Common pathological processes in Alzheimer disease and type 2 diabetes: A review
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are conditions that affect a large number of people in the industrialized countries. Both conditions are on the increase, and finding novel treatments to cure or prevent them are a major aim in research. Somewhat surprisingly, AD and T2DM share several molecular processes that underlie the respective degenerative developments. This review describes and discusses several of these shared biochemical and physiological pathways. Disturbances in insulin signalling appears to be the main common impairment that affects cell growth and differentiation, cellular repair mechanisms, energy metabolism, and glucose utilization. Insulin not only regulates blood sugar levels but also acts as a growth factor on all cells including neurons in the CNS. Impairment of insulin signalling therefore not only affects blood glucose levels but also causes numerous degenerative processes. Other growth factor signalling systems such as insulin growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factors (TGFs) also are affected in both conditions. Also, the misfolding of proteins plays an important role in both diseases, as does the aggregation of amyloid peptides and of hyperphosphorylated proteins. Furthermore, more general physiological processes such as angiopathic and cytotoxic developments, the induction of apoptosis, or of non-apoptotic cell death via production of free radicals greatly influence the progression of AD and T2DM. The increase of detailed knowledge of these common physiological processes open up the opportunities for treatments that can prevent or reduce the onset of AD as well as T2DM.
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Alterations in the insulin signaling pathway have been suggested as potential contributors to cognitive dysfunction.
“Alterations in the insulin signaling pathway have also been suggested as potential contributors to cognitive dysfunction because of the pivotal role of this hormone in modulating brain structure and function.[12][13][14]”
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- Authors
- Li, L., & Hölscher, C.
- Affiliations
- Shanxi Medical University (CN)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hölscher, Christian
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 384-402
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999356704
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 255
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin signaling, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor, protein misfolding, amyloid fibril formation, apoptosis, free radicals, energy metabolism, glucose utilization, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Glycation End Products, Advanced
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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