon sequestration was assumed.
“For the FL scenario, we assumed an intensive cropping system with no soil C sequestration, as croplands are often eroded”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Zero soil erosion was assumed in the adaptive multi-paddock grazing scenario.
“Because our data indicated C sequestration in the AMP grazing scenario over the 4-year interval, we assumed zero soil erosion based on Olson et al. (2016).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Soil carbon sequestration was linear over the 4-year interval.
“these increases were divided by 4 to estimate Mg C sequestered ha -1 yr -1 , assuming linear sequestration over that time.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Carbon sequestration was possible for all the land in the adaptive multi-paddock grazing finishing scenario.
“Total C sequestration was 3.59 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , equally -17.54 kg CO 2 -e CW -1 , assuming this C sequestration was possible for all the land in the AMP grazing finishing scenario.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The croplands used for the FL scenario experience soil erosion rather than carbon sequestration.
“Although we assumed in this study that the croplands used for the FL scenario experience soil erosion rather than carbon sequestration”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Management similar to that in our study for pastures transitioned from heavy continuous grazing to AMP grazing in northern Texas, U.S. (Wang et al. 2015).
“Assuming management similar to that in our study, for pastures transitioned from heavy continuous grazing to AMP grazing in northern Texas, U.S., Wang et al. (2015) reported 3.53 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 of C sequestration, a value close to our rate (3.59 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“To explore the potential for SOC increases to mitigate climate change, existing studies generally determine one single value, calculated as the sum of annual GHG emissions minus CO2 removal by soil C-sequestration11,16.”
From Risk to rely on soil carbon sequestration to offset global ruminant emissions (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, most LCAs on AMP grazing compare fully AMPmanaged systems to fully conventional ones (Rowntree et al., 2020;Stanley et al., 2018), which may be interpreted as AMP and feedlots being incompatible, even though AMP grazing could be integrated into earlier production phases.”
From Impact of 10 years of adaptive multi-paddock grazing on soil carbon and beef's greenhouse gas footprint in the US Upper Midwest (2026) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, Stanley et al. (2018) reported average SOC sequestration after five-year conversion from continuous haying and grazing to AMP grazing (analogous to the HPG system used at WOP, but with cattle grazing only).”
From Ecosystem Impacts and Productive Capacity of a Multi-Species Pastured Livestock System (2020) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Use of improved grazing practices in some pasture-finished systems has sequestered enough carbon to offset production emissions from finishing [11].”
From Carbon opportunity cost increases carbon footprint advantage of grain-finished beef (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies on beef systems that have included SOC have used fixed values based on literature data (e.g.Pelletier et al., 2010), relied on measured data during a limited period of time (e.g.Stanley et al. (2018) used data from soil measurements on-site over four years) or used modelled soil carbon fluxes (Alemu et al., 2017).”
From Time-dependent climate impact of beef production – can carbon sequestration in soil offset enteric methane emissions? (2022) · cites this paper as Stanley et al. (2018)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Initial evidence from beef life cycle assessments (LCAs) incorporating AMP grazing induced SOC accrual suggest substantial GHG mitigation potential.Relative to GHG footprints calculated without considering offsets from SOC accrual, reported GHG footprints incorporating measured SOC accrual suggested reductions from 65 to 169% lower (Mehre et al., 2024;Rowntree et al., 2020;Stanley et al., 2018).”
From Impact of 10 years of adaptive multi-paddock grazing on soil carbon and beef's greenhouse gas footprint in the US Upper Midwest (2026) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“or evaluated only short-term shifts from conventional grazing (Stanley et al., 2018).”
From Impact of 10 years of adaptive multi-paddock grazing on soil carbon and beef's greenhouse gas footprint in the US Upper Midwest (2026) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recent studies show that livestock-induced soil C changes can have large impacts on the GHG balance of these production systems (Beauchemin et al., 2011;Teague et al., 2016;Stanley et al., 2018).”
From Ecosystem Impacts and Productive Capacity of a Multi-Species Pastured Livestock System (2020) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Some studies have shown that when including soil C changes to LCA parameters, the overall CO 2 -e can decrease considerably (Pelletier et al., 2010b;Stanley et al., 2018).”
From Ecosystem Impacts and Productive Capacity of a Multi-Species Pastured Livestock System (2020) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, these results show that grass-finished CWs are ∼33% lower than existing grain-finishing beef LCAs (Pelletier et al., 2010b;Lupo et al., 2013;Stanley et al., 2018).”
From Ecosystem Impacts and Productive Capacity of a Multi-Species Pastured Livestock System (2020) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Compared to other literature, our estimated soil C sequestration rate lies toward the higher end-both above (Wang et al., 2015;Conant et al., 2017) and below (Stanley et al., 2018) reported values from others.”
From Ecosystem Impacts and Productive Capacity of a Multi-Species Pastured Livestock System (2020) · cites this paper as Stanley et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, our reported MSPR finished beef CW closely aligns with Stanley et al. (2018), who reported a 280 kg hd -1 in an adaptive multipaddock (AMP) grazing system-a similar management strategy, but using beef cattle only.”
From Ecosystem Impacts and Productive Capacity of a Multi-Species Pastured Livestock System (2020) · cites this paper as Stanley et al. (2018)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported daily gains do not match weights and finishing times
MinorThe feedlot weights imply a gain of 293 kg over 171.5 days, or 1.71 kg/day rather than 1.8. The AMP weights imply 166 kg over 200.8 days, or 0.83 kg/day rather than 0.9.
“| Days in the finishing phase | 171.5 | 200.8 | | Beginning-Ending live weight (kg) | 361-654 | 362-528 |”
“| Average daily gain (kg) | 1.8 | 0.9 |”
Citations
Cites
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“Based on research by Lal (2003), 20% of eroded SOC was assumed to be emitted into the atmosphere.”
BackgroundGRAZING SYSTEMS, ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES, AND GLOBAL CHANGE
Asner, G. P., Elmore, A. J., Olander, L. P., Martin, R. E., & Harris, A. T. (2004) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102142 · Cited by 1,121 · cited 2×
“…as the extensiveness of grazing lands (~336million ha of land in the United States; (Chambers et al., 2016)) and their importance to livelihoods (Asner et al., 2004; Briske et al., 2015; Desjardins et al., 2012), grassland C sinks might represent a significant GHG mitigation strategy that…”
BackgroundSoil carbon saturation: concept, evidence and evaluation
Stewart, C. E., Paustian, K., Conant, R. T., Plante, A. F., & Six, J. (2007) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-007-9140-0 · Cited by 911
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“…continue to sequester C at greater rates than improved cropland, and transitions from cropland to grassland show some of the greatest rates of C sequestration, ranging from 0.22 to 8.0 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (Machmuller et al., 2015; Mathew et al., 2017; Minasny et al., 2017; Powlson et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of grazing on grassland soil carbon: a global review
McSherry, M. E., & Ritchie, M. E. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12144 · Cited by 829 · cited 1×
“Soil C sequestration is a critical ecosystem service of grasslands, which can be maximized using best management practices for livestock grazing (Griscom et al., 2017; Liebig et al., 2010; McSherry and Ritchie, 2013; Wang et al., 2015).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
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Items 101–200 of 267
Horrillo, A., Gaspar, P., Caro, C. D., & Escribano, M. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141675 · Cited by 19
Mehre, J., Schneider, K., Jayasundara, S., Gillespie, A., & Wagner-Riddle, C. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123255 · Cited by 17
Fei, K., Deng, L., Sun, T., Zhang, L., Wu, Y., Fan, X., & Dong, Y. (2019) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.05.006 · Cited by 20
Carbon footprint and mitigation strategies among heterogeneous dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil
Vogel, E., & Beber, C. L. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131404 · Cited by 19
Ortiz, C., García, S., Carro, A., Chacartegui, R., & Pérez-Maqueda, L. A. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113614 · Cited by 19
Carbon opportunity cost increases carbon footprint advantage of grain-finished beef
Blaustein-Rejto, D., Soltis, N., & Blomqvist, L. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295035 · Cited by 17
Stanley, P., Roche, L., & Bowles, T. (2025) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.1080/14735903.2025.2461826 · Cited by 17
“…which has been observed in studies of AMP grazing on temperate and subtropical grasslands, where rates of SOC sequestration reportedly vary widely, ranging from 0.4 to >8.0 Mg C/ha/yr (Conant et al., 2003; Machmul-ler et al., 2015; Mosier et al., 2021; Stanley et al., 2018; Teague et al., 2011).”
InfluentialSelf-citationFranzluebbers, A. J. (2024) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12665 · Cited by 18
Campbell, A., Becerra, T. A., Middendorf, G. D., et al. (2018) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2344-6 · Cited by 17
Smart technologies for sustainable pasture-based ruminant systems: A review
Marchegiani, S., Gislon, G., Marino, R., Caroprese, M., Albenzio, M., Pinchak, W. E., Carstens, G. E., Ledda, L., Trombetta, M. F., Sandrucci, A., et al. (2025) · Smart Agricultural Technology · doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.100789 · Cited by 29
Industrial livestock production: A review on advantages and disadvantages
Moekti, G. R. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012094 · Cited by 20
Greenhouse gas emissions from a diversity of sheep production systems in the United States
Recktenwald, E. B., & Ehrhardt, R. (2024) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103915 · Cited by 16
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production systems
Samsonstuen, S., Åby, B. A., Crosson, P., Beauchemin, K. A., & Aass, L. (2020) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064702.2020.1806349 · Cited by 16
“, 2010), and management practices (Alemu et al., 2017; Stanley et al., 2018).”
BackgroundForage-fed cattle point the way forward for beef?
Butler, G., Ali, A. M., Oladokun, S., Wang, J., & Davis, H. (2021) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100012 · Cited by 19
Managing Rangelands Without Herding? Insights From Africa and Beyond
Schlecht, E., Turner, M. D., Hülsebusch, C., & Buerkert, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.549954 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, herding can contribute to decreasing the carbon footprint of pastoral systems by lowering carbon emissions per unit of produce and by increasing pasture-based carbon sequestration (Kurtz et al., 2016; Vigan et al., 2017; Stanley et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe Birds and the Bees: Producing Beef and Conservation Benefits on Working Grasslands
Keyser, P. D., Buehler, D. A., Fike, J. H., Finke, D. L., Fuhlendorf, S. D., Martin, J. A., Naumann, H. D., & Smith, S. R. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12081934 · Cited by 18
“feedlot finished beef cattle acknowledged that feedlot finishing may have reduced greenhouse gas emissions and beef per ha of pasture, but when one considers the potential value of well-managed pasture as a carbon sink, forage finishing would have less environmental impact per unit output than feedlot-based systems [1…”
BackgroundStructure and functioning of wild and agricultural grazing ecosystems: A comparative review
Kleppel, G., & Frank, D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.945514 · Cited by 18
Maciel, I. C. D. F., Schweihofer, J. P., Fenton, J. I., Hodbod, J., McKendree, M. G. S., Cassida, K. A., & Rowntree, J. E. (2021) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txab214 · Cited by 14
Self-citationPotential unintended consequences of agricultural land use change driven by dietary transitions
Blackwell, M. S. A., Takahashi, T., Cardenas, L. M., Collins, A. L., Enríquez-Hidalgo, D., Griffith, B. A., Hunt, J. W., Lee, M. R. F., Misselbrook, T. H., Neal, A. L., et al. (2024) · npj Sustainable Agriculture · doi:10.1038/s44264-023-00008-8 · Cited by 15
Demands and possibilities for field-scale estimation of agricultural greenhouse gas balances
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Maintaining the Many Societal Benefits of Rangelands: The Case of Hawaiʻi
Bremer, L. L., Nathan, N., Trauernicht, C., Pascua, P., Krueger, N. W., Jokiel, J., Barton, J., & Daily, G. C. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land10070764 · Cited by 15
Cow efficiency: modeling the biological and economic output of a Michigan beef herd
Thompson, L. R., Beck, M. R., Buskirk, D. D., et al. (2020) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaa166 · Cited by 14
Self-citationCarbon neutrality and beef production in the marginal areas: A case study of Podolian cattle system
Sabia, E., Pacelli, C., Trana, A. D., Coppola, A., Cosentino, C., Freschi, P., Paolino, R., & Braghieri, A. (2025) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104451 · Cited by 13
Meat and the future of sustainable diets—Challenges and opportunities
Spiro, A., Hill, Z., & Stanner, S. A. (2024) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12713 · Cited by 17
Eshel, G., Flamholz, A. I., Shepon, A., & Milo, R. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2404329122 · Cited by 13
“S4 ) augment earlier findings ( 22 , 29 ) by showing that, compared with nonbeef alternatives, grass - fed beef yields at most one - tenth of the protein per kg CO 2eq emitted regardless of agricultural intensity (and, thus, implicitly, geography).”
Grazing intensity in grassland ecosystems: implications for carbon storage and functional properties
Aryal, D. R. (2022) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/cabireviews202217032 · Cited by 12
Holistic Management Shifts Ranchers’ Mental Models for Successful Adaptive Grazing
Stanley, P. L., Sayre, N. F., & Huntsinger, L. (2024) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2023.11.004 · Cited by 12
Self-citationSabia, E., Zanon, T., Braghieri, A., Pacelli, C., Angerer, V., & Gauly, M. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170798 · Cited by 13
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing increases mineral associated soil carbon in Northern grasslands
Khatri‐Chhetri, U., Thompson, K. A., Quideau, S. A., Boyce, M. S., Chang, S. X., Bork, E. W., & Carlyle, C. N. (2024) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2024.109000 · Cited by 15
The effect of information and beliefs on preferences for sustainably produced beef
Ishaq, M., Kolady, D., & Grebitus, C. (2024) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbae014 · Cited by 12
Tedeschi, L. O., Johnson, D. C., Atzori, A. S., Kaniyamattam, K., & Menendez, H. M. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12110446 · Cited by 12
Economic Implications of a Protein Transition: Evidence From Walloon Beef and Dairy Farms
Duluins, O., Riera, A., Schuster, M., Baret, P. V., & den Broeck, G. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.803872 · Cited by 12
Pereira, F. C., Filho, L. C. P. M., Kazama, D. C. D. S., et al. (2020) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731120000701 · Cited by 12
Menefee, D. S., Collins, H. P., Smith, D. R., Haney, R. L., Fay, P. A., & Polley, W. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.1002/jeq2.20315 · Cited by 14
Exploring the relationship between regenerative grazing and Ranchers’ wellbeing
Vivas, J., & Hodbod, J. (2024) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103267 · Cited by 11
Factors Influencing Use and Frequency of Rotational Grazing for Beef Cattle in Tennessee
Boyer, C. N., Lambert, D. M., Griffith, A. P., & Clark, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics · doi:10.1017/aae.2022.16 · Cited by 11
“Nonpecuniary benefits associated with rotational grazing are reducing soil erosion, improving water quality, and sequestering carbon on pasture (Muir, Pitman, and Foster, 2011; Teague and Barnes, 2017; Byrnes et al., 2018; Stanley et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCarbon sequestration potential of pastures in Southern Brazil: A systematic review
Fronza, E., ten Caten, A., Bittencourt, F. R., Zambiazi, D. C., Filho, A. L. S., Seó, H. L. S., & Loss, A. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo · doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20230121 · Cited by 15
Parra, A. S., Ramírez, D. Y. G., & Martínez, E. A. M. (2022) · Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology · doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2023220340 · Cited by 16
“Inclusion of fieldmeasured soil and biomass C sequestration (as a CO2-e sink) has been shown to completely mitigate the C footprint of intensively managed grass-finished cattle in some specific cases [27], and drastically lower (but not neutralize it) in others [48, 49].”
BackgroundKatz-Rosene, R. M. (2020) · Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l alimentation · doi:10.15353/cfs-rcea.v7i2.413 · Cited by 13
Provenza, F. D., Anderson, C., & Gregorini, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.547822 · Cited by 11
Thompson, L. R., Maciel, I. C. F., Rodrigues, P. D. R., Cassida, K. A., & Rowntree, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skab326 · Cited by 10
Self-citationQuantifying biodiversity impacts of livestock using life‐cycle perspectives
McClelland, S. C., Haddix, J. D., Azad, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.2636 · Cited by 10
Ahsin, M., Poore, M. H., Rogers, J. R., Franzluebbers, A. J., Young, S. N., Kronberg, S. L., Provenza, F. D., Bain, J. R., & van Vliet, S. (2025) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-025-00471-2 · Cited by 15
Yan, K., Mei, X., Zhang, C., Hu, Y., Wang, D., Chen, Z., Yang, X., Shao, Y., & Mao, Y. (2025) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2025.106627 · Cited by 10
Wang, T., Kreuter, U. P., Davis, C., & Cheye, S. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2321245121 · Cited by 12
“Among the 32 studies that met our inclusion criteria, eight included only LW (19, 35, 38, 49, 51, 87–89), 16 included only CW pnas.org (27, 30, 33, 34, 36, 43, 52–54, 58–60, 79, 86, 90), and six included both LW and CW as the functional units (39–42, 50, 61).”
InfluentialTowards a More Ethical and Sustainable Edible Future: One Burger at a Time
McClements, D. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12995-8_11 · Cited by 9
Grossi, G., Vitali, A., Lacetera, N., Danieli, P. P., Bernabucci, U., & Nardone, A. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10030415 · Cited by 10
“As a result, there have been few CFPs that have included soil C dynamics in their results [18].”
BackgroundEffects of steam flaking on the carbon footprint of finishing beef cattle1,2
Cole, N. A., Parker, D. B., Brown, M. S., Jennings, J. S., Hales, K. E., & Gunter, S. A. (2020) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaa110 · Cited by 9
Deng, L., Sun, T., Fei, K., et al. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13186-0 · Cited by 9
Vagnoni, E., Arca, P., Decandia, M., Molle, G., Serra, G., Sau, P., Lunesu, M. F., Porqueddu, C., Cossu, D., Atzori, A. S., et al. (2024) · Cleaner Environmental Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100214 · Cited by 8
Regenerative Agriculture for Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security
Ghosh, S., Saha, A., Kumar, S., & Pathania, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6691-8_4 · Cited by 11
Ramírez, P. B., Mosier, S. L., Calderón, F. J., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2022) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments9120149 · Cited by 8
Why aren't more landowners enrolling in land-based carbon credit exchanges?
Schofield, L. R., Pearson, M., Newell, S., Clackum, N., & Turner, B. L. (2024) · Rangelands · doi:10.1016/j.rala.2024.05.004 · Cited by 8
Public acceptance of beef carbon tax earmarks
Yang, W., Fang, D., Thompson, J. M., & Nayga, R. M. (2024) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102733 · Cited by 9
Horrillo, A., Gaspar, P., Rodríguez-Ledesma, A., & Escribano, M. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14233501 · Cited by 7
“What is described above is evident in our analysis of the systems from a territorial perspective, leading to the conclusion that extensive systems have a lower impact per unit of land area compared to more intensive models [66].”
Environmental Issues: Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Vetter, S. H., Nayak, D. R., McBey, D., Dondini, M., Kuhnert, M., & Oyesiku-Blakemore, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823960-5.00043-3 · Cited by 7
Agroecology as a Pathway towards Sustainable Food Systems
Chappell, M. J., Bernhart, A., Bachmann, L., Gonçalves, A. L., Seck, S. M., Nandul, P., & Cristo, A. (2018) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.12122.59842 · Cited by 7
Kleppel, G. S. (2019) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2019.1591564 · Cited by 7
“It is increasingly clear, from the results of empirical and model-based investigations that MP techniques facilitate carbon sequestration, nutrient retention (Rowntree et al. 2016; Stanley et al. 2018; Teague et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2015), and primary production, largely by microbe-plant coupling, potentially facilit…”
BackgroundMogensen, L., Kristensen, T., Kramer, C., Munk, A., Spleth, P., & Vestergaard, M. (2023) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105319 · Cited by 6
Is climate neutral possible for the U.S. beef and dairy sectors?
Thompson, L. R., Beck, M. R., Larson, H., Rowntree, J. E., Place, S. E., & Stackhouse-Lawson, K. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1556433 · Cited by 8
“Recent life cycle assessment (LCA) literature demonstrates how variable carbon footprints can be across the U.S. for beef and dairy producers due to environmental and management decisions (Rotz et al., 2019; Rotz et al., 2021; Pelletier et al., 2010; Stanley et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2017).”
Self-citationManaging grasslands to optimize soil carbon sequestration
Chabbi, A., Rumpel, C., Klumpp, K., INRAE – VetAgro Sup, U. 8. E. P., Franzluebbers, A. J., & USDA-ARS, U. (2022) · Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science · doi:10.19103/as.2022.0106.17 · Cited by 6
Seasonal Hay Feeding for Cattle Production in the Fescue Belt
Boyer, C. N., Lambert, D. M., Griffith, A. P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics · doi:10.1017/aae.2019.30 · Cited by 6
“Incorporating other cool- and warm-season forages and grazing management practices into a tall fescue, cow-calf grazing system can also improve pasture conditions by reducing overgrazing and extending grazing days (Byrnes et al., 2018; Muir et al., 2011; Stanley et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMessner, R., Richards, C., Ransom, E., Mitchell, E., & Rowlings, D. W. (2025) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-025-01725-4 · Cited by 6
“…management, the potential contribution to numerous sustainable development goals (ABSF 2024:15), and expected revenue for soil-based carbon credits, land and grazing management practices have sustained research and policy attention (Mosier et al. 2021; Stanley et al. 2018; Teague and Kreuter 2020).”
SEQUESTERING ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS THROUGH LAND USE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: A REVIEW
Lianhai, W. U. (2022) · Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering · doi:10.15302/j-fase-2022474 · Cited by 5
Widiastuti, D. P., Hatta, M., Aziz, H., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31259 · Cited by 5
Döbert, T. F., Pyle, L. A., Case, C., Bork, E. W., Carlyle, C. N., Chang, S. X., Sobrinho, L. S., Iravani, M., & Boyce, M. S. (2025) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2025.109591 · Cited by 6
Silvopastoral Systems: a Sustainable Livestock Farming Strategy for the Ecuadorian Amazon
Guamán-Rivera, S. A., Ortiz, M. G. A., Sangache, V. L. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review · doi:10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n03.pe04928 · Cited by 5
“…T. (2025) Silvopastoral Systems: a Sustainable Livestock Farming Strategy for the Ecuadorian Amazon policy helps shift farmers away from conventional agricultural practices, promoting alternatives that benefit both the environment and the economy (Rudel et al ., 2015; Stanley et al ., 2018).”
Thorn, A. M., Baker, M. J., & Peters, C. J. (2021) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102958 · Cited by 4
Dallantonia, E. E., Fernandes, M. H. M. R., Cardoso, A. D. S., Leite, R. G., Ferrari, A. C., Ongaratto, F., Lage, J. F., Balsalobre, M. A. A., & Reis, R. A. (2021) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104646 · Cited by 5
Pereira, F. C., Smith, C. M. S., Charters, S., & Gregorini, P. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12233306 · Cited by 6
Filho, L. C. P. M., Agudelo, J. A. B., Pereira, F. C., Bica, G. S., Wendling, A. V., Kazama, D. C. D. S., & Kuhnen, S. (2023) · REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE AGROECOLOGIA · doi:10.33240/rba.v18i1.23763 · Cited by 12
Smith, M. L., Jung, J., Widmar, N. O., et al. (2025) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaf105 · Cited by 4
“While determining exact emissions profiles from live-stock operations can be difficult, beef and dairy cattle operations are especially high emitters (Stanley et al., 2018), and agricultural GHG emissions are now among the public’s top worries (Blenda and Valente, 2009).”
Frascarelli, A., Ciliberti, S., Lilli, S. M., Pascolini, P., Orlando, J. G., & Tiradritti, M. (2025) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture15050472 · Cited by 6
Agricultural rewilding with livestock: Lessons for implementation in Europe
van Dooren, V., Strevens, C. M., & Pettorelli, N. (2025) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.70135 · Cited by 4
Ethical aspects of meat alternative products
Escribano, M., & Mesías, F. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85838-0.00010-9 · Cited by 7
The foundations of cellular agriculture: science, technology, sustainability and society
Fraser, E., Newman, L. L., Yada, R. Y., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18767-4.00010-x · Cited by 4
Caradus, J. R., Chapman, D. F., & Rowarth, J. S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14091353 · Cited by 5
Environmental Sustainability of Dairy Cattle in Pasture-Based Systems vs. Confined Systems
Salari, F., Marconi, C., Sodi, I., Altomonte, I., & Martini, M. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17093976 · Cited by 4
Hayek, M. (2022) · Agricultural & Environmental Letters · doi:10.1002/ael2.20073 · Cited by 4
“…agricultural census by Hayek and Garrett (2018). bPelletier et al. (2010). consistent with multiple other studies, which demonstrate that grass-finished beef land requirements are 40–150% higher than conventional (Capper, 2012; Pelletier et al., 2010; Rowntree et al., 2020; Stanley et al., 2018).”
ResultReply to Lajtha and Silva: Agriculture and soil carbon persistence of grassland-derived Mollisols
Rui, Y., Jackson, R. D., Cotrufo, M. F., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2204142119 · Cited by 4
Teague, W. R., & Apfelbaum, S. I. (2023) · Food and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09023-3_6 · Cited by 3
Sustainable Livestock Farming in Chile: Challenges and Opportunities
Morales, R., Martínez, M. E., Rodriguez, M. A., Beltran, I. E., & Hepp, C. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18031626 · Cited by 4
Stanley, P. L., Kühl, A., Maciel, I. C. D. F., Cotrufo, M. F., Goodwin, D. J., Hodbod, J., Anderson, M. C., Scasta, J. D., Peirce, E. S., Branecky, M., et al. (2026) · Carbon Balance and Management · doi:10.1186/s13021-026-00431-7 · Cited by 4
Self-citationEvaluation and Development of a Nutrition Model to Predict Intake and Growth of Suckling Calves
Baldin, G. C., Hildebrand, C., Larson, R. L., et al. (2024) · Ruminants · doi:10.3390/ruminants4010004 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, grazing management, which is most applicable in the cow–calf sector, has the potential to sequester carbon in the soil, offsetting a substantial portion of the greenhouse gas emissions from forage-fed cattle [2].”
BackgroundRethinking environmental sustainability in rainfed cropping systems
Sevenster, M., Kirkegaard, J. A., & Lilley, J. M. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.07.028 · Cited by 3
Regenerative Agricultural Practices for Sustainable Soil Health and Food Production
Udumann, S. S., Dissanayaka, N. S., Nuwarapaksha, T. D., & Atapattu, A. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3392-0_5 · Cited by 3
Gutiérrez-Gómez, C., Arias, R. A., & Riveros, J. L. (2021) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/pavsnnr202116057 · Cited by 3
Livestock as a tool to regenerate land
Scialabba, N. E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823019-0.00005-2 · Cited by 3
Bottani-Claros, G., Jonas, E., & Strandberg, E. (2022) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-022-00085-8 · Cited by 3
“It has been suggested that applying an adaptive multi-paddock grazing system can improve animal and forage productivity, and also contribute to climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration [27].”
BackgroundPost-dispersal predation of weed seeds in a pampas agroecosystem, Argentina
Pinos, M. R. H., Montero, G., Rajasekhar, E., et al. (2023) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2023.02.038 · Cited by 3
Bad animals, techno-fixes, and the environmental narratives of alternative protein
Hedberg, R. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1160458 · Cited by 3
“, 2020), and that they are highly dependent on production practices to the extent that meaningful comparisons can be difficult (Head et al., 2014; Mottet et al., 2017; Stanley et al., 2018; Lynch and Pierrehumbert, 2019; Rowntree et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPereira, F. C., Charters, S., Smith, C. M. S., Maxwell, T. M. R., & Gregorini, P. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12061243 · Cited by 3
Lim, K. H., Nayga, R. M., & Yang, W. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142176 · Cited by 3
America’s Dairy Grassland – Wisconsin milk production that regenerates people and land
Jackson, R. D. (2024) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2024.2344027 · Cited by 3
“…if not accumulate, soil carbon keeping it out of the atmosphere (Becker et al. 2022; Diederich et al. 2019; Rui et al. 2022; Sanford et al. 2012; Stanley et al. 2018), 3) retain soil, nitrogen, and phosphorous resulting in cleaner surface and ground waters (Campbell et al. 2022; Jackson 2020;…”
BackgroundRegenerative Grazing as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy: A Systematic ReviewPreprint
Clark, D. B., McClelland, S. C., Dillon, J. A., & Hayek, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.677897 · Cited by 4
“…sequestration and/or enhancement was caused by regenerative grazing, e.g. “AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration” (Stanley et al. 2018) or “...with significant [SOC] accumulation in the improved grassland area” (Costa et al. 2022), across N = 12 studies.”
Carbon footprint of organic and conventional arable crop production systems in a long-term trial
Graham, M., Ghalehgolabbehbahani, A., Das, S., et al. (2025) · Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems · doi:10.1017/s1742170525100069 · Cited by 2
“…Bagnall et al., 2022; Liptzin et al., 2022), and some evidence has shown that grazing livestock has the potential to sequester more soil carbon than is emitted on an equivalency basis from enteric CH 4 and soil GHG emissions (Rowntree et al., 2016; Stanley et al., 2018; Rown-tree et al., 2019).”
Jackson, R. D., & Gratton, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1696429 · Cited by 2
Nwaogu, C., Chukwudi, M. A. O., Diagi, B. E., Ekweogu, C. V., Khosravi, V., Ahado, S. K., Okeke, O. J., Amangabara, G. T., Izunobi, L., Aigbedion, I. P., et al. (2026) · Current Research in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2026.100336 · Cited by 3
Brousseau, V. D., Thum, C., & Tavan, M. (2026) · Cleaner Food Systems · doi:10.1016/j.clfs.2026.100026 · Cited by 2
Hu, Y., Zhao, F., Zhang, M., Wang, T., Li, H., Fu, T., Gao, T., & Su, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1758724 · Cited by 2
“Recent evidence suggests that when soil carbon sequestration is accounted for, well-managed grass-fed systems can potentially act as net carbon sinks (66).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Stanley, P. L., Rowntree, J. E., Beede, D. K., DeLonge, M. S., & Hamm, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Union of Concerned Scientists (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rowntree, Jason E.
- Venue
- Agricultural Systems
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 162
- Pages
- 249-258
- ISSN
- 0308-521X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2792041063
- Semantic Scholar
- 07dc7d76048beb65844d17e217fe44e8ae7096bd
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 17.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Agricultural Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Keywords
- soil organic carbon sequestration, beef cattle, feedlot finishing, adaptive multi-paddock grazing, greenhouse gas emissions, enteric methane, manure management, soil erosion, climate change mitigation, carbon sink
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