Internet administration of self-report measures commonly used in research on social anxiety disorder: A psychometric evaluation

Hedman, Erik; Ljótsson, Brjánn; Rück, Christian; Furmark, Tomas; Carlbring, Per; Lindefors, Nils; Andersson, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.010

Cited by 220Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesSurvey Methodology and NonresponsePsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Internet administration of self-report measures commonly used in research on social anxiety disorder: A psychometric evaluation

Hedman, Erik, Ljótsson, Brjánn, Rück, Christian, Furmark, Tomas, Carlbring, Per, Lindefors, Nils, Andersson, Gerhard·2010·Computers in Human Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.010

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All questionnaires were reliably administered digitally through a secure online login.
“All questionnaires were reliably administered digitally through a secure online login (Hedman et al., 2010).”
From Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Hedman et al., 2010
Research results encourage the use of online questionnaires because they offer advantages over traditional data collection strategies.
“Research results encourage the use of online questionnaires because they offer advantages over traditional data collection strategies [101, 102].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [102]
Other studies have demonstrated the usefulness of Internet and telephone assessments and their concordance with traditional face-to-face assessment.
“However, other studies have demonstrated the usefulness of Internet and telephone assessments, and their concordance with traditional face-to-face assessment (87–90).”
From Exploring the relationship between the acceptability of an internet-based intervention for depression in primary care and clinical outcomes: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
All measures were administered online, a method shown to be reliable and as valid as traditional paper-and-pencil administration.
“All measures were administered online, a method which has been shown to be reliable and as valid as traditional paper-and-pencil administration [40,41].”
From Acceptability, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of internet-based exposure treatment for irritable bowel syndrome in a clinical sample: A randomized controlled trial (2011) · cites this paper as [40]
Reliable change on depression and anxiety measures was 53% to 80% at long-term follow-up.
“Reliable change as defined by Jacobson and Truax [34] was observed in a majority of the patients, ranging from 60% to 87% on depression and anxiety measures and from 53% to 80% at long-term follow-up (Table 4).”
From Development and initial evaluation of an Internet-based support system for face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy: a proof of concept study (2013) · cites this paper as [34]

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“All data were collected online, a method shown to give valid data comparable to traditional pen-and-paper administration (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010; Holländare, Andersson, & Engström, 2010; Lindner et al., 2013; Thorndike et al., 2009).”
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“Equivalent psychometric properties have been shown across paper-and-pencil and online formats of the questionnaire, and the 2 formats are highly correlated [59,67].”
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“Moreover, recent research indicates that online administration of questionnaires results in acceptable reliability of responses with emerging evidence for equivalence between paper-and-pencil versions of self-report questionnaires and online administration [40,41,42,43].”
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“The outcome measures all show good psychometric properties even when administered online (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010).”
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“Previous psychometric research has validated internetadministration of self-rating scales for depression, quality of life and anxiety (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010; Holländare et al., 2010; Buchanan, 2003).”
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“All measures were administered online, a method which has been shown to be reliable and as valid as traditional paper-and-pencil administration [40,41].”
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“Comparison of the online and pencil-and-paper surveys either suggested the psychometric equivalence of the two (Brock, Barry, Lawrence, Dey, & Rolffs, 2012; Hedman et al., 2010) or maintained that online versions may not always measure as effectively as conventional ones (Denniston et al.”
Background
Equivalence of electronic and paper-based patient-reported outcome measures
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BackgroundResultInfluential
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“…scales (Bates & Cox, 2008; Bressani & Downs, 2002; Buchanan et al., 2005; Carlbring et al., 2007; Fish, McGuire, Hogan, Morrison, & Stewart, 2010; Hedman et al., 2010; Herrero & Meneses, 2006; Hewson & Charlton, 2005; Im et al., 2005; Luce et al., 2007; McCabe, Boyd, Young, Crawford, & Pope,…”
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Internet-Based Attention Bias Modification for Social Anxiety: A Randomised Controlled Comparison of Training towards Negative and Training Towards Positive Cues
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“Adequate psychometric properties have previously been demonstrated for internet-administered questionnaires relating to SAD [60–62].”
Background
Development and initial evaluation of an Internet-based support system for face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy: a proof of concept study
Månsson, K. N., Skagius Ruiz, E., Gervind, E., Dahlin, M., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3031 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Reliable change as defined by Jacobson and Truax [34] was observed in a majority of the patients, ranging from 60% to 87% on depression and anxiety measures and from 53% to 80% at long-term follow-up (Table 4).”
Self-citation
Effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive–behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in clinical psychiatry.
El Alaoui, S., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Hesser, H., Kraepelien, M., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., Ljótsson, B., & Lindefors, N. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039198 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“All self-assessments were completed online, which has been shown to be a valid administration (Hedman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
A randomized trial of ACT bibliotherapy on the mental health of K-12 teachers and staff
Jeffcoat, T., & Hayes, S. C. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.008 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“All measures and quizzes were presented online (and thus blind) using Survey Monkey www. surveymonkey.com; in general presenting questionnaire online does not appear to alter their psychometric soundness (Hedman et al., 2010; Read, Farrow, Jaanimägi, & Ouimette, 2009).”
Method
Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial
Lenhard, F., Vigerland, S., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Mataix-Cols, D., Thulin, U., Ljótsson, B., & Serlachius, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100773 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“All self- and parent-rated measures were administered online, a method which has been shown to be reliable and to produce results similar to traditional paper-and-pencil administration [41].”
MethodSelf-citation
Internet-delivered exposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapy and behavioural stress management for severe health anxiety: randomised controlled trial
Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Görling, A., Ritzman, C., Ronnheden, M., Alaoui, S. E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljótsson, B. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.140913 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citation
Can the Patient Decide Which Modules to Endorse? An Open Trial of Tailored Internet Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Andersson, G., Estling, F., Jakobsson, E., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.529457 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…been used in previous Internet trials and have robust psychometric properties for Internet delivery for various groups, including panic disorder (Austin, Carlbring, Richards, & Andersson, 2006), social phobia (Hedman et al., 2010), and depression (Holländare, Andersson, & Engström, in press).”
Self-citation
Role of the Working Alliance on Treatment Outcome in Tailored Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Bergman Nordgren, L., Carlbring, P., Linna, E., & Andersson, G. (2013) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.2292 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predictors of Symptomatic Change and Adherence in Internet-Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in Routine Psychiatric Care
El Alaoui, S., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., & Lindefors, N. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124258 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“94 [37].”
Self-citation
Extending research on Emotion Regulation Individual Therapy for Adolescents (ERITA) with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: open pilot trial and mediation analysis of a novel online version
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Jokinen, J., Hellner, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1885-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: A pilot study
Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Paxling, B., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., & Rück, C. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-125 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“The online version of the QOLI has been compared to the paper and pencil version with mixed results [54,55].”
MethodSelf-citation
Interformat Reliability of Digital Psychiatric Self-Report Questionnaires: A Systematic Review
Alfonsson, S., Maathz, P., & Hursti, T. J. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3395 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“A complete list of included studies [15-52] can be found in Table 1.”
Altered neural correlates of affective processing after internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder
Månsson, K. N. T., Carlbring, P., Frick, A., Engman, J., Olsson, C.-J., Bodlund, O., Furmark, T., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“All self-report measures were administered over the internet, a procedure that has good established psychometric properties (Hedman et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citation
Outcome predictors in guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder
Nordgreen, T., Havik, O. E., Öst, L. G., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.009 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“86) as reported in Hedman et al. (2010) and the standard deviation (for SPS, SD 1⁄4 15.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Side effects in internet-based interventions for social anxiety disorder
Boettcher, J., Rozental, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.02.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Psychometric properties and normative data were taken from a study on the Internet administration of social anxiety and related questionnaires (Hedman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Long-term efficacy of Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder with or without booster: a randomized controlled trial
Andersson, E., Steneby, S., Karlsson, K., Ljótsson, B., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Enander, J., Kaldo, V., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., & Rück, C. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000543 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“All self-rated outcome measures were Internet administered, which is a valid administration format (Coles et al. 2007; Hedman et al. 2010; Hollandare et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Internet-Delivered Exposure Therapy for Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Hedman-Lagerlöf, M., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Axelsson, E., Ljótsson, B., Engelbrektsson, J., Hultkrantz, S., Lundbäck, K., Björkander, D., Wicksell, R. K., Flink, I., et al. (2018) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000566 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: a feasibility study
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hellner, C., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Tull, M. T., & Ljótsson, B. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“All self-report measures used in the study were completed online (a method with demonstrated validity; [25]) outside of the clinic.”
MethodSelf-citation
Validation of the Internet-Administered Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) in Different Psychiatric Conditions
Lindner, P., Andersson, G., Öst, L., & Carlbring, P. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.806584 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mechanisms of change in an exposure-based treatment for irritable bowel syndrome.
Ljótsson, B., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Lindfors, P., Hursti, T., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., Andersson, G., & Hedman, E. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033439 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Internet- vs. group-based cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: 4-Year follow-up of a randomized trial
Hedman, E., El Alaoui, S., Lindefors, N., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Ghaderi, A., Kaldo, V., Lekander, M., Andersson, G., & Ljótsson, B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The group treatment followed the protocol developed by Heimberg and Becker (2002), and comprised one initial individual session followed by 14 group sessions over 15 weeks.”
MethodSelf-citation
Virtual Reality exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety in routine care: a single-subject effectiveness trial
Lindner, P., Dagöö, J., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Schill, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1795240 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Established Swedish versions of all scales were used (Hedman et al., 2010; Johansson et al., 2013; Mörtberg & Andersson, 2013).”
MethodSelf-citation
Benefits of Individualized Feedback in Internet-Based Interventions for Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Zagorscak, P., Heinrich, M., Sommer, D., Wagner, B., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000481515 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The longitudinal relationship between fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation
Rodebaugh, T., Weeks, J. W., Gordon, E. A., Langer, J. K., & Heimberg, R. (2012) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.569709 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“We have no reason to believe this would be the case given that preliminary evidence suggests that measures related to social anxiety result in similar responses across these administration methods (Hedman et al., 2010).”
Result
Telephone versus internet administration of self-report measures of social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and insomnia: psychometric evaluation of a method to reduce the impact of missing data.
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Blom, K., El Alaoui, S., Kraepelien, M., Rück, C., Andersson, G., Svanborg, C., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2818 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
An Internet administered treatment program for obsessive–compulsive disorder: A feasibility study
Wootton, B. M., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Spence, J., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., & Solley, K. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Values-Based Exposure Treatment for Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study
Ljótsson, B., Atterlöf, E., Lagerlöf, M., Andersson, E., Jernelöv, S., Hedman, E., Kemani, M., & Wicksell, R. K. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.846401 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The outcome measures were administered online, a method which has been shown to be as reliable and valid as traditional paper-andpencil administration (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citation
Combining attention training with internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help for social anxiety: a randomised controlled trial
Boettcher, J., Hasselrot, J., Sund, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.809141 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The outcome measures used in the trial have been shown to have good psychometric proper ties when administered via the Internet (Hedman et al., 2010; Lindner et al., in press; Thorndike et al., 2009).”
MethodSelf-citation
Clinical implications of risk aversion: An online study of risk-avoidance and treatment utilization in pathological anxiety
Lorian, C. N., & Grisham, J. R. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.008 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
All cravings are not created equal. Correlates of menstrual versus non-cyclic chocolate craving
Hormes, J. M., & Timko, C. A. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.008 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…via the internet have been documented in the past (Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002); however, more recent evidence suggests that data collected via the internet is quite comparable to paper-and-pencil administration of the same measures (Hedman et al., 2010; Meyerson & Tryon, 2003; Zlomke, 2009).”
The potential of telemental health applications for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Herbst, N., Voderholzer, U., Stelzer, N., Knaevelsrud, C., Hertenstein, E., Schlegl, S., Nissen, C., & Külz, A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.04.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Previous studies showed equivalent psychometric properties for paper-and-pencil and internet-based self-report versions of different questionnaires (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010).”
Background
Does a Pre-Treatment Diagnostic Interview Affect the Outcome of Internet-Based Self-Help for Social Anxiety Disorder? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Boettcher, J., Berger, T., & Renneberg, B. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000501 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“All outcome measures were administered via the Internet, a procedure that showed adequate psychometric properties (Hedman et al., 2010).”
Method
Predictors in Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy and behavioral stress management for severe health anxiety
Hedman, E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljótsson, B. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.11.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
The UniWellbeing course: A randomised controlled trial of a transdiagnostic internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme for university students with symptoms of anxiety and depression
Mullin, A., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., Wootton, B. M., Staples, L., Johnston, L., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V. J., & Titov, N. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.02.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“All questionnaires were administered online, which is considered as reliable as paper-and-pencil administration (Carlbring et al., 2007; Donker et al., 2010; Hedman et al., 2010).”
Method
Therapist-assisted Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for depression and anxiety: Translating evidence into clinical practice
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Pugh, N. E., Nugent, M., Hesser, H., Andersson, G., Ivanov, M., Butz, C. G., Marchildon, G. P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Klein, B., et al. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.018 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Comparison of Internet-Based Participant Recruitment Methods: Engaging the Hidden Population of Cannabis Users in Research
Temple, E. C., & Brown, R. F. (2012) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A sorrow shared is a sorrow halved? A three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing internet-based clinician-guided individual versus group treatment for social anxiety disorder
Schulz, A., Stolz, T., Vincent, A., Krieger, T., Andersson, G., & Berger, T. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting Outcome in Internet-Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Major Depression: A Large Cohort Study of Adult Patients in Routine Psychiatric Care
El Alaoui, S., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Svanborg, C., Kaldo, V., & Lindefors, N. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161191 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Data was collected both during a structured diagnostic interview with a psychiatrist prior to treatment, and from weekly online measurements before, after and during treatment, which have previously been documented as a valid administration format [35].”
MethodSelf-citation
Who seeks ICBT for depression and how do they get there? Effects of recruitment source on patient demographics and clinical characteristics
Lindner, P., Nyström, M. B. T., Hassmén, P., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.04.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“These questionnaires have been previously validated for internet-administration (Carlbring et al., 2007; Dear et al., 2011; Hedman et al., 2010; Holländare et al., 2010; Lindner et al., 2013a) with there being no effect of administration format (one page per item or all items on one page)…”
MethodSelf-citation
Predictors of inconsistent responding in web surveys
Akbulut, Y. (2015) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-01-2014-0017 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Adding a smartphone app to internet-based self-help for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Boettcher, J., Magnusson, K., Marklund, A., Berglund, E., Blomdahl, R., Braun, U., Delin, L., Lundén, C., Sjöblom, K., Sommer, D., et al. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.052 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cost effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy and behavioural stress management for severe health anxiety
Hedman, E., Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., Axelsson, E., & Lekander, M. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009327 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Internet administration has been shown to be a reliable format for measures of psychiatric symptoms and quality of life.(29)”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Self-help for stress and burnout without therapist contact: An online randomised controlled trial
Hofer, P. D., Waadt, M., Aschwanden, R., Milidou, M., Acker, J., Meyer, A. H., Lieb, R., & Gloster, A. T. (2018) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1402389 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In general, assessing questionnaires via internet does not seem to change their psychometric criteria (Hedman et al., 2010).”
Background
Predictors of outcome in Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for severe health anxiety
Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Lindefors, N., Andersson, G., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., Rück, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting Response to Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depression or Anxiety Within an Open Dissemination Trial
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Pugh, N. E., Hesser, H., & Andersson, G. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Personality Change following Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Severe Health Anxiety
Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., Gustavsson, P. J., Lekander, M., Rück, C., Andersson, E., & Ljótsson, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113871 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The SSP and the HAI were administered via the Internet, which is an administration format that is as reliable and valid as paper-and-pencil assessment [43, 44].”
MethodSelf-citation
Use of information and communications technology, academic performance and psychosocial distress in university students
Cerretani, P. I., Bernarás, E., & Garay, P. B. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.026 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Acceptance of tinnitus: Validation of the tinnitus acceptance questionnaire
Weise, C., Kleinstäuber, M., Hesser, H., Westin, V. Z., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.781670 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Traumatic life events in individuals with hoarding symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and comorbid obsessive-compulsive and hoarding symptoms
Przeworski, A., Cain, N. M., & Dunbeck, K. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.12.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Guided and unguided CBT for social anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder via the Internet and a smartphone application: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Lindner, P., Ivanova, E., Ly, K. H., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-437 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Previous psychometric research has validated Internet-administration of self-rating scales for social anxiety, panic attacks, quality of life, and general depression and anxiety [40-42].”
MethodSelf-citation
Psychometric properties of Internet-administered measures of health anxiety: An investigation of the Health Anxiety Inventory, the Illness Attitude Scales, and the Whiteley Index
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Andersson, E., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., Rück, C., Axelsson, E., & Lekander, M. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does online psychological test administration facilitate faking?
Grieve, R., & de Groot, H. T. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between the acceptability of an internet-based intervention for depression in primary care and clinical outcomes: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Mira, A., Soler, C., Alda, M., Baños, R., Castilla, D., Castro, A., García-Campayo, J., García-Palacios, A., Gili, M., Hurtado, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00325 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cyberfaking: I Can, So I Will? Intentions to Fake in Online Psychological Testing
Grieve, R., & Elliott, J. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0271 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The Internet is widely used for psychological research and assessment in a number of domains.(1) Examination of the equivalence of pencil-and-paper and Internet-based versions of many psychological measures has been undertaken (e.”
Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for depression, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder: Effectiveness and predictors of response in a teaching clinic
Niles, A. N., Axelsson, E., Andersson, E., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Johansson, R., Widén, S., Driessen, J., Santoft, F., et al. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103767 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stepped care versus face-to–face cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder and social anxiety disorder: Predictors and moderators of outcome
Haug, T., Nordgreen, T., Öst, L., Kvale, G., Tangen, T., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Heiervang, E. R., & Havik, O. E. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Patients with a primary diagnosis of SAD filled in an online version of the SPS (Hedman et al., 2010) after modules 3 and 6 in the ICBT and a paper version of these measures after sessions 3 and 8 in the FtF-CBT (Table illustrating the assessment points throughout the study is available as Supplementary Material).”
MethodSelf-citation
The acceptability of an Internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia with and without therapist guidance: patients&rsquo; expectations, satisfaction, treatment preferences, and usability
Campos, D., Mira, A., Bretón-López, J., Castilla, D., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., & Quero, S. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s153041 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“96 Second, another limitation to consider is that participants voluntarily requested online access to the study.”
Testing the Bivalent Fear of Evaluation Model of Social Anxiety: The Relationship between Fear of Positive Evaluation, Social Anxiety, and Perfectionism
Yap, K., Gibbs, A. L., Francis, A. J. P., & Schuster, S. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1125941 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The administration of psychological assessment measures using computer-based and paper-and-pencil formats has demonstrated equivalent results (Hedman et al., 2010) Two multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the zero-order, partial, and semi-partial correlations between BFNE-S, FPES, maladaptive perfect…”
Method
Internet-based psychodynamic therapy vs cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A preference study
Lindegaard, T., Hesslow, T., Nilsson, M., Johansson, R., Carlbring, P., Lilliengren, P., & Andersson, G. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100316 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sudden gains in internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for severe health anxiety
Hedman, E., Lekander, M., Ljótsson, B., Lindefors, N., Rück, C., Hofmann, S. G., Andersson, E., Andersson, G., & Schulz, S. M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Keywords to Recruit Spanish- and English-Speaking Participants: Evidence From an Online Postpartum Depression Randomized Controlled Trial
Barrera, A. Z., Kelman, A. R., & Muñoz, R. F. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2999 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Health anxiety in a disease-avoidance framework: Investigation of anxiety, disgust and disease perception in response to sickness cues.
Hedman, E., Lekander, M., Karshikoff, B., Ljótsson, B., Axelsson, E., & Axelsson, J. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000195 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation

Psychometric Properties and Administration Measurement Invariance of Social Phobia Symptom Measures: Paper-Pencil vs. Internet Administrations
Hirai, M., Vernon, L. L., Clum, G. A., & Skidmore, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9257-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Internet Administration of Three Commonly Used Questionnaires in Panic Research: Equivalence to Paper Administration in Australian and Swedish Samples of People With Panic Disorder
Austin, D., Carlbring, P., Richards, J. C., & Andersson, G. (2006) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0601_2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Internet Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN) Applied to One Clinical and Two Nonclinical Samples
Ek, A., & Östlund, P. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Psychometric properties of internet administered versions of Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS)
Zlomke, K. R. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.06.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A comparison of psychometric properties between internet and paper versions of two depression instruments (BDI-II and MADRS-S) administered to clinic patients
Holländare, F., Andersson, G., & Engström, I. (2010) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1392 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., Lindefors, N., & Andersson, G.
Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Uppsala University (SE)
Linköping University (SE)
ORCID: Ljótsson, Brjánn
Rück, Christian
Furmark, Tomas
Carlbring, Per
Lindefors, Nils
Andersson, Gerhard
Venue: Computers in Human Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 26
Issue: 4
Pages: 736-740
ISSN: 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.010
OpenAlex: W1993325823
Cited by: 220
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 27.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: self-report questionnaire, social anxiety disorder, psychometric equivalence, construct validity, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Social Phobia Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Quality of Life Inventory, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale

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Internet administration of self-report measures commonly used in research on social anxiety disorder: A psychometric evaluation

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