Cited by 392Single-cell and spatial transcriptomicsCerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalusBarrier Structure and Function Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 91 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages

Open access

Dani, Neil, Herbst, Rebecca H., McCabe, Cristin, Green, Gilad S., Kaiser, Karol, Head, Joshua P., Cui, Jin, Shipley, Frederick B., Jang, Ahram, Dionne, Danielle, Nguyen, Lan, Rodman, Christopher, Riesenfeld, Samantha J., Prochazka, Jan, Prochazkova, Michaela, Sedlacek, Radislav, Zhang, Feng, Bryja, Vitezslav, Rozenblatt-Rosen, Orit, Habib, Naomi, Regev, Aviv, Lehtinen, Maria K.·2021·Cell

DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.003PMC PMC8214809

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

SUMMARY The choroid plexus (ChP) in each brain ventricle produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. Here, we construct a single cell and spatial atlas of each ChP in the developing, adult, and aged mouse brain. We delineate diverse cell types, subtypes, cell states and expression programs in epithelial and mesenchymal cells across ages and ventricles. In the developing ChP, we predict a common progenitor pool for epithelial and neuronal cells, validated by lineage tracing. Epithelial and fibroblast cells showed regionalized expression by ventricle, starting at embryonic stages and persisting with age, with a dramatic transcriptional shift with maturation, and a smaller shift in each aged cell type. With aging, epithelial cells upregulated host defense programs and resident macrophages upregulated IL-1β signaling genes. Our atlas revealed cellular diversity, architecture and signaling across ventricles during development, maturation and aging of the ChP brain barrier.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper presents a single-cell and spatial atlas of the mouse choroid plexus across lateral, third, and fourth ventricles in developing, adult, and aged brains. It identifies ventricle- and age-dependent epithelial/mesenchymal programs, a Wnt1+ common progenitor for epithelial and neuronal cells, and aging-associated immune signaling including IL-1β.

Key findings

Profiled 15,620 single cells and 83,040 single nuclei from lateral, third, and fourth ventricle choroid plexuses of developing (E16.5, n = 13), adult (4 months, n = 4), and aging (20 months, n = 9) mice, defining major cell classes and subtypes across ages and ventricles.
Trajectory inference and lineage tracing supported a common progenitor pool for epithelial and neuronal cells; Wnt1+ progenitors near FoxJ1+ epithelial cells gave rise to both epithelial and neuronal progeny in the 4V and 3V ChP.
Epithelial and fibroblast cells showed ventricle-regionalized expression starting embryonically and persisting with age; maturation produced a large transcriptional shift, and aged epithelial cells upregulated host-defense programs while aged macrophages upregulated IL-1β signaling genes.
Mesenchymal cells expressed ACE2 and accessory SARS-CoV-2 entry components, and ligand-receptor analysis predicted mesenchymal cells as an interaction hub, with IL-1β signaling from aged macrophages to endothelial and mesenchymal cells.

Methods

Mouse ChP from LV, 3V, and 4V was dissected at E16.5, 4 months, and 20 months; embryonic samples were profiled by scRNA-seq, and all ages by snRNA-seq, followed by smFISH, immunostaining, transgenic lineage tracing, and whole-tissue imaging.
Analyses included clustering, diffusion maps, RNA velocity, topic modeling, pseudobulk differential expression, and CellPhoneDB-based ligand-receptor interaction inference across ventricles and ages.
Validation used marker immunostaining, RNAscope, Cx3cr1-GFP and Wnt1-CRE2::R26R-Confetti mice, electron microscopy, and published in situ hybridization data.

Limitations

The paper states: small tissue size required pooling samples across donors, especially for immune cells; dissection purity was limited by anatomically defined borders, particularly for 3V ChP; adult/aged cellular health led to differential processing (scRNA-seq for embryonic vs. frozen samples and snRNA-seq for adult/aged, also applied to embryonic), introducing computational comparison challenges; continuous cell-state and age transitions required topic modeling; and lowly expressed genes may be missed due to coverage depth.
Evident from the text: the atlas is mouse-only, and several conclusions about signaling and progenitor relationships rely on inferred trajectories and predicted ligand-receptor interactions, with validation focused on selected markers and lineages.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.003

Cites

134 of 134 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

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In the paper
“In embryos, subsets of glial cells expressed markers of neural progenitor/stem-like cells (e.g. Pax6, Nes, Sox2, Rspo2/3) or of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, e.g. Olig1, Olig2) (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009) (Figure 2A, S2A,B).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Neuronal and glial cell populations in the ChP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We leveraged the inclusion of adjacent brain tissue in our atlas to map the boundary between the 3V ChP and developing pineal gland using published ISH (Lein et al., 2007; Visel et al., 2004) of marker genes from our data (Figure S2C).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Neuronal and glial cell populations in the ChP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lein et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Visel et al., 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“The analysis arranged neurons and mature epithelial cells at two opposite ends of a trajectory, with a progenitor glia-like population at the node between them (Figure 2B, further supported RNA velocity (La Manno et al., 2018) analysis, Figure S2F).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > An inferred common progenitor pool for epithelial and neural cells validated by lineage tracing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites La Manno et al., 2018 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 92 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 48
Probably not a substantial claim. 22
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The diversity of embryonic glia and neuronal populations observed in scRNA-seq was confirmed by snRNA-seq and expanded to adult and aged ChP (Figure S2D,E) (Dulken et al., 2017; Mizrak et al., 2019; Shah et al., 2018).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Neuronal and glial cell populations in the ChP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dulken et al., 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Mizrak et al., 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Shah et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The predicted progenitors expressed proliferation (Mki67) and known markers (Pax6, Rspo2/3, Wnt5a/3a/1, Fabp7, clusters 7 and 8 in Figure 2A,B S2B; STAR Methods), previously reported for precursors of ependymal cells and cortical neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009), with Wnt1 having the most specific expression (Figure S2G).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > An inferred common progenitor pool for epithelial and neural cells validated by lineage tracing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We captured neuronal (Tubb3 expressing) and glia-like (Slc1a3/EAAT1 or GFAP expressing) cells in the ChP across all ages, validated by immunostaining (Figures 1C,D,I, S1J-L), in agreement with previous studies (Lindvall et al., 1978).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Neuronal and glial cell populations in the ChP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindvall et al., 1978 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These were enriched for specialized programs across ages: Embryonic epithelia upregulated genes for developmental processes (Figure 3K, S3K), while aged epithelia upregulated host-defense programs (Figure 3L, FDR q-value < 0.01, GOrilla (Eden et al., 2007, 2009;Baruch et al., 2014).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Epithelial cell programs are regionalized across brain ventricles in all ages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eden et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Eden et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Baruch et al., 2014 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in adult ChP Slc12a2 (NKCC1), Kcnj13 (Kir7.1), and Slc4a5 (NBC4) were upregulated (see also (Xu et al., 2021)), while Aqp1 was modestly downregulated (Figure 3H, S3G).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Epithelial cell programs are regionalized across brain ventricles in all ages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al., 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Macrophages were the most prevalent and were associated with blood vessels across all ages (Figure S5G; Shipley et al., 2020).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Homeostatic macrophage diversity within ChP across ages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipley et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cx3cr1-GFP-expressing cells tiled across the ChP (Figure 5E; Cui et al., 2020), with the subset expressing SLC40A1 located proximal to major vessels, suggesting roles in regulating iron homeostasis (Figure 5F).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Homeostatic macrophage diversity within ChP across ages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cui et al., 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in contrast to Van Hove et al., our data revealed that this separation was age-dependent and potentially represented a maturation-dependent shift from MHC IIlow to MHC IIhigh (Figure 5I, S5I,J, Table S6).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Homeostatic macrophage diversity within ChP across ages
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Hove et al., 2019 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In adult and aged LV ChP, IHC showed that arteries and veins were regularly segmented across the tissue (Figure 6E,F; Shipley et al., 2020) and connected by an expanded capillary-like network (Figure S6D) similar to human tissue (Hudson, 1960).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Arterio-venous zonation and blood brain barrier protein expression in ChP vasculature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipley et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Hudson, 1960 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While we did not observe overt regionalization of endothelial cell programs, venous markers were enriched in the 3V ChP across all ages (Figure 6D, S6F,G), likely resulting from capture of the proximal vein of Galen (Mancini et al., 2015) (Figure S6H).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Arterio-venous zonation and blood brain barrier protein expression in ChP vasculature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mancini et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, Plvap, which marks diaphragms of fenestrated endothelial cells (Herrnberger et al., 2012), scored highly in Topic 3 from scRNA-seq of embryonic cells (Figure 6A), and was also identified in adult and aged snRNA-seq profiles (Figure S6C).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Arterio-venous zonation and blood brain barrier protein expression in ChP vasculature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Herrnberger et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wnt5a, a regulator of 4V ChP and hindbrain development (Kaiser et al., 2019), was most robustly expressed by mesenchymal cells and its receptor Ror1 was expressed, amongst others, by epithelial cells, suggesting lifelong contributions to ChP function (Figure S7C).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > Ligand-receptor analysis identifies mesenchymal cells as an interaction hub across ages and ventricles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaiser et al., 2019 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Essentially all major ChP cell types, and in particular ChP fibroblasts, also expressed many secreted factors found in CSF, including Igf2 (Lehtinen et al., 2011).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lehtinen et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The choroid plexus (ChP) in each brain ventricle produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · boosted
  “The choroid plexus (ChP) is an essential brain barrier known primarily as a source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and comprises an analogous set of four tissue structures located in each brain ventricle.”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Damkier et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Ghersi-Egea et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Lun et al., 2015a
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bulk profiling of whole tissue (Liddelow et al., 2010; Lun et al., 2015b; Silva-Vargas et al., 2016) or sorted subpopulations (Lun et al., 2015b) indicates that each ChP retains a developmental blueprint of its origins along the body axis, with ventricle-specific transcriptomes and secretomes for the lateral and 4th ventricle ChPs (Lun et al., 2015a).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liddelow et al., 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Lun et al., 2015b
- Not checked yetcites Silva-Vargas et al., 2016 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The foundation of the ChP is an epithelial sheet that, together with a network of vasculature and diverse cell types, regulates CSF secretion and governs its composition by de novo protein synthesis and selective transcytosis of blood-borne factors (Damkier et al., 2013; Ghersi-Egea et al., 2018; Lun et al., 2015a; Saunders et al., 2018b).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Damkier et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Ghersi-Egea et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Lun et al., 2015a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each ChP develops independently from distinct locations along the roofplate, where capillaries, mesenchymal and neural crest cells invaginate the neuroepithelium (Hunter and Dymecki, 2007; Lun et al., 2015a; Wilting and Christ, 1989).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hunter and Dymecki, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Lun et al., 2015a
- Not checked yetcites Wilting and Christ, 1989
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These data highlight the potential of mesenchymal and epithelial ChP cells to facilitate viral particle entry into the CSF (Pellegrini et al., 2020b, 2020a; Wu et al., 2020) in all ventricles and ages and to contribute to neurological sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Ellul et al., 2020).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > RESULTS > ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor is expressed by mesenchymal cells in the ChP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pellegrini et al., 2020b
- Not checked yetcites Pellegrini et al., 2020a
- Not checked yetcites Wu et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As CellPhoneDB is developed for human ligand-cognate receptor pairs”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > STAR METHODS > METHOD DETAILS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Efremova et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and may reflect a response to tissue dissociation (van den Brink et al., 2017)”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > STAR METHODS > METHOD DETAILS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van den Brink et al., 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Lacar et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ChP is considered to be a primary producer of CSF and CSF-distributed factors (Ghersi-Egea et al., 2018; Lun et al., 2015a; Saunders et al., 2018b)”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ghersi-Egea et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Lun et al., 2015a
- Not checked yetcites Saunders et al., 2018b
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Batch correction was performed for each cell type separately using ComBat as implemented in the R package sva (Leek et al., 2012), using the default parametric adjustment mode.”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > STAR METHODS > METHOD DETAILS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leek et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Nucleus doublets were identified using the R package DoubletFinder (version DoubletFinder_2.0.2, (McGinnis et al., 2019).”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > STAR METHODS > METHOD DETAILS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McGinnis et al., 2019 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“To address ambient (background) RNA and other confounders we applied CellBender (Fleming et al., 2019) to each sample separately”
§ A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages > STAR METHODS > METHOD DETAILS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fleming et al., 2019
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.

66 of 66

The paper relies on this without support.
The third ventricle is the least explored of the choroid plexuses.
“The less-accessible third ventricle is the least explored, and boundaries of all ChPs with adjacent neural tissues remain poorly defined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The boundaries of all choroid plexuses with adjacent neural tissues remain poorly defined.
“The less-accessible third ventricle is the least explored, and boundaries of all ChPs with adjacent neural tissues remain poorly defined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Earlier efforts to address deficiencies in choroid plexus knowledge were limited by the lack of techniques to access, isolate, and comprehensively profile the ChP across brain ventricles and ages.
“Earlier efforts to address these deficiencies were limited by the lack of techniques to access, isolate, and comprehensively profile the ChP across brain ventricles and ages.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lack of a detailed cellular and molecular map for the choroid plexus has been a major obstacle to elucidating its roles in instructing brain development, brain function, understanding its barrier properties, and unlocking its lifelong therapeutic potential.
“The lack of a detailed cellular and molecular map for the ChP has been a major obstacle to elucidating its roles in instructing brain development, brain function, understanding its barrier properties, and unlocking its lifelong therapeutic potential.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system is implicated in a growing number of neurologic conditions.
“Since the ChP-CSF system is implicated in a growing number of neurologic conditions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Transitions between cell states and ages are continuous.
“Transitions between cell states and ages are continuous”

6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Rspo3 probe is labeled as Rspo1
Minor
The probe listed for Rspo3 is labeled "mm-Rspo1," even though a separate Rspo1 probe is listed with a different reference number. The Rspo3 probe identity is therefore inconsistent within the probe list.

1 of 1

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Fleming, 2019, CellBender remove-background: A deep generative model for unsupervised removal of background noise from scRNA-seq datasets, BioRxiv, 791699

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A unified rodent atlas reveals the cellular complexity and evolutionary divergence of the dorsal vagal complexPreprint
Hes, C., Tomlinson, A. J., Michielsen, L., Murdoch, H. J., Soltani, F., Kokoeva, M. V., & Sabatini, P. V. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106217.1 · Cited by 1
Multi-omics Profiling of the Lateral Ventricle Choroid Plexus Reveals Developmental Cellular Remodeling, Early Immune Gene Activation, and a Novel Epithelial SubtypePreprint
Fernandes, M. T., Li, L., Correia, E., Vieira, A., Afonso, D. A., Álvarez‐López, A. I., Campos, J., Mahmud, N., Meijer, M., Agirre, E., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671514 · Cited by 1
Gestational LSD exposure in mouse rapidly reaches embryonic CSF and is associated with altered choroid plexus signaling, cerebral cortical development, and offspring behaviorPreprint
Courtney, Y., Anderson, J. M., Lagares-Linares, C., Wenthur, C. J., & Lehtinen, M. K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.677638 · Cited by 1
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SpacGPA: annotating spatial transcriptomes through de novo interpretable gene programsPreprint
Xu, Y., Chen, L., & Ma, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679918 · Cited by 1
Tentorial venous anatomy of mice and humans
Lookian, P. P., Chandrashekhar, V., Cappadona, A. J., Bryant, J.-P., Chandrashekhar, V., Tunacao, J. M., Donahue, D., Munasinghe, J., Smirniotopoulos, J. G., Heiss, J. D., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.151222
Age-dependent Powassan Virus Lethality and Neuropathogenesis in MicePreprint
Mladinich, M. C., Himmler, G. E., Conde, J. N., Gorbunova, E. E., Schutt, W. R., Tsirka, S. E., Kim, H. K., & Mackow, E. R. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540417
Les neurones contactant le liquide cérébrospinal
Wyart, C. (2023) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2023082
Cerebellum Connects the Genetic Architecture of Site-Specific Osteoarthritis and Body Mass IndexPreprint
Yu, Y., Tang, M., Hong, D., Lei, X., & Zhang, L. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4603258
Expression of Collagen VI, Anticollagenase, Laminin, MM9, Claudins 1 and 5, N and E Cadherins in Choroid Plexus Tumors
Tena-Suck, M. L., Macias, L. C., Gómez-Apo, E., Plata, A. O., & Rubio, C. (2023) · Archives of Pathology and Clinical Research · doi:10.29328/journal.apcr.1001037
Multimodal neuroimaging exploration of the mechanisms of sleep quality deterioration after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in individuals with chronic insomnia and healthy individualsPreprint
Liu, J., Du, Y., Li, C., Zhao, W., Li, J., Zhao, L., Guo, H., Jiang, Y., Liu, W. V., Zeng, S., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3639164/v1
ChOP-CT: quantitative morphometrical analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus by X-ray micro-computed tomography
Parobková, V., Kompaníková, P., Laznovsky, J., Kavková, M., Hampl, M., Buchtová, M., Zikmund, T., Kaiser, J., & Bryja, V. (2024) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00502-8
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Additional file 6 of Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
Ortenlöf, N., Vallius, S., Karlsson, H., Ekström, C., Kristiansson, A., Holmqvist, B. I., Göransson, O., Vaváková, M., Rydén, M., Carey, G. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23961947
Additional file 5 of Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
Ortenlöf, N., Vallius, S., Karlsson, H., Ekström, C., Kristiansson, A., Holmqvist, B. I., Göransson, O., Vaváková, M., Rydén, M., Carey, G. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23961944
Additional file 1 of Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
Ortenlöf, N., Vallius, S., Karlsson, H., Ekström, C., Kristiansson, A., Holmqvist, B. I., Göransson, O., Vaváková, M., Rydén, M., Carey, G. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23961932
Additional file 4 of Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
Ortenlöf, N., Vallius, S., Karlsson, H., Ekström, C., Kristiansson, A., Holmqvist, B. I., Göransson, O., Vaváková, M., Rydén, M., Carey, G. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23961941
Microglia in multiple sclerosis
Borst, K., & Prinz, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823848-6.00006-3
All roads lead to Rome: Understanding the diffusion trajectories of innovation twins
Zhai, Y.-J., Liang, Y., Xu, J., & Yan, J. (2024) · Journal of information science · doi:10.1177/01655515241260714
Comparative analyses of immune cells and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells under the immunological microenvironment between with and without dense fibrosis in primary central nervous system lymphoma
Takei, J., Maeda, M., Fukasawa, N., Kawashima, M., Miyake, M., Tomoto, K., Nawate, S., Teshigawara, A., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, Y., et al. (2024) · Brain Tumor Pathology · doi:10.1007/s10014-024-00488-7
Neuroengineering: History, modeling, and deliverables
Lucot, K. L., Napoliello, R. E., Vij, P. A., & Fink, K. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95730-4.00007-x
Choroid plexus volumes in patients with transient global amnesia: A retrospective study
Lee, D. A., Lee, H., Jo, G., & Park, K. M. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000040077
Neuroimmune interactions in the neurobiology of infectious diseases
Catalão, C. H. R., Kanashiro, A., & Barichello, T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19130-5.00005-8
Volumetric trans-scale imaging of massive quantity of heterogeneous cell populations in centimeter-wide tissue and embryoPreprint
Ichimura, T., Kakizuka, T., Taniguchi, Y., Ejima, S., Sato, Y., Itano, K., Seiriki, K., Hashimoto, H., Sugawara, K., Itoga, H., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.93633.2
Toxicology of the Brain Barrier System in Brain’s Health and Diseases
Liu, L. L., & Zheng, W. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.00225-4
Novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies in paediatric brain tumours
Ruchiy, Y. (2025) · doi:10.69622/28473683
stDGAC: A novel identifying spatial domains method via graph attention contrastive network for spatial transcriptomics data
Jing, J., Gao, Y., Gao, Y.-L., Feng, L., Wang, J., & Liu, J. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110280
Apolipoprotein-L1 G1 variant contributes to hydrocephalus but not to atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knock-out mice
Yoshida, T., Yang, Z.-H., Ashida, S., Yu, Z., Shrivastav, S., Rojulpote, K. V., Bahar, P., Nguyen, D., Springer, D., Munasinghe, J., et al. (2025) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20255324
Dissecting the shared genetic architecture of schizophrenia with ventricular subregion volumes
Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Zhao, P., Liu, X., & Jin, Z. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf132
Feeding regime synchronizes circadian clock in choroid plexus - insight into a complex mechanism
Dočkal, T., Houdek, P., Semenovykh, K., Rangotis, R., Sládek, M., & Sumová, A. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05798-3 · Cited by 1
A unified rodent atlas reveals the cellular complexity and evolutionary divergence of the dorsal vagal complexPreprint
Hes, C., Tomlinson, A. J., Michielsen, L., Murdoch, H. J., Soltani, F., Kokoeva, M. V., & Sabatini, P. V. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106217.2
A phenotypic brain organoid atlas for neurodevelopmental disordersPreprint
Wang, L., Nakamura, Y., Li, J., Sievert, D., Liu, Y., Nguyen, T. D., Jetti, P. S., Thai, E., Zhou, R. Y., Weng, J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675864
Mechanistic insights into hypoxic exposure-induced cognitive impairment: The role of choroid plexus barrier disruption and M1 macrophage polarization in mice
Zhang, H., Liu, C., Guan, R., Ding, Y., Lu, J., Du, K., Luo, W., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.11.007
Local B cell maturation and mast cell regulation of choroid plexus function in early life.Preprint
Ali-Moussa, S., Blas-Medina, A., Josephides, J. M., Mirabeau, O., Bouteau, I., Matijevic, T., Kovacs, M., Pakulska, V., Pangan, A. R., Thomas, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690721
The regenerative potential of adult Nestin+ cerebellar astroglia is limited compared to in neonatesPreprint
Bayin, N. S., Stephen, D. N., Koche, R. P., & Joyner, A. L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691510
Age-related differences in choroid plexus structural integrity are associated with changes in cognition
Gong, Z., de Rouen, A., Zhang, N., Alisch, J. S. R., Bilgel, M., An, Y., Bae, J., Fox, N., Guo, A. Y., Resnick, S. M., et al. (2025) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-025-00749-3 · Cited by 3
Additional file 1 of Angiomodulin (IGFBP7) is a cerebral specific angiocrine factor, but is probably not a blood–brain barrier inducer
Bar, O., Gelb, S., Atamny, K., Anzi, S., & Ben‐Zvi, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12062178
Additional file 2 of Multimodal neuroimaging exploration of the mechanisms of sleep quality deterioration after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection
Du, Y., Li, C., Zhao, W., Li, J., Zhao, L., Guo, H., Jiang, Y., Liu, W. V., Zeng, S., Zhang, H., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26739528
Additional file 4 of ChOP-CT: quantitative morphometrical analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus by X-ray micro-computed tomography
Parobková, V., Kompaníková, P., Laznovsky, J., Kavková, M., Hampl, M., Buchtová, M., Zikmund, T., Kaiser, J., & Bryja, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26672175
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Additional file 3 of Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
Ortenlöf, N., Vallius, S., Karlsson, H., Ekström, C., Kristiansson, A., Holmqvist, B. I., Göransson, O., Vaváková, M., Rydén, M., Carey, G. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23961938
Additional file 1 of SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier rather than endothelial cells or pericytes of the blood-brain barrier
Stüdle, C., Nishihara, H., Wischnewski, S., Kulsvehagen, L., Perriot, S., Ishikawa, H., Schroten, H., Frank, S., Deigendesch, N., Du Pasquier, R., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24432018
Additional file 2 of ChOP-CT: quantitative morphometrical analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus by X-ray micro-computed tomography
Parobková, V., Kompaníková, P., Laznovsky, J., Kavková, M., Hampl, M., Buchtová, M., Zikmund, T., Kaiser, J., & Bryja, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26672169
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Additional file 1 of Multimodal neuroimaging exploration of the mechanisms of sleep quality deterioration after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection
Du, Y., Li, C., Zhao, W., Li, J., Zhao, L., Guo, H., Jiang, Y., Liu, W. V., Zeng, S., Zhang, H., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26739525
Additional file 2 of Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
Ortenlöf, N., Vallius, S., Karlsson, H., Ekström, C., Kristiansson, A., Holmqvist, B. I., Göransson, O., Vaváková, M., Rydén, M., Carey, G. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23961935
Additional file 3 of ChOP-CT: quantitative morphometrical analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus by X-ray micro-computed tomography
Parobková, V., Kompaníková, P., Laznovsky, J., Kavková, M., Hampl, M., Buchtová, M., Zikmund, T., Kaiser, J., & Bryja, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26672172
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Additional file 1 of ChOP-CT: quantitative morphometrical analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus by X-ray micro-computed tomography
Parobková, V., Kompaníková, P., Laznovsky, J., Kavková, M., Hampl, M., Buchtová, M., Zikmund, T., Kaiser, J., & Bryja, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26672166
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Substrate Coupling and Inhibition of the Human Na + -Dependent Cl − /HCO₃ − ExchangerPreprint
Sun, P., Wang, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, J. K., Shen, X., Dong, A., Wang, S., Guo, X., Shi, G., Ding, J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.693380
The effects of extracellular matrix degradation mediated by chronic inflammation in aged skin on the structure and function of eccrine sweat glands
Liu, X., Yang, G., Ye, Y., Wang, W., Su, Y., Wu, J., Feng, Y., He, M., Li, Z., Li, L., et al. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113048
The mood stabilizer lithium alters behaviour and physiology via the gut brain axisPreprint
Thorpe, D. W., Ootsuka, Y., Peterson, R. A., Jones, L. A., Humenick, A., Martin, A. M., Zivkovic, J., Sakaguchi, J., McArdle, J., Ittner, A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701868
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks of the Skull Base
Thorpe, R. K., & Walsh, J. E. (2026) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2025.12.007
Type I and Type III Interferons Differentially Shape Antiviral Defense and Epithelial Integrity at the Choroid PlexusPreprint
Steppe, J. T., Heckenberg, E., Hale, C., & Coyne, C. B. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705109
Cortical hem-like progenitors contribute pyramidal neurons to the neocortex and hippocampus
Parichha, A., Azzam, P., Causeret, F., Pal, S., Grove, E. A., Louvi, A., Pierani, A., & Tole, S. (2026) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2026.02.012
Orchestrating neuroinflammation: A symphony of Interleukin-1 and cell type-specific Interleukin-1 receptor type 1 signaling in the brain
Nemeth, D. P., Farsian, V., Schrier, M. S., & Quan, N. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2026.100163
Scalable discovery of spatial multicellular patterns via neighborhood-to-sequence transformation
Zhao, F., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Cui, Y., Zhao, Y., & Yuan, Z. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09923-1
Rôles et régulations des canaux ioniques ASIC1b dans la douleur
Verkest, C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/db17aabazd726z4d22zb273zf58b049ba711
Choroid Plexus Enlargement and USPIO ‐Based Inflammatory Feature in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Qu, Y., Ren, X., Fan, C., Li, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Shaowu, L. I., Lai, Z., Cai, B., Fu, Y., et al. (2026) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70382
Choroid plexus carcinoma: state of the field and emerging directions
Thompson, A., Pescaru, H. T., Griffin, B., & Fame, R. M. (2026) · Oncogenesis · doi:10.1038/s41389-026-00612-6
Role of T-cell immunity in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other Tauopathies
Matta, K. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/cea4fe5ez67c3z4445z92f7z39af62ba059b
The choroid plexus- cerebrospinal fluid axis as a lifespan regulator of neural stem cells and circuit plasticity
Rodrigues, K. S., Yamashita, R., & Katada, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1818927
Distinct fibrosis-associated macrophage subsets coordinate iron metabolism in pulmonary fibrosis
Nabeshima, H., Fukushima, K., Liu, Y., Motooka, D., Niitsu, T., Fukui, E., Ichii, M., Nii, T., Akamine, Y., Hamada, N., et al. (2026) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxag017 · Cited by 1
Decoding Condition-Specific Cellular Crosstalk in Spatial Omics via Bilinear Edge ClassificationPreprint
Karin, J., Friedman, R., & Nitzan, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.03.722470
Tbx1 heterozygosity in the oligodendrocyte lineage shifts myelinated axon composition in the mouse fimbria without behavioral impairments
Wells, A. M., Tanifuji, T., Takano, T., Endo, A., Kang, G., Esparza, M., Shi, Q., Bhat, M. A., & Hiroi, N. (2026) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-026-01311-4
Venous origins of choroid plexus vasculature: insights from zebrafish
Bing, X., Zhang, Y., Du, W.-J., & Du, J.-L. (2026) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2026.05.001
Microenvironmental Regulation of Central Nervous System Myelination and Remyelination
Wang, Y., Tan, L., Lao, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., & Sun, H. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin43257
Astragalus membranaceus therapy in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
Chiu, C., Cheng, W., Lin, T., Chang, H., Tseng, M., Chang, Y., Su, S., Lee, C., Chang, H. W., & Liu, C. (2026) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2026.06.002
Cellular expression domains of type 3 deiodinase in the meninges, choroid plexus, tanycytes and barrier tissues of the brain
Liu, Y., Ng, L., Liu, H., & Forrest, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1789738
A ‘Tangled Web’ in the CNS: unraveling neutrophil extracellular traps in neurological disorders
Wang, H., Wen, R., Parker, E., & Yang, L. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-026-00967-9 · Cited by 1
Therapeutic Potential of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Ye, Q., Yu, Q., & Ping, A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.70131
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma: immunobiology and translational implications
Hill, C. M., Nwagwu, C. D., Odukoya, A. O., Hsueh, B., Wang, A. Z., & Dunn, G. P. (2026) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-026-01330-3
Brain macrophages in neurodegeneration
Johnston, R. J., Torres, N. A. P., Li, Y., & Han, C. Z. (2026) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2026.06.005 · Cited by 1
Distribution of transgene in the rodent choroid plexus after intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated virus
Pooley, J. R., Bienemann, A. S., Young, A., Hollings, O., Wu, J., Mayo, E., Chu, C. J., & Singleton, W. (2026) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-026-00831-4
TTN+ macrophages are enriched in the human choroid plexus in Alzheimer’s disease
Bhatta, S., Grzybowski, A., Ortiz, G., & DiStasio, M. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117859
Myeloid cell replacement induces intercellular mitochondrial transfer and restores metabolism in a mouse model of mitochondrial disease
Cho, H., Sayana, R., Koladiya, A., Colella, P., Cho, S., Jahng, J. W. S., Vasquez, J. J., Basurto, J. A., Wu, J. C., & Gomez‐Ospina, N. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76775-y
Defining a leptomeningeal blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier as a specialized vascular interfacePreprint
Seegren, P. V. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.19.745529
Overactivation of SHH signaling induces a cascade of dedifferentiation and oncogenesis in a new mouse model for choroid plexus carcinoma
Peter, L.-S., Altendorf, L., Hack, K., Thaden, V., Göbel, C., Mahnke, B., Krebs, C., Jauch-Speer, S.-L., Kordes, U., Obrecht-Sturm, D., et al. (2026) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-026-02402-y
Ptpn20 maintains choroid plexus epithelial integrity to preserve amyloid-β homeostasis in Alzheimer's diseasePreprint
Miyahara, R., Miyajima, M., Nakajima, M., Ogino, I., Horikoshi, K., Sakamoto, K., Kawamura, K., Akiba, C., Yamada, S., Kostadin, K., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10596838/v1
Primary cell and tissue cultures of human choroid plexus epithelial cells
Bihlmaier, R., Scharr, M., Neckel, P. H., Hirt, B., & Mack, A. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1827493
Association of cortical morphological similarity network, choroid plexus volume and glycolipid level changes with cognitive performance in cerebral small vessel disease patients with mild cognitive impairment
Huang, J., Cheng, R., Liu, X., Luo, T., & Li, Y. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112105
Niche‐Mediated Neural Priming Enables Robust and Scalable Generation of Human Choroid Plexus Organoids
Chen, Z., Jiang, L., Wang, X., Zhong, L., Luo, R., Su, M., Chu, L., & Luo, P. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.77512
Brain defence by the extracellular matrix protein Cochlin
Ghosh, R., Jeong, I., Rajamannar, P., Jurisch‐Yaksi, N., Lee, B. T. K., & Jesuthasan, S. J. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10957-8
Border-Associated Macrophage Migrasomes in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Emerging Aβ–Senescence–Microglia Axis?
Chmiel, J., & Kopańska, M. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15181671
Sex-specific role of systemic inflammation in moderating the association between choroid plexus volume and depressive severity: findings from sBEAD cohort
Cheng, X., Dai, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Sun, J., Yang, R., Chen, A., Cheng, Z., Pan, T., Song, Z., et al. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.09.010
SpaDPG: A dual-path hierarchical graph attention learning framework for spatial domain identification in spatially resolved transcriptomics
Su, W., Shang, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Fan, A., Zheng, C., & Liu, J.-X. (2026) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2026.106515
A spatiotemporal atlas of radiation-induced brain injury reveals dysfunction of the blood-CSF barrier
Quan, C., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Xiang, J., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Li, Y., Gao, W., Hao, K., He, G., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.103097
An integrated multi-omic atlas of the choroid plexus highlights conserved molecular programs of epithelial functionPreprint
Dennis, E., Tieu, E., Fass, S. B., Ochoa, L., Li, Q., Pigadas, N., Davalan, W. C., Kahn, M. C., Galani, K., Duy, P. Q., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.756688
Human Choroid Plexus Organoids Progress to Postnatal-like Maturation and Reveal a Closing Window of Developmental PlasticityPreprint
Apsley, E. J., Tang, S. S., Vitiello, E., Imaz-Rosshandler, I., Fernández-Otero, M., Sapidou, K., Burnap, S. A., Struwe, W. B., Pjanic, M., Fullard, J. F., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.12.758506
Insulin-mediated ciliary remodeling in the choroid plexus epithelium
Trapp, M., Ritter, L. A., Döking, G., Cleland, J., Hill, A. D., & Patrizi, A. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-026-06486-6
Choroid plexus pathophysiology and artificial intelligence in hydrocephalus: Toward mechanism-informed diagnosis and therapy
Zheng, C., Ren, B., Wang, J., Guo, Q., Xie, Z., Li, S., Ye, D., Wang, H., & Zheng, W. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102542
Multi-omics profiling of the choroid plexus reveals developmental cellular remodeling, early immune gene activation, and epithelial cell heterogeneity
Fernandes, M., Andersson-Li, L., Correia, E., Vieira, A., Alves-Afonso, D., Álvarez‐López, A. I., Campos, J., Mahmud, N., Meijer, M., Agirre, E., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118173 · Cited by 1
Cytokine circuits in CNS homeostasis and disease
Becher, B., Feo, D. D., & Greter, M. (2026) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-026-02684-3
Spatial transcriptomic brain imaging reveals the effects of immunomodulation therapy upon specific regional brain cells in mouse dementia model
Lee, E. J., Bae, S., Suh, M., Choi, H., Choi, Y., Hwang, D. W., & Lee, D. S. (2024) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.10404411

Authors: Dani, N., Herbst, R. H., McCabe, C., Green, G. S., Kaiser, K., Head, J. P., Cui, J., Shipley, F. B., Jang, A., Dionne, D., Nguyen, L., Rodman, C., Riesenfeld, S. J., Prochazka, J., Prochazkova, M., Sedlacek, R., Zhang, F., Bryja, V., Rozenblatt-Rosen, O., Habib, N., Regev, A., & Lehtinen, M. K.
Affiliations: Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Broad Institute (US)
Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Masaryk University (CZ)
Corresponding author: Habib, Naomi
Regev, Aviv
Lehtinen, Maria K.
ORCID: Dani, Neil
Herbst, Rebecca H.
Kaiser, Karol
Cui, Jin
Shipley, Frederick B.
Jang, Ahram
Dionne, Danielle
Rodman, Christopher
Riesenfeld, Samantha J.
Prochazka, Jan
Prochazkova, Michaela
Zhang, Feng
Bryja, Vitezslav
Habib, Naomi
Regev, Aviv
Lehtinen, Maria K.
Venue: Cell
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-05
Volume: 184
Issue: 11
Pages: 3056-3074.e21
ISSN: 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.003
PMC: PMC8214809
OpenAlex: W3157400350
Semantic Scholar: 2401a5c95b12f729e979e5eaaabc8c3df3e80d3b
Cited by: 388
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 71 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 22
FWCI: 16.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 391 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Cell (publishedVersion)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: Grantová Agentura České Republiky (LM2018129, GX19-28347X)
Israel Science Foundation (1709/19)
New York Stem Cell Foundation
HHMI
National Science Foundation
Helen Hay Whitney Foundation
NSF
Broad Institute
NIH (1U54HD090255, T32 HL110852)
AFAR
Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy (RVO 68378050)
European Regional Development Fund
Akademie Věd České Republiky (LM2018126l CZ.1.05/2.1.00/19.0395, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001789)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Keywords: choroid plexus, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-CSF barrier, brain ventricles, single-cell atlas, spatial atlas, mouse brain development, brain aging, choroid plexus epithelial cells, progenitor cells, lineage tracing, fibroblasts, macrophages, interleukin-1β signaling, host defense genes
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Aging, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cell Differentiation, Choroid Plexus, Epithelial Cells, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Signal Transduction, Cell Lineage, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis

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A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages

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