Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain
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Although there has been recent interest in the study of childhood and adolescent brain development, very little is known about normal brain development in the first few months of life. In older children, there are regional differences in cortical gray matter development, whereas cortical gray and white matter growth after birth has not been studied to a great extent. The adult human brain is also characterized by cerebral asymmetries and sexual dimorphisms, although very little is known about how these asymmetries and dimorphisms develop. We used magnetic resonance imaging and an automatic segmentation methodology to study brain structure in 74 neonates in the first few weeks after birth. We found robust cortical gray matter growth compared with white matter growth, with occipital regions growing much faster than prefrontal regions. Sexual dimorphism is present at birth, with males having larger total brain cortical gray and white matter volumes than females. In contrast to adults and older children, the left hemisphere is larger than the right hemisphere, and the normal pattern of fronto-occipital asymmetry described in older children and adults is not present. Regional differences in cortical gray matter growth are likely related to differential maturation of sensory and motor systems compared with prefrontal executive function after birth. These findings also indicate that whereas some adult patterns of sexual dimorphism and cerebral asymmetries are present at birth, others develop after birth.
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Brain volume is about 35% of adult volume two to three weeks after birth, doubles from term size in the first year, and increases an additional 15% in the second year to about 80% of adult size.
“Brain volume is about 35% of adult volume 2–3 weeks after birth after birth13, doubles from term size in the first year of life and increases an additional 15% in the second to about 80% of adult size3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
Sexual dimorphism is present at birth in cortical gray matter volume.
“With regards to cortical gray matter volume, Gilmore et al. (2007) demonstrated that sexual dimorphism is present at birth.”
From Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1–6 years of age (2017) · cites this paper as Gilmore et al. (2007)
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- Authors
- Gilmore, J. H., Lin, W., Prastawa, M. W., Looney, C. B., Vetsa, Y. S. K., Knickmeyer, R. C., Evans, D. D., Smith, J. K., Hamer, R. M., Lieberman, J. A., & Gerig, G.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-02-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1255-1260
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2886661
- OpenAlex
- W2053479268
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 11.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH064065, P50MH064065)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (#HD03110, P30HD003110, HD-40127, T32HD040127)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- neonatal brain development, sexual dimorphism, brain asymmetry, hemispheric lateralization, prefrontal cortex maturation, brain segmentation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurons, Organ Size, Reference Values, Sex Characteristics, Cohort Studies, Racial Groups
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