Gutted! Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Major Depressive Disorder

A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing

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Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

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A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes

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Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors

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Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

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Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body

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Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence

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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

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Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers

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Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour

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Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis

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Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly

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Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior

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The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice

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Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system for stress response in mice

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A framework for human microbiome research

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Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression

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Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation

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Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder

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Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host’s metabolism

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The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression

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Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria

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Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly

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Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat

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Transkingdom Control of Microbiota Diurnal Oscillations Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis

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Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis

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How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research?

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Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation ( <i>Lactobacillus helveticus</i> R0052 and <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> R0175) in rats and human subjects

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Age-Associated Microbial Dysbiosis Promotes Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Macrophage Dysfunction

Thevaranjan, N., Puchta, A., Schulz, C., Naidoo, A., Szamosi, J. C., Verschoor, C. P., Loukov, D., Schenck, L. P., Jury, J., Foley, K. P., et al. (2017) · Cell Host &amp; Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.002 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works

Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome

Ferretti, P., Pasolli, E., Tett, A., Asnicar, F., Gorfer, V., Fedi, S., Armanini, F., Truong, D. T., Manara, S., Zolfo, M., et al. (2018) · Cell Host &amp; Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.005 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works

Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic

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Quantitative microbiome profiling links gut community variation to microbial load

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The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety

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Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis

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Linking the Human Gut Microbiome to Inflammatory Cytokine Production Capacity

Schirmer, M., Smeekens, S. P., Vlamakis, H. C., Jaeger, M., Oosting, M., Franzosa, E. A., ter Horst, R., Jansen, T., Jacobs, L., Bonder, M. J., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.020 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works

Stress &amp; the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome

Foster, J. A., Rinaman, L., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works

Enterotypes in the landscape of gut microbial community composition

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Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation

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A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the ‘SMILES’ trial)

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Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria–gut–brain signals

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Genetic determinants of the gut microbiome in UK twins

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Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression

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Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity

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Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis: prebiotics have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and reverse the impact of chronic stress in mice

Burokas, A., Arboleya, S., Moloney, R. D., Peterson, V. L., Murphy, K., Clarke, G., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.031 · Cited by 952 · see citing works

Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

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The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies

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Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

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Microbiome Influences Prenatal and Adult Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner

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Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

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Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis

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Predicting and Manipulating Cardiac Drug Inactivation by the Human Gut Bacterium <i>Eggerthella lenta</i>

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Efficacy of Sterile Fecal Filtrate Transfer for Treating Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection

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A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood

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Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota

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Growing up in a bubble: using germ-free animals to assess the influence of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior

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Gut Microbe to Brain Signaling: What Happens in Vagus…

Fülling, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.008 · Cited by 590 · see citing works

Exercise Prevents Weight Gain and Alters the Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

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Mouse models for human intestinal microbiota research: a critical evaluation

Hugenholtz, F., & de Vos, W. M. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2693-8 · Cited by 585 · see citing works

A Perspective on the Complexity of Dietary Fiber Structures and Their Potential Effect on the Gut Microbiota

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Rhythmicity of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by gender and the host circadian clock

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome

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Vagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication

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Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder

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Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation ( <i>Lactobacillus helveticus</i> R0052 and <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> R0175) in healthy human volunteers

Messaoudi, M., Violle, N., Bisson, J.-F., Desor, D., Javelot, H., & Rougeot, C. (2011) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.2.4.16108 · Cited by 574 · see citing works

Shifts on Gut Microbiota Associated to Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Specific Dietary Intakes on General Adult Population

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Inflammasome signaling affects anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and gut microbiome composition

Wong, M.-L., Inserra, A., Lewis, M. D., Mastronardi, C. A., Leong, L., Choo, J., Kentish, S., Xie, P., Morrison, M., Wesselingh, S. L., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.46 · Cited by 568 · see citing works

The Effects of Dietary Improvement on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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A Comparison of Lithium and T 3 Augmentation Following Two Failed Medication Treatments for Depression: A STAR*D Report

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Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition

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Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial

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Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers

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Effect of probiotics on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Gut Microbiota Composition in Male Rat Models under Different Nutritional Status and Physical Activity and Its Association with Serum Leptin and Ghrelin Levels

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Feeding the microbiota–gut–brain axis: Diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry

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Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation

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The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: a systematic review

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Circadian disorganization alters intestinal microbiota

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Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota

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Signatures of early frailty in the gut microbiota

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Multi-strain Probiotic Formulation Reverses Maternal Separation and Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Generated Anxiety- and Depression-like Phenotypes by Modulating Gut Microbiome–Brain Activity in Rats

Dandekar, M. P., Palepu, M. S. K., Satti, S., Jaiswal, Y., Singh, A. A., Dash, S. P., Gajula, S. N. R., & Sonti, R. (2022) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00143 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Algae-derived bioactive molecules for the potential treatment of SARS-CoV-2

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Investigating the relationship between depression and breast cancer: observational and genetic analyses

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Gut Microbiota and Neuroplasticity

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Gut Microbiota Associated With Effectiveness And Responsiveness to Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Improving Trait Anxiety

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Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition between Senior Orienteering Athletes and Community-Dwelling Older Adults

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Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome impairs mouse skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise

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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Psychiatric Disorders

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Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as a promising adjuvant for neurological disorders therapy through the brain-gut axis and related action pathways

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Host genetics influences the relationship between the gut microbiome and psychiatric disorders

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Fatt, C. C., Asbury, S., Jha, M. K., Minhajuddin, A., Sethuram, S., Mayes, T. L., Kennedy, S. H., Foster, J. A., & Trivedi, M. H. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02416-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

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Borgiani, G., Possidente, C., Fabbri, C., Oliva, V., Bloemendaal, M., Vásquez, A. A., Dinan, T. G., Vieta, E., Menchetti, M., Ronchi, D. D., et al. (2024) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000533 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

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Scassellati, C., Marizzoni, M., Cattane, N., Lopizzo, N., Mombelli, E., Riva, M. A., & Cattaneo, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722335 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

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Astrocyte-derived lactate in stress disorders.

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Gut microbiome and daytime function in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder

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Depression in Individuals Coinfected with HIV and HCV Is Associated with Systematic Differences in the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome

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Role of microbes in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders

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Associations Between the Gut Microbiota and Internalizing Behaviors in Preschool Children

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Fecal microbiota in pediatric depression and its relation to bowel habits

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Selective breeding of rats for high (HAB) and low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour: A unique model for comorbid depression and social dysfunctions

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Young gut microbiota transplantation improves the metabolic health of old mice

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Specific Changes in the Mammalian Gut Microbiome as a Biomarker for Oxytocin-Induced Behavioral Changes

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Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Mental Health across the Human Lifespan

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The Gut Microbiota Is Altered in Antidepressant‐Free Depressed Patients and Is Associated With Depression Severity

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Eixo intestino-cérebro: relação entre a microbiota intestinal e desordens mentais

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Gut microbiome in atypical depression

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Stress-induced mucin 13 reductions drive intestinal microbiome shifts and despair behaviors

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Effect of dietary live microbe intake on the prevalence and mortality risks of depression and suicidal ideation in adults: Evidence from a nationwide population-based study

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Multimedia: multimodal mediation analysis of microbiome data

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Microbiome: A Key Regulator of Body-Brain Interactions

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Translational bioinformatics and data science for biomarker discovery in mental health: an analytical review

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Effects of aqueous fluoxetine exposure on gut microbiome of adult Pimephales promelas

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Deep learning-based differential gut flora for prediction of Parkinson’s

Yu, B., Zhang, H., & Zhang, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Short-term effects of etifoxine on human gut microbiome in healthy men

Manook, A., Baghai, T. C., Riebel, M., Nothdurfter, C., Schwarzbach, J. V., Gessner, A., Rupprecht, R., & Hiergeist, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1188847 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Human Intestinal Microbiome and the Immune System: The Role of Probiotics in Shaping an Immune System Unsusceptible to COVID-19 Infection

Белкина, Т. В., Averina, O. V., Savenkova, E. V., & Даниленко, В. Н. (2021) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086421040034 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Inflammatory Cytokines, but Not Dietary Patterns, Are Related to Somatic Symptoms of Depression in a Sample of Women

Hazeltine, D. B., Polokowski, A. R., & Reigada, L. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.822466 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Gut Microbiome, Mental Health, and Cognitive and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Scoping Review

Harding, S., & Bishop, J. (2022) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.04.019 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Joint association of dietary live microbe intake and depression with cancer survivor in US adults: evidence from NHANES

Jin, D., Lv, T., Zhang, C.-Y., & Hu, Y. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-13699-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Increased Inflammation and Treatment of Depression: From Resistance to Reuse, Repurposing, and Redesign

Felger, J. C. (2023) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

In Need of a Quorum: From Microbes to Mood Via the Immune System

Cruz-Pereira, J. S., & Cryan, J. F. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081182 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Enteric Dysbiosis in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Response to Stress

Cavanaugh, G., Bai, J., Tartar, J. L., Lin, J., Nunn, T., Sangwan, N., Patel, D., Stanis, S., Patel, R. K., Rrukiqi, D., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.53305 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Gut Microbes: The Gut Brain Connection

Lynch, C. M. K., O’Riordan, K. J., Clarke, G. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46712-7_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The gut microbiota regulates the depressive-type behaviors and inflammatory processes after severe burn injuries in mice

Chen, L., Xie, L., Tan, J., Li, N., Luo, Y., Li, M., Shi, Z., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25617 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Gut Microbiota and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Mechanistic Links, Evidence from Human and Preclinical Studies, and Therapeutic Prospects

Eghdami, S., Saeidi, M., Gunturu, S., Boroon, M., & Shalbafan, M. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15101585 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Investigating Chronic Toxicity, Diet, Patient-Reported Outcomes and the Microbiome in Immunotherapy-Treated Metastatic Melanoma Survivors: A New Frontier

Robert, M., Saha, S., Dizman, N., Rohlfs, M. L., Sirmans, E., Simon, J. M., Amaria, R., Oliva, I. C. G., Tawbi, H. A., Davies, M. A., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18010040 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Integrative multi-kingdom gut microbiome analysis uncovers clinical signatures of major depressive disorder

Chen, S., Zhu, B., Lu, X., Huang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, W., Chen, G., Wu, X., Zhou, J., Wu, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121858 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Microbiome in Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders

Spivak, N. M., Haroon, J. M., Swenson, A. L., Turnbull, S. A., Dang, N. H., Ganeles, M., Price, C. M., Distler, M. G., Nurmi, E. L., Lavretsky, H., et al. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.08.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The Influence of the Microbiota on Brain Structure and Function: Implications for Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Sterrett, J. D., Andersen, N. D., & Lowry, C. A. (2022) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Revealing the impact of gut microbiota-derived metabolites on depression through network pharmacology

Su, S., Tengarile, A., Ruhan, A., Wu, R., Wei, L., Ta, L., Huo, W., Tong, L., Zhang, J., Hu, R., et al. (2025) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2025.2531752 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Bidirectional relations between the maternal and infant gut microbiome and behavior

Kelsey, C. M., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Yancey, H., Prescott, S. M., McCulloch, J. A., Trinchieri, G., Dreisbach, C., Alhusen, J. L., & Großmann, T. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-04630-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

A taxon-centered review of bacterial shifts in psychiatric disorders

Papacocea, R.-I., & Ciobanu, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1702172 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The latest research on risk factors and pathomechanisms of depression – review

Kozyra, M., Nowińska, M., Klas, J., Pytka, M., & Łopuszańska, U. (2020) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2020.10.11.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

MODULAÇÃO DA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL POR PROBIÓTICOS COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA O TRATAMENTO DA DEPRESSÃO: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA

Gomes, F. D. O., Santos, L. C., & Welter, Á. (2020) · Singular Saúde e Biológicas · doi:10.33911/singularsb.v1i1.83 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Imbalance of the Brain–Gut–Microbiota Axis in Major Depressive Disorder: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Translation

Wu, T., Xing, H., Wu, T., Xie, X., Ji, L., Wang, W., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Jiang, C., & Bao, T. (2026) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s591429 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Role of Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Depression: Emerging Therapeutic Avenues

Bhatt, S., Kanoujia, J., Lakshmi, S. M., Patil, C., Gupta, G., Chellappan, D. K., & Dua, K. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220329140804 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Gut Microbiota and Pathophysiology of Depressive Disorder

Kunugi, H. (2021) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000518274 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome-Immune System-Brain Axis and Major Depressive Disorder

Foster, J. A., Baker, G. B., & Dursun, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.721126 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

The Microbiota‐Gut‐Brain Axis in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder: A Mechanistic Review

Akif, A., & Islam, M. R. (2026) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70100 · Cited by 10 · see citing works