Juvenile peer play experience and the development of the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices
Abstract
The experience of peer play during the juvenile phase in rats is known to be important for the development of adult social competence. Adult social competence is also compromised by damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), an area known to be involved in social behavior. We therefore hypothesized that the functioning of the OFC in social behavior is facilitated through the experience of peer play during the juvenile period. Further, because the OFC and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are known to be reciprocally responsive to a variety of manipulations, we suspected that the functioning of the mPFC is also responsive to the experience of peer play during development. Female Long-Evans rats were raised in conditions that varied with respect to the experience of peer play, and Golgi techniques were used to examine the neuronal morphology of the OFC and mPFC. The results indicated that the neurons of the OFC responded to the number of peers present, not whether those peers engaged in play or not, whereas the neurons of the mPFC responded specifically to the experience of play.
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Even without complete isolation, adolescent rodents reared solely with an adult animal show brain-level changes including reduced synaptic pruning in prefrontal cortex.
“Even if not completely isolated, but instead deprived of peer contact by being reared solely with an adult animal, adolescent rodents show brain-level changes including reduced synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex.53”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
The same mPFC lesions broadly impair social cognition and thus may not be specific to play.
“The same lesions, however, broadly impair social cognition and thus may not be specific to play (Bell et al., 2010).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2010
The dendritic complexity of cortical pyramidal neurons is reduced in animals given multiple play partners over an extended period of time compared to those either socially deprived or given only limited access to the same partner.
“The dendritic complexity of cortical pyramidal neurons is reduced in animals given multiple play partners over an extended period of time compared to those either socially deprived or given only limited access to the same partner (Bell et al., 2010).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2010
The mPFC is changed in response to play experience.
“The mPFC is also changed in response to play experience.”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2010
Rats demonstrate enhanced cognitive abilities and a rich social repertoire paired with neural complexity, particularly in brain regions implicated in ASD pathology such as the frontal cortex.
“Rats demonstrate enhanced cognitive abilities and a rich social repertoire paired with neural complexity, particularly in brain regions implicated in ASD pathology such as the frontal cortex [10–12].”
From Behavioral Phenotyping of Juvenile Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for Preclinical Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The development of the medial prefrontal cortex and associated socio-cognitive skills is influenced by the experience of rough-and-tumble play with peers in the juvenile period (about 28-40 days post birth).
“the development of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and associated socio-cognitive skills is influenced by the experience of RTP with peers in the juvenile period (about 28–40 days post birth; Bell et al., 2010; Baarendse et al., 2013; Schneider et al., 2016)”
From The rough-and-tumble play of rats as a natural behavior suitable for studying the social brain (2022) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2010
Lack of social play experience during postweaning development causes long-lasting changes in PFC circuitry and function.
“Lack of social play experience during postweaning development has been reported to cause long-lasting changes in PFC circuitry and function (Leussis et al., 2008;Bell et al., 2010;Baarendse et al., 2013;Vanderschuren and Trezza, 2014).”
From Social Play Behavior Is Critical for the Development of Prefrontal Inhibitory Synapses and Cognitive Flexibility in Rats (2022) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2010
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Self-citationCellular activation in limbic brain systems during social play behaviour in rats
van Kerkhof, L. W. M., Trezza, V., Mulder, T., Gao, P., Voorn, P., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0558-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A Brief Glimpse at the Long Evolutionary History of Play
Burghardt, G. M. (2014) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.05.01.2014 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Self-citationHarnessing the power of neuroplasticity for intervention
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Self-citationPlay fighting and the development of the social brain: The rat’s tale
Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Ham, J. R., & Stark, R. A. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105037 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Connections during crisis: Adolescents’ social dynamics and mental health during COVID-19.
Polack, R. G., Sened, H., Aubé, B. S. S., Zhang, A., Joormann, J., & Hedy Kober, A. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001211 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Plasticity in the prefrontal cortex of adult rats
Kolb, B. E., & Gibb, R. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00015 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Bell et al. (2010) manipulated the amount of play behavior that rats could experience by housing them with either 1 or 3 siblings or 1 or 3 adults. Adult rats do not play with juveniles or adolescents so although there would be social interaction if youngsters were housed with adults, there is virtually no play. Furth…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBlumstein, D. T., Chung, L. K., & Smith, J. E. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0485 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“A fundamental and ethical challenge in studying play is that it is difficult to deprive animals only of play (but see [10,11]) and that deprivation of play typically impedes normal development [12,13].”
BackgroundFair play and its connection with social tolerance, reciprocity and the ethology of peace
Palagi, E., Cordoni, G., Demuru, E., & Bekoff, M. (2016) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003336 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse
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“development of the prefrontal cortex to respond to social cues (Bell et al. 2009; Bell et al. 2010), increase behavioral flexibility (Himmler et al.”
BackgroundMuhammad, A., & Kolb, B. E. (2011) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000324744 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“The experience-dependent modulation of social behavior could be attributed to underlying altered neurocircuits. For example, PS reorganized the mPFC by decreasing the spine density described below in the anatomical findings. Similarly, PFC exhibited play-dependent structural reorganization in rats [”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrain plasticity and recovery from early cortical injury
Kolb, B. E., Mychasiuk, R., Williams, P. T. J. A., & Gibb, R. L. (2011) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04054.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Complex housing prenatally Decreased dendritic length; increased spine density R Gibb, C Gonzalez, B Kolb Postnatal ‘handling’ Decreased dendritic length; spines unchanged Gibb and Kolb(3) Postnatal tactile stimulation Decreased dendritic length; decreased spine density Kolb and Gibb(4) Prenatal tactile stimulation De…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCharacterization of juvenile play in rats: importance of sex of self and sex of partner
Argue, K. J., & McCarthy, M. M. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0034-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“For defensive strategies, the choice to use rotation over evasion is mediated by cortical regions [43, 44].”
BackgroundShapiro, L. P., Parsons, R. G., Koleske, A. J., & Gourley, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23960 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“For example, social play during adolescence modestly increases dendrite arborization in the OFC while decreasing arborization in the mPFC, an effect that could be interpreted as enhanced pruning (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPlay therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations
Elbeltagi, R. M., Al‐Beltagi, M., Saeed, N. K., & Alhawamdeh, R. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v12.i1.1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Burleson, C. A., Pedersen, R. W., Seddighi, S., DeBusk, L. E., Burghardt, G. M., & Cooper, M. A. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000148 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Tzanoulinou, S., & Sandi, C. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_430 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Play behaviors in rodents have been shown to be rewarding [reviewed in Trezza et al. (2010)], and playing has been hypothesized to be important for learning motor sequences and behaviors that will be essential to the animals as adults (the motor-training hypothesis) (Bell et al. 2010).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the links between social ties and fitness over the life cycle in primates
González, N. T. (2019) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003552 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In many cases, the higher frequency and quality of play during development correlate with important fitnessrelated traits, such as increased motor-skills (rats, Assamese macaques, and ground squirrels, Nunes et al., 2004; Bell et al., 2010; Berghänel et al., 2015; Schneider et al., 2016), appropriate submissive behavi…”
BackgroundInfluentialMychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Ma, I., Candy, S., & Esser, M. J. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13360 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that juveniles reared with adults have little opportunity to engage in roughand-tumble play as adults avoid this type of play with younger rats (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Farran, A., & Esser, M. J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.048 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Antidepressants and the adolescent brain
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“Adolescent rats housed with multiple peers showed greater dendritic length and more complicated dendritic arbours in the orbitofrontal cortex and reduced dendritic length in the medial PFC compared with rats housed with either one adult or one peer (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSocial Competence at Two Years after Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury
Anderson, V. A., Beauchamp, M. H., Yeates, K. O., Crossley, L. H., Ryan, N. P., Hearps, S. J. C., & Catroppa, C. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4692 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…confirmed associations between such environmental factors and social and behavioral adjustment in juvenile animals under experimental conditions, 45–47 describing links between negative environmental conditions (e.g., low levels of stimulation and parent contact) and reduced brain development…”
The impact of adolescent stress experiences on neurobiological development
Iacono, L. L., & Carola, V. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.040 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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“Our findings are consistent with evidence that social play, other environmental stimuli, and stress hormones all contribute to neuron refinement during early-life critical periods (Zuo et al., 2005; Bell et al., 2010; Liston and Gan, 2011).”
ResultBijlsma, A., Omrani, A., Spoelder, M., Verharen, J. P. H., Bauer, L., Cornelis, C., de Zwart, B., van Dorland, R., Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Wierenga, C. J. (2022) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0524-22.2022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Synaptic Cytoskeletal Plasticity in the Prefrontal Cortex Following Psychostimulant Exposure
DePoy, L. M., & Gourley, S. L. (2015) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/tra.12295 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Modeling play: distinguishing between origins and current functions
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Self-citationSexual Differentiation of the Brain and ADHD: What Is a Sex Difference in Prevalence Telling Us?
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“This may relate to the maturation of the frontal cortex which modulates response inhibition, impulsivity, and dopaminergic reward circuits (Bell et al. 2010; Bock et al. 2008).”
BackgroundGrowing pains and pleasures: how emotional learning guides development
Nelson, E. E., Lau, J. Y. F., & Jarcho, J. M. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.11.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Muhammad, A., Hossain, S., Pellis, S., & Kolb, B. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0022628 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPlay, variation in play and the development of socially competent rats
Himmler, S. M., Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., & Pellis, S. M. (2016) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003307 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Ma, I. W. Y., Kolb, B. E., & Esser, M. J. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.034 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Theypostulated that becauseplay involves complex and dynamic movements that are often made in response to external stimuli, one of play’s primary goals may be to ‘fine-tune’ regions of themPFC typically involved in the accurate sequencing and execution of movements (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBehavioral Variability in the Service of Constancy
Bell, H. C. (2014) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2014.27.02.02 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationDeveloping Self‐Directed Executive Functioning: Recent Findings and Future Directions
Barker, J. E., & Munakata, Y. (2015) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12071 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Play behavior and responses to novel situations in juvenile ground squirrels
Marks, K. A., Vizconde, D. L., Gibson, E. S., Rodriguez, J. R., & Nunes, S. (2017) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx049 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The physiology of play: potential relevance for higher education
Koeners, M. P., & Francis, J. (2020) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2020.1720128 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nunes, S. (2014) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0403-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…been proposed for play behavior in young animals including the promotion of motor, cognitive, and social development, and acquisition of behavioral plasticity in responses to unfamiliar situations (Bekoff 1972, 1988; Poirier and Smith 1974; Bekoff and Byers 1998; Lewis 2000; Špinka et al. 2001).”
BackgroundBrain development, experience, and behavior
Kolb, B. E., Mychasiuk, R., & Gibb, R. L. (2013) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.24908 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurobiological mechanisms supporting experience-dependent resistance to social stress
Cooper, M. A., Clinard, C. T., & Morrison, K. E. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.072 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Also, restricting social play alters dendritic morphology in brain regions that regulate coping with stress such as the mPFC (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSearching for factors underlying cerebral plasticity in the normal and injured brain
Kolb, B. E., Muhammad, A., & Gibb, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.04.007 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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The evolution of two types of play
Smaldino, P. E., Palagi, E., Burghardt, G. M., & Pellis, S. M. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arz090 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“, 1981), suggesting that only those species capable of the requisite investment in play gain this more sophisticated benefit (e.g., rats, Syrian hamsters; Baarendse et al., 2014; Bell et al., 2010; Burleson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHamilton, D. A., Candelaria‐Cook, F. T., Akers, K. G., Rice, J. P., Maes, L. I., Rosenberg, M. J., Valenzuela, C. F., & Savage, D. D. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.048 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play
VanRyzin, J. W., Marquardt, A. E., & McCarthy, M. M. (2020) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2020.1723370 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The dendritic complexity of cortical pyramidal neurons is reduced in animals given multiple play partners over an extended period of time compared to those either socially deprived or given only limited access to the same partner (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe development of socio-sexual behavior in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) under human care
Lilley, M. K., Ham, J. R., & Hill, H. M. M. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.104025 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cumming, M. J., Thompson, M. A., & McCormick, C. M. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21252 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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“from being reared with an adult has been for females (Bell et al., 2010; Burleson et al., 2016; Himmler, Pellis, & Kolb, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPlayful handling as social enrichment for individually- and group-housed laboratory rats
Cloutier, S., Baker, C., Wahl, K., Panksepp, J., & Newberry, R. C. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Therefore, keeping rats in appropriate ocial groups, whenever possible, is important to ensure roper brain and social skills development and meet their evelopmental needs (Bell et al., 2010; Krohn et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBowlby's “Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness”
Schore, A. N. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755059.003.0002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Measuring play fighting in rats: a multilayered approach
Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Burke, C. J., Stark, R. A., Ham, J. R., Euston, D. R., & Achterberg, E. J. M. (2022) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.337 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationPellis, S. M., Williams, L. A., & Pellis, V. C. (2017) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2017.30.00.14 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe rough-and-tumble play of rats as a natural behavior suitable for studying the social brain
Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Ham, J. R., & Achterberg, E. J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1033999 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“For example, the development of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and associated socio-cognitive skills is influenced by the experience of RTP with peers in the juvenile period (about 28–40 days post birth; Bell et al., 2010; Baarendse et al., 2013; Schneider et al., 2016), and the mPFC has a crucial role in coordin…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnimal play and evolution: Seven timely research issues about enigmatic phenomena
Burghardt, G. M., Pellis, S. M., Schank, J. C., Smaldino, P. E., Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Palagi, E. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105617 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing the ontogeny, neurobiology, and function of social play in hamsters and rats
Cooper, M. A., Grizzell, J. A., Whitten, C. J., & Burghardt, G. M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105102 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ahmadi, B. B. M., Afarinesh, M. R., Jafaripour, L., & Sheibani, V. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2993 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Therefore, the extent and nature of play in juvenile rats modify the prefrontal cortex organization in adulthood (Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMuhammad, A., & Kolb, B. E. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.038 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In addition, the PFC is altered structurally and functionally (Lu et al., 2009) by early experiences and is a key player in modulating behaviors such as play behavior (Bell et al., 2010).”
Self-citationBrain Plasticity and Experience
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Self-citationde Melo, S. R., Antoniazzi, C. T. D. D., Hossain, S., & Kolb, B. E. (2018) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000486619 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationDouble Helix: Reciprocity between juvenile play and brain development
Cooke, B. M., & Shukla, D. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Context-dependent individual differences in playfulness in male rats
Lampe, J. F., Burman, O., Würbel, H., & Melotti, L. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21509 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hodges, T. E., Eltahir, A. M., Patel, S. D., Bredewold, R., Veenema, A. H., & McCormick, C. M. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104579 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Domestication and the Role of Social Play on the Development of Sociocognitive Skills in Rats
Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Himmler, B. T., Modlinska, K., Stryjek, R., Kolb, B., & Pisula, W. (2019) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2019.32.00.17 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…development and sociocognitive development in the juvenile period has been demonstrated across several of rat strains (Baarendse et al., 2013; Bell et al., 2010; Einon et al., 1978; Himmler, Pellis, & Kolb, 2013; Himmler et al., 2018; Schneider, Bindila, et al., 2016; Schneider, Pätz, et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHimmler, B. T., Mychasiuk, R., Nakahashi, A., Himmler, S. M., Pellis, S. M., & Kolb, B. E. (2017) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.22022 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Whereas the play-induced pruning of the mPFC has been replicated multiple times (Bell et al., 2010; Burleson et al., 2016; Himmler et al., 2013), the partner-induced proliferation of complexity in the OFC has yielded conflicting results—it was replicated twice in Bell et al. (2010), but not by…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationStark, R. A., Brinkman, B., Gibb, R. L., Iwaniuk, A. N., & Pellis, S. M. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114222 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationIntergenerational Sex-Specific Transmission of Maternal Social Experience
Faraji, J., Karimi, M., Soltanpour, N., Rouhzadeh, Z., Roudaki, S., Hosseini, S. A., Jafari, S. Y., Abdollahi, A. A., Soltanpour, N., Moeeini, R., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28729-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wang, H., Li, J., Wang, H., Sun, Y., Liu, R., Wang, X., Su, Y., & Si, T. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00499-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bell, H. C., Pellis, S. M., & Kolb, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bell, Heather C.
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02-11
- Volume
- 207
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-13
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2159471102
- Semantic Scholar
- 42bad78d1e7212e62089b41a5ef8861c76be5794
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 13.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- peer play, orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, neuronal morphology, social behavior development, rat development, Golgi staining
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Dendrites, Female, Neuronal Plasticity, Peer Group, Play and Playthings, Social Behavior, Social Isolation, Silver Staining, Prefrontal Cortex, Rats, Long-Evans, Dendritic Spines, Rats
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