Effect of social isolation on stress-related behavioural and neuroendocrine state in the rat

Weiss, Isabelle C; Pryce, Christopher R; Jongen-Rêlo, Ana L; Nanz-Bahr, Nina I; Feldon, Joram

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.015

Cited by 512Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Effect of social isolation on stress-related behavioural and neuroendocrine state in the rat

Weiss, Isabelle C, Pryce, Christopher R, Jongen-Rêlo, Ana L, Nanz-Bahr, Nina I, Feldon, Joram·2004·Behavioural Brain Research

DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.015

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Abstract

The present study investigated the effects of post-weaning social isolation (SI) on behavioural and neuroendocrine reactivity to stress of male and female rats. Innate aspects of fear and anxiety were assessed in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Spontaneous startle reflex and conditioned fear response were further investigated. The neuroendocrine response of isolates was examined by measuring basal and stress release of ACTH and corticosterone and by evaluating the mRNA expression of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors using in situ hybridization. Locomotor activity in the open field was not modified by chronic SI. In males, but not females, SI produced an anxiogenic profile in the elevated plus maze. Male isolates showed a trend towards increased startle reflex amplitude relative to socially-reared controls. Moreover, SI in males produced alterations of the HPA axis functioning as reflected by higher basal levels of ACTH, and enhanced release of ACTH and corticosterone following stress. In contrast, startle response or HPA axis functioning were not altered in female isolates. Social isolates from both genders showed reduced contextual fear-conditioning. Finally, the mRNA expression of MR and GR was not modified by SI. The results of the present study suggest that chronic SI increases emotional reactivity to stress and produces a hyperfunction of the HPA axis in adult rats, particularly in males.

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Social isolation after weaning increases HPA axis sensitivity, particularly in males, and leads to an anxiety-like profile.
“As with maternal separation, post-weaning social isolation results in enhanced sensitivity of the HPA axis, especially in male rats (Holson et al., 1991; Viveros et al., 1988; Weiss et al., 2004), as well as an overall anxiogenic phenotype.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Weiss et al., 2004

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“, post-weaning, social isolation rearing with single instead of group housing increased stress-associated glucocorticoid release [32], albeit the latter was only observed in male rodents in one study [33].”
Background
Sex differences in anxiety and emotional behavior
Donner, N. C., & Lowry, C. A. (2013) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-013-1271-7 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
“, who found anxiogenic effects of social isolation in male, but not female [386] rats, social and nonsocial stressors during both preadolescent and periadolescent time windows seem to result in elevated anxiety states of female rats during adulthood [18, 217, 242, 297,”
Background
Neurobiology and consequences of social isolation stress in animal model—A comprehensive review
Mumtaz, F., Khan, M. I., Zubair, M., & Dehpour, A. R. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.086 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Determination of motor activity and anxiety-related behaviour in rodents: methodological aspects and role of nitric oxide
Sestakova, N., Púzserová, A., Kluknavský, M., & Bernátová, I. (2013) · Interdisciplinary Toxicology · doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0020 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
“Similarly, social isolation of SD at weaning produced an anxiogenic profile in the EPM test (reduced open arm entries) in males but not in females (Weiss et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Adult rats exposed to early-life social isolation exhibit increased anxiety and conditioned fear behavior, and altered hormonal stress responses
Lukkes, J. L., Mokin, M. V., Scholl, J. L., & Forster, G. L. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.014 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“However, Weiss et al (2004) did not observe any differences in basal corticosterone levels between group- and isolation-reared rats when measured closer to nadir.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Neuropeptide Tac2 Controls a Distributed Brain State Induced by Chronic Social Isolation Stress
Zelikowsky, M., Hui, M., Karigo, T., Choe, A., Yang, B., Blanco, M. R., Beadle, K., Gradinaru, V., Deverman, B. E., & Anderson, D. J. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.037 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“A RQ (legend on next page) 1266 Cell 173, 1265–1279, May 17, 2018 threats, in both humans and animal models (Wiberg and Grice, 1963; Valzelli, 1969, 1973; Weiss et al., 2004; Matsumoto et al., 2005; Arrigo and Bullock, 2008; An et al., 2017).”
Background
Chronic Stress Causes Amygdala Hyperexcitability in Rodents
Rosenkranz, J. A., Venheim, E. R., & Padival, M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.008 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Animal models of social avoidance and social fear
Toth, I., & Neumann, I. D. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1636-4 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Effects of social isolation on glucocorticoid regulation in social mammals
Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Norman, G. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.011 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Similarly, in rats, neither corticosterone levels nor hippocampal MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) and GR mRNA expression differed between chronically isolated and control animals (Weiss et al., 2004).”
Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: What can we learn from animal models?
Veenema, A. H. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.003 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“One study reported an increase in baseline ACTH levels and an increase in ACTH and corticosterone response accompanied by enhanced anxiety-related behaviors in post-weaning socially-isolated adult male rats [333].”
Background
Cortisol and major depressive disorder-translating findings from humans to animal models and Back
Nandam, L. S., Brazel, M., Zhou, M., & Jhaveri, D. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00974 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Differential effect of environment enrichment and social isolation on depressive-like behavior, spontaneous activity and serotonin and norepinephrine concentration in prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum
Brenes, J. C., Rodríguez‐Villagra, O. A., & Fornaguera, J. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.11.004 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“, 1996), increased anxiety in several paradigms (Weiss et al., 2004), impairments in learning and memory tasks (Larsson et al.”
BackgroundResult
Social isolation rearing‐induced impairment of the hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with deficits in spatial memory and emotion‐related behaviors in juvenile mice
Ibi, D., Takuma, K., Koike, H., Mizoguchi, H., Tsuritani, K., Kuwahara, Y., Kamei, H., Nagai, T., Yoneda, Y., Nabeshima, T., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05207.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
A detailed analysis of open-field habituation and behavioral and neurochemical antidepressant-like effects in postweaning enriched rats.
Brenes, J. C., Padilla, M., & Fornaguera, J. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.08.014 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents
Lukkes, J. L. (2009) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.018.2009 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Male isolates showed increased basal ACTH levels, while basal corticosterone levels for both male and female rats was unaffected by isolation/deprivation (Weiss et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses
Burke, A. R., McCormick, C. M., Pellis, S. M., & Lukkes, J. L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.018 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Anxiolytic-Like Effects of κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonists in Models of Unlearned and Learned Fear in Rats
Knoll, A. T., Meloni, E. G., Thomas, J. B., Carroll, F. I., & Carlezon, W. A. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.107.127415 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“Previous work involving similar paradigms indicates that this type of sequential behavioral testing does not interfere with the detection of drug effects ( Weiss et al., 2004 ).”
Background
Relevance of Stress and Female Sex Hormones for Emotion and Cognition
ter Horst, J. P., de Kloet, E. R., Schächinger, H., & Oitzl, M. S. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-011-9774-2 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The effects of early life stress on reward processing
Novick, A. M., Levandowski, M. L., Laumann, L. E., Philip, N. S., Price, L. H., & Tyrka, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.002 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“1 Neurobiology of Social Isolation: As with maternal separation, post-weaning social isolation results in enhanced sensitivity of the HPA axis, especially in male rats (Holson et al., 1991; Viveros et al., 1988; Weiss et al., 2004), as well as an overall anxiogenic phenotype.”
BackgroundInfluential
Social influences on neurobiology and behavior: Epigenetic effects during development
Curley, J. P., Jensen, C. L., Rahia Mashoodh, A., & Champagne, F. A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.06.005 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“instance, in several studies in rats, no effect of post-weaning social isolation was found upon GR and MR levels in the hippocampus (Lukkes et al., 2009b; Schrijver et al., 2002; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Influential
Sex Hormones and Cognition: Neuroendocrine Influences on Memory and Learning
Hamson, D. K., Roes, M., & Galea, L. A. M. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150031 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Is adolescence a sensitive period for depression? Behavioral and neuroanatomical findings from a social stress model
Leussis, M. P., & Andersen, S. L. (2008) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20462 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“(Bhatnagar and Meaney, 1995; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Background
Enduring and sex-specific effects of adolescent social isolation in rats on adult stress reactivity
Weintraub, A. Y., Singaravelu, J., & Bhatnagar, S. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.068 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Animal Models of Depression: What Can They Teach Us about the Human Disease?
Becker, M., Pinhasov, A., & Ornoy, A. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11010123 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Weaning age, social isolation, and gender, interact to determine adult explorative and social behavior, and dendritic and spine morphology in prefrontal cortex of rats
Ferdman, N., MURMU, R., Bock, J., Braun, K., & Leshem, M. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.03.011 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of cortical oxidative stress on parvalbumin-interneuron maturation in rodent models of schizophrenia
Powell, S. B., Sejnowski, T. J., & Behrens, M. M. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.049 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“, 1996), deficits in fear learning (Weiss et al., 2004; Voikar et al., 2005) and deficits visual learning and memory (e.”
Background
Individual Differences and Social Influences on the Neurobehavioral Pharmacology of Abused Drugs
Bardo, M. T., Neisewander, J. L., & Kelly, T. H. (2013) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.111.005124 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Further, since isolation rearing also disrupts contextual fear conditioning (Weiss et al., 2004; Gresack et al., 2010), isolation-induced deficits in general Pavlovian learning processes inherent in the CPP paradigm cannot be ruled out.”
Background
Differences Between Exclusive Breastfeeders, Formula-Feeders, and Controls: A Study of Stress, Mood, and Endocrine Variables
Groer, M. E. (2005) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800405280936 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Effects of Adverse Early‐Life Events on Aggression and Anti‐Social Behaviours in Animals and Humans
Haller, J., Harold, G. T., Sandi, C., & Neumann, I. D. (2014) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12182 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Physical exercise during adolescence versus adulthood: differential effects on object recognition memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels
Hopkins, M. E., Nitecki, R., & Bucci, D. J. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.071 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“This exercise regimen was chosen to allow us to record each subjects’ individual running distance, while minimizing any stress associated with individual housing (Ruis et al., 1999; Weiss et al., 2004; Stranahan et al., 2006).”
Post-weaning social isolation induces abnormal forms of aggression in conjunction with increased glucocorticoid and autonomic stress responses
Toth, M., Mikics, E., Tulogdi, A., Aliczki, M., & Haller, J. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.003 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“For example, postweaning social isolation increased stress response under certain conditions, but decreased it or was without consequences under other conditions (Gentsch et al., 1981; Sanchez et al., 1998; Schrijver et al., 2002; van den Berg et al., 1999; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Background
Chronic social isolation and chronic variable stress during early development induce later elevated ethanol intake in adult C57BL/6J mice
Lopez, M. F., Doremus-Fitzwater, T. L., & Becker, H. C. (2011) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.08.017 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“This chronic stress situation has, indeed, been shown to have long-lasting effects on various behavioral and neural functions (Lapiz et al., 2003; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Ethological approach to social isolation effects in behavioral studies of laboratory rodents
Arakawa, H. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.022 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Social isolation-induced changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the rat
Serra, M., Pisu, M. G., Floris, I., & Biggio, G. (2005) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890500495244 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the brain has been found not to be markedly affected by social isolation in rats (Holson et al. 1991; Olsson et al. 1994; Weiss et al. 2004; Filipovic et al. 2005).”
Background
Oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the brain of socially isolated adult male rats demonstrating depressive- and anxiety-like symptoms
Filipović, D., Todorović, N., Bernardi, R. E., & Gass, P. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1218-9 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Long-Term Behavioral Effects of Post-weaning Social Isolation in Males and Females
Walker, D. M., Cunningham, A. M., Gregory, J. K., & Nestler, E. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00066 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and mood in Croatian general population: a cross-sectional study
Đogaš, Z., Kalcina, L. L., Dodig, I. P., Demirović, S., Madirazza, K., Valić, M., & Pecotić, R. (2020) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.309 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
BDNF expression in perirhinal cortex is associated with exercise-induced improvement in object recognition memory
Hopkins, M. E., & Bucci, D. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.006 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour
Sarkar, A., Harty, S., Johnson, K. V. ‐., Moeller, A. H., Carmody, R. N., Lehto, S. M., Erdman, S. E., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2020) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12603 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Social stress can also be induced by isolation (Weiss et al., 2004).”
Background
An investigation of whether there are sex differences in certain behavioural and neurochemical parameters in the rat
Simpson, J., & Kelly, J. P. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.036 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Early social deprivation induces disturbed social communication and violent aggression in adulthood.
Tóth, M., Halász, J., Mikics, É., Barsy, B., & Haller, J. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.4.849 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“In our earlier model, rats showed persistent hypoarousal under various circumstances, whereas social deprivation exacerbates emotional responses and arousal, as such rats are hyperactive, show increased startle responses, and have a hyper-reactive HPA-axis (Heidbreder et al., 2000; Kaiser et al., 2007; Lapiz et al., 2…”
Social interactions tune aggression and stress responsiveness in a territorial cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus)
Earley, R. L., Edwards, J. T., Aseem, S. O., Felton, K., Blumer, L. S., Karom, M. C., & Grober, M. S. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.002 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“There is far greater concordance among studies that examine housing effects on corticosteroid responsiveness, and the general consensus is that long-term social isolation leads to hyperactive corticosteroid responses to non-social stressors ([61–63], but see [59]).”
Post-weaning social isolation of rats leads to long-term disruption of the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis
Dunphy-Doherty, F., O'Mahony, S. M., Peterson, V. L., O'Sullivan, O., Crispie, F., Cotter, P. D., Wigmore, P., King, M. V., Cryan, J. F., & Fone, K. C. F. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.024 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive-like behaviors following adolescent social isolation in male mice; possible role of nitrergic system
Amiri, S., Haj‐Mirzaian, A., Rahimi-Balaei, M., Razmi, A., Kordjazy, N., Shirzadian, A., Mehr, S. E., Sianati, H., & Dehpour, A. R. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.032 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Our results were consistent with the findings of previous studies that SIS is capable of inducing depression and anxiety-like behaviors in rodents and can be used as an animal model of depression–anxiety co-occurrence [7,8,11].”
BackgroundResult
Myelin plasticity in the central nervous system
Purger, D. A., Gibson, E. M., & Monje, M. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Early Life Stress Increases Metabolic Risk, HPA Axis Reactivity, and Depressive-Like Behavior When Combined with Postweaning Social Isolation in Rats
Vargas, J., Junco, M., Gomez, C., & Lajud, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162665 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“MS180 and SIR reportedly do not cause obesity when presented separately [28,30]; however, SIR promotes feed intake and weight gain in MS180 rats [31], and induces sustained hyperphagia when MS180 animals are subjected to a fasting/re-feeding cycle.”
Background
Social isolation selectively reduces hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor without altering plasma corticosterone
Scaccianoce, S., Bianco, P. D., Paolone, G., Caprioli, D., Modafferi, A. M. E., Nencini, P., & Badiani, A. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.024 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Early-Life Social Isolation-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Rats Results in Microglial Activation and Neuronal Histone Methylation that Are Mitigated by Minocycline
Wang, H.-T., Huang, F., Hu, Z., Zhang, W., Qiao, X., Huang, Y., Dai, R., Li, F., & Li, C.-Q. (2017) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-016-9696-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Isolation rearing impairs novel object recognition and attentional set shifting performance in female rats
McLean, S. L., Grayson, B., Harris, M., Protheroe, C., Woolley, M. L., & Neill, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108093842 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Karelina, K., & DeVries, A. C. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182002116 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Chronic individual housing of rodents induces symptoms of “isolation syndrome,” including depressive-like behavior (36,37), stress, and anxiety-like behaviors (38,39), as well as aggression (40).”
Background
Criminal Rehabilitation Through Medical Intervention: Moral Liability and the Right to Bodily Integrity
Douglas, T. (2014) · The Journal of Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10892-014-9161-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Isolation rearing attenuates social interaction-induced expression of immediate early gene protein products in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats
Wall, V. L., Fischer, E. K., & Bland, S. T. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“This is indicated by isolation-induced changes in stress-related behaviors and HPA axis function [13,15,16] and can be dependent on the sex of the animal [17,18].”
COVID-19, loneliness, social isolation and risk of dementia in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature
Lazzari, C. G., & Rabottini, M. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1959616 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…6) oxidative stress, 7) impaired working memory, 8) reduced synaptic levels and shrinkage of the hippocampal CA1 region, and 10) neuroinflammation (Weiss et al. 2004; Kanitz et al. 2009; Xia and Li 2018; Gulyaeva 2019; Zorzo et al. 2019; Rivera et al. 2020; Du Preez et al. 2021) A systematic…”
Background
The Evidence for Altered BDNF Expression in the Brain of Rats Reared or Housed in Social Isolation: A Systematic Review
Murínová, J., Hlaváčová, N., Chmelová, M., & Riečanský, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00101 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“First, there is little evidence for a chronic increase in basal GC levels in socially isolated rats (Weiss et al., 2004; Serra et al., 2005; Fone and Porkess, 2008; Cacioppo et al., 2015).”
Background
Post-weaning chronic social isolation produces profound behavioral dysregulation with decreases in prefrontal cortex synaptic-associated protein expression in female rats
Hermes, G., Li, N., Duman, C., & Duman, R. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.12.019 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Other psychopathological disturbances associated with social isolation include hoarding [3] and anxiety [4].”
Background
Social isolation impairs the prefrontal-nucleus accumbens circuit subserving social recognition in mice
Park, G., Ryu, C., Kim, S., Jeong, S. J., Koo, J. W., Lee, Y., & Kim, S. J. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109104 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Synergistic and additive actions of a psychosocial stressor and endotoxin challenge: Circulating and brain cytokines, plasma corticosterone and behavioral changes in mice
Gibb, J., Hayley, S. P., Gandhi, R., Poulter, M. O., & Anisman, H. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“It appears, as well, that although prolonged isolation might not affect basal corticosterone levels and immune functioning, it may engender higher levels of emotional reactivity and a hyperactive HPA response to subsequent psychosocial stressors (Bartolomucci et al., 2003; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Early Adolescence as a Critical Window During Which Social Stress Distinctly Alters Behavior and Brain Norepinephrine Activity
Bingham, B. C., McFadden, K., Zhang, X., Bhatnagar, S., Beck, S. G., & Valentino, R. J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.229 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Although social isolation can be a stressor, particularly in EA rats (Weiss et al., 2004; Leussis and Andersen, 2008), it is unlikely to have contributed to the effects seen in the present study for several reasons.”
Three different coping styles in police dogs exposed to a short-term challenge
Horváth, Z., Igyártó, B. Z., Magyar, A., & Miklósi, Á. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“The strategy applied to cope with stressors is influenced not only by personality factors but also by learning and rearing (Benus et al., 1991; Capitanio andMason, 2000; Hall et al., 1997;Weiss et al., 2004).”
Hippocampal BDNF in physiological conditions and social isolation
Zaletel, I. V., Filipović, D., & Puškaš, N. (2017) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0072 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“While most studies reported no effect of social isolation on the basal CORT levels (Weiss et al., 2004; Lukkes et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2009; Toth et al., 2011), others demonstrated either increased (Gamallo et al., 1986; Chida et al., 2005; Perelló et al., 2006) or reduced basal CORT…”
Background
Sex differences in the outcome of juvenile social isolation on HPA axis function in rats
Pisu, M. G., Garau, A., Boero, G., Biggio, F., Pibiri, V., Dore, R., Locci, V., Paci, E., Porcu, P., & Serra, M. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.009 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The effects of social isolation on neuropeptide Y levels, exploratory and anxiety-related behaviors in rats
Thorsell, A., Slawecki, C. J., Khoury, A. E., Mathé, A. A., & Ehlers, C. L. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.12.005 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Social isolation alters behavior, the gut-immune-brain axis, and neurochemical circuits in male and female prairie voles
Donovan, M., Mackey, C. S., Platt, G. N., Rounds, J., Brown, A. N., Trickey, D. J., Liu, Y., Jones, K. M., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100278 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Further, social isolation can have a differential impact on males and females, and such sex differences can also be tied to differences in inflammatory activation (Hermes et al., 2006; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Stress before Puberty Exerts a Sex- and Age-Related Impact on Auditory and Contextual Fear Conditioning in the Rat
Toledo‐Rodriguez, M., & Sandi, C. (2007) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2007/71203 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with, and extends, works using different models of early life stress, such as social isolation given from weeks 3 to 13 [38] or separation from the mother for one hour per day from postnatal days 2 to 9 [39].”
BackgroundResult
Chronic Cold Stress Alters Prefrontal Cortical Modulation of Amygdala Neuronal Activity in Rats
Correll, C. M., Rosenkranz, J. A., & Grace, A. A. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.009 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Isolation rearing induces social and emotional function abnormalities and alters glutamate and neurodevelopment-related gene expression in rats
Zhao, X., Sun, L., Jia, H., Meng, Q., Wu, S., Li, N., & He, S. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.016 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“He). l rights reserved. reported are inconsistent, if not contradictory (Fone et al., 1996;Weiss et al., 2004; Wongwitdecha and Marsden, 1996).”
Cognition in the field: comparison of reversal learning performance in captive and wild passerines
Cauchoix, M., Hermer, E., Chaine, A. S., & Morand‐Ferron, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13179-5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Early deprivation under specific conditions leads to reduced interest in reward in adulthood in Wistar rats
Rüedi-Bettschen, D., Pedersen, E.-M., Feldon, J., & Pryce, C. R. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.06.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Rehabilitation of research chimpanzees: Stress and coping after long-term isolation
Reimers, M., Schwarzenberger, F., & Preuschoft, S. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.12.011 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“that is characterized by anxiety, inactivity and neophobia, as well as chronically increased cortisol values (Seligman, 1974; Weiss et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Differential effects of social isolation in adolescent and adult mice on behavior and cortical gene expression
Lander, S. S., Linder-Shacham, D., & Gaisler‐Salomon, I. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The enduring effects of an adolescent social stressor on synaptic density, part II: Poststress reversal of synaptic loss in the cortex by adinazolam and MK‐801
Leussis, M. P., Lawson, K., Stone, K., & Andersen, S. L. (2008) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20483 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“In this sense, it differs from the more strenuous stressor of social isolation that spans across weeks of adolescent development and affects the prefrontal cortex (Hall, 1998; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Neurobiological effects of neonatal maternal separation and post-weaning environmental enrichment.
Vivinetto, A. L., Suárez, M. M., & Rivarola, M. A. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.014 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Pair Housing of Dairy Calves and Age at Pairing: Effects on Weaning Stress, Health, Production and Social Networks
Bolt, S. L., Boyland, N. K., Mlynski, D. T., James, R., & Croft, D. P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166926 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Long-term social isolation exacerbates the impairment of spatial working memory in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Huang, H.-J., Liang, K., Ke, H.-C., Chang, Y.-Y., & Hsieh‐Li, H. M. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.043 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Gender and sex hormones in multiple sclerosis pathology and therapy
Nicot, A. B. (2009) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3543 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“HPA responses are generally greater in males subjected to a psychological stressor compared to females (50, 51), but inversely when other stressors such as opioid antagonist naloxone (an inducer of ACTH) or”
Background
Post-weaning social isolation alters anxiety-related behavior and neurochemical gene expression in the brain of male prairie voles
Pan, Y., Liu, Y., Young, K. A., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.064 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Therefore, post-weaning social isolation is stressful, and this stress may alter neuroendocrine systems that modulate behavior in male prairie voles, as in other rodent species [3,21,47].”
Isolation Housing Exacerbates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathophysiology in Aged APP/PS1 Mice
Huang, H., Wang, L., Cao, M., Marshall, C., Gao, J., Xiao, N., Hu, G., & Xiao, M. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu116 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported that rearing juvenile or adult rodents in SI environments elicits a variety of behavioral abnormalities, such as increased aggres-siveness, anxiety, and hyperactivity (Weiss et al., 2004; Koike et al., 2009; Lukkes et al., 2009; Ouchi et al., 2013).”
Convergence of genetic and environmental factors on parvalbumin-positive interneurons in schizophrenia
Jiang, Z., Cowell, R. M., & Nakazawa, K. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00116 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…that chronic early life social isolation is associated with higher basal levels of glucocorticoids and increased HPA response to acute stressors (Weiss et al., 2004; Chida et al., 2005; Perelló et al., 2006; Ruscio et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2009; Weintraub et al., 2010; Toth et al., 2011).”
Background
Chronic social isolation decreases glutamate and glutamine levels and induces oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus
Shao, Y., Yan, G., Xuan, Y., Peng, H., Huang, Q., Wu, R., & Xu, H. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.005 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Impact of social isolation and enriched environment during adolescence on voluntary ethanol intake and anxiety in C57BL/6J mice
Lopez, M. F., & Laber, K. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.012 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“This chronic stress situation has long-lasting effects on various behavioral and neural functions (Lapiz et al. 2003; Weiss et al. 2004).”
The mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 reverses post-weaning social isolation-induced recognition memory deficits in the rat
Jones, C. A., Brown, A. M., Auer, D. P., & Fone, K. C. F. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1931-7 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“In similar studies, no difference (Fulford and Marsden 1998a, b) or reductions (Fulford and Marsden 2007; Weiss et al. 2004) in freezing behaviour have been identified between group- and isolation-reared animals, indicative of impaired conditioned learning, as reported herein.”
The impact of social isolation on HPA axis function, anxiety-like behaviors, and ethanol drinking
Butler, T. R., Ariwodola, O. J., & Weiner, J. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00102 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Previous studies measuring plasma CORT in GH/SI rats have shown no difference between groups (Weiss et al., 2004; Colaianna et al., 2013), greater CORT levels in SI rats (Serra et al., 2005) or greater CORT levels in GH rats (Raz, 2013), though these studies vary in methodology and use of different…”
Result
Models of Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
Powell, S. B. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_57 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…rats and mice show increased anxiety-like behavior (Da Silva et al. 1996; Wright et al. 1991), deficits in fear learning (Voikar et al. 2005; Weiss et al. 2004), impaired recognition memory (e.g., novel object recognition; Bianchi et al. 2006; McLean et al. 2010; Voikar et al. 2005),…”
Background
Social stress and escalated drug self-administration in mice I. Alcohol and corticosterone
Norman, K. J., Seiden, J. A., Klickstein, J. A., Han, X., Hwa, L. S., DeBold, J. F., & Miczek, K. A. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3733-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Different types of stress, such as chronic subordination in a social colony, social isolation, and episodic social defeat stress alter plasma corticosterone levels in rodents (Raab et al. 1986; Tornatzky and Miczek 1993; Uschold-Schmidt et al. 2012; Weiss et al. 2004).”
Testosterone and social isolation influence adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of male rats
Spritzer, M. D., Ibler, E., Inglis, W., & Curtis, M. G. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.034 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Social isolation is stressful for rats, inducing an increase in the stress hormone corticosterone (Ruis et al., 1999; Weiss et al., 2004).”
Background
Schizophrenia and Depression Co-Morbidity: What We have Learned from Animal Models
Samsom, J., & Wong, A. H. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Social environment regulates corticotropin releasing factor, corticosterone and vasopressin in juvenile prairie voles
Ruscio, M. G., Sweeny, T., Hazelton, J., Suppatkul, P., & Sue Carter, C. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.08.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Results from previous studies measuring basal CORT levels following isolation in rodents are mixed, showing increases (Gamallo et al., 1986; Hatch et al., 1965), decreases (Viveros et al., 1988; Sanchez et al., 1998) or no change (Holson et al., 1991; Morinan and Leonard, 1980; Weiss et al., 2004 ).”
A single exposure to social isolation in domestic piglets activates behavioural arousal, neuroendocrine stress hormones, and stress-related gene expression in the brain
Kanitz, E., Puppe, B., Tuchscherer, M., Heberer, M., Viergutz, T., & Tuchscherer, A. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.05.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Effects of stressors in adolescence on learning and memory in rodent models
Green, M. R., & McCormick, C. M. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.09.012 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The evidence that social deprivation increases basal tone and stress responsiveness of the HPA axis is mixed (Lukkes et al., 2009a; Scaccianoce et al., 2006; Serra et al., 2005;Weiss et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Isolation rearing and hyperlocomotion are associated with reduced immediate early gene expression levels in the medial prefrontal cortex
Levine, J. B., Youngs, R. M., MacDonald, M. L., Chu, M. S., Leeder, A., Francois Berthiaume, B., & Konradi, C. L. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.063 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Post-weaning isolation promotes food intake and body weight gain in rats that experienced neonatal maternal separation
Ryu, V., Yoo, S. B., Kang, D. W., Lee, J.-H., & Jahng, J. W. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Isolamento sociale nel ratto adolescente:differenze di genere nella sensibilita allo stress ed influenza sulla generazione successiva
Garau, A. (2014) · VEprints - Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Sex differences in the outcome of juvenile social isolation on HPA axis function in rats
Pisu, M. G., Garau, A., Boero, G., Biggio, F., Pibiri, V., Dore, R., Locci, V., Paci, E., Porcu, P., & Serra, M. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.009 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Impaired glucocorticoid-mediated HPA axis negative feedback induced by juvenile social isolation in male rats
Boero, G., Pisu, M. G., Biggio, F., Muredda, L., Carta, G., Banni, S., Paci, E., Follesa, P., Concas, A., Porcu, P., et al. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.045 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and Immunocytochemical Demonstrations of Decreased Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responsiveness to Restraint Stress after Long-Term Social Isolation1
Sánchez, M. M., Aguado, F., Sánchez-Toscano, F., & Saphier, D. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.2.5720 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Altered stress responsiveness and hypothalamic pituitary - adrenal axis function in offspring of socially isolated rats \n
MG, P., Biggio, F., Olla, P., Serra, M., GARAU, A., & BOERO, G. (2013) · UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)

Authors: Weiss, I. C., Pryce, C. R., Jongen-Rêlo, A. L., Nanz-Bahr, N. I., & Feldon, J.
Affiliations: ETH Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author: Feldon, Joram
ORCID: Pryce, Christopher R
Venue: Behavioural Brain Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-07
Volume: 152
Issue: 2
Pages: 279-295
ISSN: 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.015
OpenAlex: W2076236287
Cited by: 512
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 3.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Branco Weiss Fellowship – Society in Science
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: social isolation, post-weaning social isolation, stress reactivity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ACTH, corticosterone, mineralocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, anxiety, fear conditioning, startle response, sex differences, neuroendocrine response, rats
MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Conditioning, Psychological, Corticosterone, Fear, Female, Glucocorticoids, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney, Male, Motor Activity, Neurosecretory Systems, Radioimmunoassay, Random Allocation, Reflex, Acoustic, Sex Factors, Social Isolation, Stress, Physiological, Weaning, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, In Situ Hybridization, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid, Maze Learning, Rats

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Effect of social isolation on stress-related behavioural and neuroendocrine state in the rat

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