Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (Gloating)
Abstract
Background Humans have a strong social tendency to compare themselves with others. We tend to feel envious when we receive less valuable rewards and may rejoice when our payoffs are more advantageous. Envy and schadenfreude (gloating over the other's misfortune) are social emotions widely agreed to be a symptom of the human social tendency to compare one's payoffs with those of others. Given the important social components of envy and gloating, we speculated that oxytocin may have a modulating effect on the intensity of these emotions. Methods Fifty-six participants participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study. Following the administration of oxytocin or a placebo, participants played a game of chance with another (fake) participant who either won more money (envy manipulation), lost more money (schadenfreude manipulation), or won/lost equal amounts of money. Results In comparison with the placebo, oxytocin increased the envy ratings during unequal monetary gain conditions involving relative loss (when the participant gained less money than another player). Oxytocin also increased the ratings of gloating during relative gain conditions (when the participant gained more money than the other player). By contrast, oxytocin had no effect on the emotional ratings following equal monetary gains nor did it affect general mood ratings. Conclusions These results suggest that the oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating envy and gloating. Thus, contrary to the prevailing belief that this system is involved solely in positive prosocial behaviors, it probably plays a key role in a wider range of social emotion-related behaviors.
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All hypotheses in the reviewed studies were derived from three major behavioral theories of oxytocin: affiliation, social salience, and social approach.
“All of our hypotheses were derived from the three major behavioral IN-OT theories (i.e., OT as a hormone of affiliation (16); OT as a hormone of social salience(15)and OT as a hormone of social approach (17)).”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
The oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating multiple social emotions that are either positively or negatively related to social behaviors.
“Increasing evidence suggests that the oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating multiple social emotions that are either positively (e.g., empathy, Sheng et al., 2013) or negatively (e.g., schadenfreude, Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) related to social behaviors.”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
Cooperative behavior can be negatively influenced by oxytocin in certain conditions.
“The finding that cooperative behavior can be negatively influenced by OT in certain conditions is consistent with recent research pointing to other anti-social effects of OT, such as parochialism and out-group aggression (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011), increased envy and schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and decreased generosity towards strangers (Radke and de Bruijn, 2010).”
From The effect of oxytocin on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma depends on the social context and a person's social value orientation (2014) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
Intranasal OT findings suggest a potential direct OT involvement in processes of social bonding and interpersonal closeness, as well as in other social and emotional behaviors.
“suggesting a potential direct OT involvement in processes of social bonding and interpersonal closeness, as well as in other social and emotional behaviors (25).”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [25]
Oxytocin did not improve social cooperation when social partners were perceived to be untrustworthy, uncooperative, or antagonistic.
“Further, oxytocin did not improve social cooperation when social partners were perceived to be untrustworthy (Mikolajczak et al., 2010a), uncooperative (Declerck et al., 2010), or antagonistic (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009; but see Baumgartner et al. 2008 for an exception).”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009
Oxytocin increases cooperation and trust in others, but also envy and gloating during loss and defensive responses and punishment for the out-group during threatening conditions.
“Researchers have found that OT increases cooperation and trust in others, but also envy and gloating during the experience of loss and defensive responses and punishment for the out-group during threatening conditions (De Dreu et al. 2010; Kosfeld et al. 2005; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009
IN-OT increases envy and schadenfreude in situations of loss.
“Researchers found that IN-OT increases cooperation and social trust in others (Kosfeld et al. 2005), increases envy and schadenfreude in situations of loss (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009), enhances mind-reading capacities (Domes et al. 2007b), increases memory for faces (Rimmele et al. 2009), and improves emotion recognition (Schulze et al. 2011).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009
Increasing evidence suggests that oxytocin's function is not always consistent with facilitating social approach, but that administering intranasal oxytocin can also lead to parochial, competitive, and envious behaviors and behaviors that appear to be driven by schadenfreude, which have an anti-social dimension.
“Since the publication of this study, increasing evidence suggests that OT's function is not always consistent with facilitating social approach, but that administering intranasal OT can also lead to parochial, competitive, and envious behaviors and behaviors that appear to be driven by schadenfreude 16,17,32 , which have an anti-social dimension.”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The social salience hypothesis suggests that OT alters the perceptual salience and/or the processing of social cues.
“The social salience hypothesis, a recent leading hypotheses about the mechanism underlying the social effects of OT, has attempted to explain these conflicting reports by suggesting that OT alters the perceptual salience and/or the processing of social cues (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009;Bartz et al., 2011).”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
OT does not always promote approach behaviors; its effects depend on context and individual differences.
“Yet OT does not always promote approach behaviors, and has been shown to be dependent both on context and on individual differences.For example, in some contexts OT has been shown to promote risk aversion (Declerck et al., 2010), envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and lack of cooperation with perceived out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010).”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
Oxytocin amplifies negative social emotions like envy and schadenfreude evoked by unfair money allocations.
“and to amplify negative social emotions like envy and schadenfreude evoked by unfair money allocations (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
OT can increase other emotions considered negative, like envy or gloating.
“This notion is supported by recent findings, indicating that OT can increase other emotions considered negative, like envy or gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) reported increases in evaluation of both negative and positive feelings induced by a monetary task.
“In contrast, Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) reported increases in evaluation of both negative and positive feelings induced by a monetary task.”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009)
OT increases envy and gloating.
“recent studies suggest it also increases envy and gloating [6]”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
One theory suggests that OT renders socially relevant stimuli more salient.
“One theory put forward to explain OT's effects on social cognition suggests that OT simply renders socially relevant stimuli more salient [6].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
Findings showing that OT also increases negative inter-personal and inter-group judgments have led to a re-evaluation of its role in social cognition.
“findings showing that it also increases negative inter-personal and inter-group judgments have led to a re-evaluation of its role in social cognition [6].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
Oxytocin can promote aversive avoidance behavior by increasing envy and schadenfreude, ethnocentrism, group-serving dishonesty, and noncooperation.
“it can also promote aversive avoidance behavior by increasing envy and schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), ethnocentrism (e.g., trust and empathy; De Dreu et al., 2010; Sheng et al., 2013), group-serving dishonesty (Shalvi and De Dreu, 2014), and noncooperation (Bartz et al., 2011; De Dreu et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
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“Indeed, the preclinical studies already discussed showing increased envy, jealousy [180] and parochial altruism [35] following intranasal OXT treatment are also suggestive that in some situations trust and prosocial feelings towards others can be decreased.”
BackgroundOxytocin-Motivated Ally Selection is Moderated by Fetal Testosterone Exposure and Empathic Concern
Kret, M. E., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00001 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“, 2012), and display greater competition toward (out-group) rivals that threaten the members of one’s group (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; De Dreu et al., 2010; Hahn-Holbrook et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012a).”
The animal and human neuroendocrinology of social cognition, motivation and behavior
McCall, C., & Singer, T. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3084 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Cochran, D. M., Fallon, D., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. A. (2013) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0b013e3182a75b7d · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Quintana, D. S., Lischke, A., Grace, S., Scheele, D., Ma, Y., & Becker, B. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00864-7 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males
Striepens, N., Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Becker, B., Schäfer, L., Schwalba, K., Reul, J., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208852109 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“This prosocial perspective on OXT is challenged, however, by evidence that OXT also enhances envy and schadenfreude (gloating) (16), ethno-centrism (including prejudice, xenophobia, and racial bias) (4), and outgroup derogation (17).”
BackgroundREVIEW: Oxytocin: Crossing the Bridge between Basic Science and Pharmacotherapy
Viéro, C., Shibuya, I., Kitamura, N., Verkhratsky, A., Fujihara, H., Katoh, A., Ueta, Y., Zingg, H. H., Chvátal, A., Syková, E., et al. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00185.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“However, the evidence that oxytocin can cross the blood–brain barrier following nasal administration and/or intraveinous administration is quite compelling according to recent studies [42,110,111].”
Guastella, A. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.028 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Oxytocin effects can be sensitive to social contexts, even to increase defensive tendencies (62,63), and individual differences moderate effects (64,65).”
The Role of Oxytocin in Human Affect: A Novel Hypothesis
Kemp, A. H., & Guastella, A. J. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411417547 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Puglia, M. H., Lillard, T. S., Morris, J. P., & Connelly, J. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1422096112 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33(5):860–866.”
BackgroundLange, J., Weidman, A. C., & Crusius, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000118 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Life in groups: the roles of oxytocin in mammalian sociality
Anacker, A. M. J., & Beery, A. K. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00185 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Subjects experiencing monetary loss in a laboratory game relative to other (simulated) participants report greater levels of envy and gloating when given intranasal OT, compared to those given a placebo (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin and social motivation
Gordon, I., Martin, C., Feldman, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“, 2010 a; 2010b) or an increase in behaviors that are not considered prosocial, like jealousy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
Bradley, B., Westen, D., Mercer, K. B., Binder, E. B., Jovanovic, T., Crain, D., Wingo, A., & Heim, C. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000162 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Specifically, recent research on the role of oxytocin and social behavior has suggested that oxytocin increases the perceived salience of social cues (Bartz et al., 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPaloyelis, Y., Doyle, O. M., Zelaya, F. O., Maltezos, S., Williams, S. C., Fotopoulou, A., & Howard, M. A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.005 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“org/j empathy (78,79,81,83,84) or theory of mind and mentalizing (89) (Supplement).”
Ellingsen, D., Leknes, S., Løseth, G. E., Wessberg, J., & Olausson, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01986 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“One line of research indicates that oxytocin may either increase the salience of socially relevant cues, or promote approach behavior in general (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Kemp and Guastella, 2010, 2011).”
BackgroundSmith, K. E., Porges, E. C., Norman, G. J., Connelly, J. J., & Decety, J. (2014) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.863223 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE, 2014 Vol. 9, No. 1, 1–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.863223 © 2013 Taylor & Francis out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010) and increase gloating and envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialTestosterone inhibits trust but promotes reciprocity
Boksem, M. A. S., Mehta, P. H., Van den Bergh, B., van Son, V., Trautmann, S. T., Roelofs, K., Smidts, A., & Sanfey, A. G. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613495063 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Endogenous and exogenous testosterone are positively associated with social rank and dominance behavior of some primates (Beehner, Bergman, Cheney, Seyfarth, & Whitten, 2006; Sapolsky, 1991) as well as humans, both male and female (Cashdan, 1995; Mazur & Booth, 1998).”
BackgroundOxytocin enhances inter-brain synchrony during social coordination in male adults
Mu, Y., Guo, C., & Han, S. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw106 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Each participant was administered with 24 IU OT or placebo (containing all of the active 45ingredients except for the neuropeptide) with intranasal sprays (three times of four IU into each nostril), similar to the previous work (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Hurlemann et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2015).”
MethodOxytocin improves behavioural and neural deficits in inferring others’ social emotions in autism
Aoki, Y., Yahata, N., Watanabe, T., Takano, Y., Kawakubo, Y., Kuwabara, H., Iwashiro, N., Natsubori, T., Inoue, H., Suga, M., et al. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu231 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“…frame follows after the fixation cross. at U niversity C ollege L ondon on A ugust 24, 2014 http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), the first-order false belief, and the actual location of the ball itself, are necessary as well as the ability to infer…”
BackgroundIntranasal administration of oxytocin: behavioral and clinical effects, a review
Veening, J. G., & Olivier, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.012 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“, 2010), empathy (Bartz et al., 2010a; Hurlemann et al., 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Tai et al., 1996), recognition of facial expressions and biological motion (Bartz et al.”
BackgroundKamilar-Britt, P., & Bedi, G. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.016 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Ellingsen, D.-M., Wessberg, J., Chelnokova, O., Olausson, H., Laeng, B., & Leknes, S. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.017 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…although intranasal administration of oxytocin in humans is often reported to influence social behavior like trust, social memory, empathic accuracy and social cognition (Bartz et al., 2011), oxytocin is rarely reported to affect hedonic feelings or mood (but see Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
Stallen, M., Dreu, C. K. W. D., Shalvi, S., Smidts, A., & Sanfey, A. G. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612446026 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“, 2010); and it motivates negative feelings, such as envy and schadenfreude, following losses in interpersonal competition (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions
Leknes, S., Wessberg, J., Ellingsen, D.-M., Chelnokova, O., Olausson, H., & Laeng, B. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss062 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Quintana, D. S., Alvares, G. A., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Yamasue, H., Yee, J. R., Hurlemann, R., Rilling, J. K., Chen, F. S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Tost, H. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3327-12.2012 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“However, recent studies contrast with the notion that OT exerts uniformly positive effects on human social cognition and behavior in showing that the peptide can also promote envy and gloating (schadenfreude) (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), ethnocentrism (including prejudice, xenophobia, and racial bias) (De Dreu et al.”
BackgroundResultEffects of intranasal oxytocin on 'compassion focused imagery'
Rockliff, H., Karl, A., McEwan, K., Gilbert, J., Matos, M., & Gilbert, P. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023861 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Recent research also indicates that oxytocin is not a general affiliative hormone but can be associated with an increase in envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundA heartfelt response: oxytocin effects on response to social stress in men and women
Kubzansky, L. D., Mendes, W. B., Appleton, A. A., Block, J., & Adler, G. K. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.010 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“However, knowledge of the effects of oxytocin in healthy humans remains limited and some recent research has suggested that effects may not be uniformly prosocial or stress-reducing (De Dreu et al., 2010; Miller, 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
Effects of MDMA and intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Lee, R., Wardle, M. C., Jacob, S., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.12 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin modulates EEG mu/alpha and beta rhythms during perception of biological motion
Perry, A., Bentin, S., Shalev, I., Israel, S., Uzefovsky, F., Bar-On, D., & Ebstein, R. P. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.011 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
MacDonald, K., MacDonald, T. M., Brüne, M., Lamb, K., Wilson, M. P., Golshan, S., & Feifel, D. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.014 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…2009), though we also note that a growing literature on OTs darker, ‘‘us vs. them’’side (Bartz et al., 2011a; De Dreu et al., 2011; Grillon et al., 2012; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) introduces the possibility for person- and context-dependent negative effects in certain interpersonal situations.”
BackgroundResultOxytocin and the Neurobiology of Prosocial Behavior
Marsh, N., Marsh, A. A., Lee, M. R., & Hurlemann, R. (2020) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858420960111 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Harari-Dahan, O., & Bernstein, A. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.007 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Oxytocin modulates the racial Bias in neural responses to others' suffering
Sheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, W., & Han, S. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.11.018 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lukas, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.011 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust
Declerck, C. H., Boone, C., Pauwels, L., Vogt, B., & Fehr, E. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0878-x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Lane, A., Luminet, O., Nave, G., & Mikolajczak, M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12384 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Oxytocin blunts social vigilance in the rhesus macaque
Ebitz, R. B., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305230110 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“For example, in addition to enhancing trust, OT enhances negative social judgments (6) and heightens in/out group biases in social decisions (7).”
BackgroundLong-term exposure to intranasal oxytocin in a mouse autism model
Bales, K. L., Solomon, M., Jacob, S., Crawley, J. N., Silverman, J. L., Larke, R. H., Sahagún, E., Puhger, K. R., Pride, M. C., & Mendoza, S. P. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.117 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Bonding after trauma: on the role of social support and the oxytocin system in traumatic stress
Olff, M. (2012) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18597 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Rather than uniformly increasing prosocial behavior and positive feelings, oxytocin may well increase sensitivity to and willingness to engage with the social context by attenuating a sense of threat (Kubzansky et al., 2012; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMa, Y., Shamay-Tsoory, S., Han, S., & Zink, C. F. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.009 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“For example, IN-OT can increase antisocial behaviors, including violence [83] and envy [84].”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Zuiden, M., Frijling, J. L., Nawijn, L., Koch, S. B. J., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.012 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A Multilevel Perspective on the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy317 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Riem, M. M. E., Mattie Tops, A., & Alink, L. R. A. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr067 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Oxytocin was found to increase jealousy or gloating when an unknown (putative) other player gained or lost money (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOntogenesis of oxytocin pathways in the mammalian brain: late maturation and psychosocial disorders
Grinevich, V., Desarménien, M. G., Chini, B., Tauber, M., & Muscatelli, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00164 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“OT has been found to increase trust and generosity (Kosfeld et al., 2005), but also gloating and envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), which are also manifestations of complex “social” behaviors.”
BackgroundShamay-Tsoory, S. G., Abu-Akel, A., Palgi, S., Sulieman, R., Fischer-Shofty, M., Levkovitz, Y., & Decety, J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.015 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“, 2005) and negative emotions such as envy in competitive situations (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Hirosawa et al., 2012), modulates the social relevance of emotional stimuli (Kirsch et al.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationIntranasal administration of oxytocin increases human aggressive behavior
Ne'eman, R., Perach-Barzilay, N., Fischer-Shofty, M., Atias, A., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Considering the conflicting evidence regarding the role of oxytocin in social behavior, some researchers have suggested that oxytocin may play a broader role in modulating social behavior by means of increasing the salience of social stimuli (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Shamay-Tsoory and Abu-Akel., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBethlehem, R. A. I., Baron-Cohen, S., van Honk, J., Auyeung, B., & Bos, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00048 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“For example, OXT has also been shown to increase envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), defensiveness toward out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011) and increased in-group conformity (Stallen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin
MacDonald, K. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00194 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Karelina, K., & DeVries, A. C. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182002116 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Exogenous OT administration has been shown to increase prosocial behaviors in humans, including the ability to interpret emotions of others (31), interpersonal communication, and social approach behavior (32).”
BackgroundOxytocin indexes relational distress following interpersonal harms in women
Tabak, B. A., McCullough, M. E., Szeto, A., Mendez, A. J., & McCabe, P. M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“, 2005), oxytocin administration has recently been associated with increased envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), decreased cooperation in an economic game with no prior social contact with potential game partners (Declerck et al.”
BackgroundAlós‐Ferrer, C., & Farolfi, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00887 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Gordon, I., Jack, A., Pretzsch, C. M., Vander Wyk, B., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35054 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Opposing effects of oxytocin on moral judgment in males and females
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Kendrick, K. M., Schwering, C., Noelle, J., Wille, A., Schlaepfer, T. E., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22605 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Williams, A. V., Duque‐Wilckens, N., Ramos-Maciel, S., Campi, K. L., Bhela, S. K., Xu, C. K., Jackson, K., Chini, B., Pesavento, P. A., & Trainor, B. C. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0657-4 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“For example, in some cases, intranasal oxytocin has been shown to increase antagonistic social interactions in both humans [11, 12] and female Wistar rats [13–15].”
BackgroundJankowski, K. F., & Takahashi, H. (2014) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12182 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“In particular, a subcortical neuropeptide called oxytocin significantly influences broad social behavior, including social bonding,146,147 empathy,148,149 and social salience,150–152 as well as FOE.153,154 Oxytocin administration modulates cooperation and competition among in-group and out-group members, empathic resp…”
BackgroundInfluentialOxytocin and vasopressin systems in genetic syndromes and neurodevelopmental disorders
Francis, S. M., Sagar, A., Levin-Decanini, T., Liu, W., Carter, C. S., & Jacob, S. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.021 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…gaze towards the eye region of the face (Guastella et al., 2008), and has been associated with improved facial memory (Rimmele et al., 2009), enhanced salience of social cues (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), and improved performance on the reading the mind in the eyes (RMET) task (Domes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundIntranasal oxytocin effects on social cognition: A critique
Evans, S. L., Dal Monte, O., Noble, P., & Averbeck, B. B. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.008 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“For example, findings by Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) seem to suggest that OT effects are not always positive in a trust context.”
Oxytocin and stress-related disorders: neurobiological mechanisms and treatment opportunities
Sippel, L. M., Allington, C. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Mayes, L. C., & Olff, M. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547016687996 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“For example, IN OT was found to be associated with increased approach toward angry faces,(90) increased inclinations toward intimate partner violence in trait aggressive individuals,(91) increased aggressive behavior,(92) and increased envy and gloating.(93) IN OT is proposed to enhance socially salient cues, with sal…”
BackgroundYao, S., Zhao, W., Geng, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, Z., Ma, X., Xu, L., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy068 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality
Cardoso, C., Ellenbogen, M. A., & Linnen, A.-M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2527-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“One advantage of this proposal is that it can explain why there are putative negative behavioral effects of oxytocin (Bartz et al. 2010b; De Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin decreases aversion to angry faces in an associative learning task
Evans, S., Shergill, S. S., & Averbeck, B. B. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.110 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
DeWall, C. N., Gillath, O., Pressman, S. D., Black, L. L., Bartz, J. A., Moskovitz, J., & Stetler, D. A. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613516876 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“For example, intranasal oxytocin increases envy and gloating in competitive situations (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and decreases cooperativeness among people who are high in rejection sensitivity and prone to aggression (i.e., individuals with borderline personality disorder; Bartz, Simeon, et…”
BackgroundDeclerck, C. H., Boone, C., & Kiyonari, T. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst040 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Virtual Reality and Empathy Enhancement: Ethical Aspects
Rueda, J., & Lara, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2020.506984 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Empathy increases considerably in contexts of interaction with relatives, but little in situations of competition (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), uncertainty (Declerck et al.”
BackgroundHormonal Mechanisms for Regulation of Aggression in Human Coalitions
Flinn, M. V., Ponzi, D., & Muehlenbein, M. P. (2012) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9135-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“2005), others suggest that oxytocin motivates affiliative behavior toward specific in-group targets (de Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Ditzen et al. 2009; Miller 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009; Theodoridou et al. 2009) consistent with discriminative nepotism and reciprocity (Alexander 1991, 2006; Daly and Wilson 1995).”
BackgroundGenetic Influences on Social Cognition
Skuse, D., & Gallagher, L. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212f562 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Wang, D., Yan, X., Li, M., & Ma, Y. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx085 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“However, some other studies have not detected sex-dependent IN-OT effects, including recognition of facial expression (Marsh et al., 2010), desire for social engagement (Alvares et al., 2010) and envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin effects in schizophrenia: Reconciling mixed findings and moving forward
Bradley, E., & Woolley, J. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In healthy individuals, intranasal administration has been shown to increase feelings of envy and schadenfreude when other players won more money (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
Alvares, G. A., Quintana, D. S., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1692 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Oxytocin and the modulation of pain experience: Implications for chronic pain management
Tracy, L. M., Georgiou‐Karistianis, N., Gibson, S. J., & Giummarra, M. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.013 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Kuypers, K. P. C., de la Torre, R., Farre, M., Yubero-Lahoz, S., Dziobek, I., Van den Bos, W., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100719 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Behavioural testing is commonly conducted 45 minutes after administration [22–25].”
Anpilov, S., Shemesh, Y., Eren, N., Harony-Nicolas, H., Benjamin, A., Dine, J., Oliveira, V. E. M., Forkosh, O., Karamihalev, S., Hüttl, R.-E., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.028 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Additionally, more recent studies have demonstrated some antisocial effects of OT in both humans (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Eckstein et al., 2014; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and other animals (Duque-Wilckens et al.”
Marsh, A. A., Yu, H. H., Pine, D. S., Gorodetsky, E. K., Goldman, D., & Blair, R. J. R. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2775-0 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Lahoud, N., & Maroun, M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“In confirmation of this latter point, a recent study in humans by (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Fischer-Shofty et al., 2010) showed that an intranasal dose of oxytocin increased recognition of fear, envy and gloating, i.”
BackgroundOT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals
Perry, A., Mankuta, D., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu017 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“For example, in some contexts OT has been shown to promote risk aversion (Declerck et al. , 2010), envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al. , 2009) and lack of cooperation with perceived out-group members (De Dreu et al. , 2010).”
Self-citationThe many faces of oxytocin: Implications for psychiatry
Zik, J. B., & Roberts, D. L. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.048 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“In fact, OT has been found to globally increase the expression of envy in the face of losses and gloating in the face of gains (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin increases empathy to pain when adopting the other-but not the self-perspective
Abu-Akel, A., Palgi, S., Klein, E., Decety, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.948637 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The increased empathy we observed under the OT condition when taking the other-perspective can also be explained by its role in increasing the salience of socially relevant cues (Groppe et al., 2013; Guastella, Mitchell, & Dadds, 2008; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), an effect that has been shown to improve social cognit…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHill, T. E. (2010) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/1747-5341-5-11 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In addition to its roles in birth, lactation, and mother-infant bonding, oxytocin has complex effects upon the brain and social behavior in females and males [99], but its roles in moral emotions are far from clear [100,101].”
Background
- Authors
- Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., & Levkovitz, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Shalvata Mental Health Center (IL)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 864-870
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095144882
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 32.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, envy, schadenfreude, social emotions, intranasal administration, social comparison, oxytocinergic system, prosocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Reward
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